Management Paper代寫案例：Classical Management Theories
Management Paper代寫案例-古典管理理論。本文是一篇由本站代寫服務提供的paper寫作案例范文，主要內容是講述在美國，以服務為基礎的組織(如圖書館)仍在使用官僚管理看，威奇托州立大學圖書館是法約爾的官僚管理思想仍在使用的一個具體例子，美國郵政服務也仍在使用官僚主義。現在，組織主要受到外部環境的影響，這些環境經常隨著時間的推移而波動。然而，經典管理理論呈現出一個不受外部影響的組織形象。古典的管理理論現在正在逐漸消失，主要原因是古典理論家認為人和他們的需求次于組織的需求。目前，人力資源管理對科學方法提出了嚴峻的挑戰。此外，在組織中，官僚管理正迅速讓位于矩陣結構。然而，古典管理理論是重要的，因為它們引入了管理的概念，作為智力分析的主題，并提供了后來管理思想流派發展的思想基礎。以下就是這篇Business Paper代寫案例的具體內容，供參考。
The Bureaucratic Management is still used in the USA by service-based organizations such as libraries. One concrete example where Fayols Bureaucratic Management ideas are still in use is at the Wichita State University Libraries. Bureaucracy is also still being used in the US Postal Service.
在美國，以服務為基礎的組織(如圖書館)仍在使用官僚管理。威奇托州立大學圖書館是法約爾的官僚管理思想仍在使用的一個具體例子。美國郵政服務也仍在使用官僚主義。
In Mauritius, mass production lines and piece rate systems are used in the garment and manufacturing industries. Another industry where the Classical Management Theories are still in use is in the sea-food hub, more specifically at the Mauritius Tuna Processing Plant.
在毛里求斯，服裝和制造業采用大規模生產線和計件制。古典管理理論仍在使用的另一個行業是海鮮中心，更具體地說，是毛里求斯金槍魚加工廠。
Mauritius and its economy are at a pivotal point. The pace of change is exhilarating. That is why in his budget speech 2008-2009, Hon. Rama Sithanen, Minister of Finance pointed out the urgency for our economy to shift from the traditional pillars to a service-oriented economy and to a knowledge-based society. For instance, he advocated that the ICT sector must add to the pillars of the Mauritian economy. Business leaders expect ICT to have a greater impact on their business. The industries experiencing the greatest change are the technology, telecommunications and financial services. The Minister also stressed on the development of the SMEs as he formulated that in terms of job creation, new jobs will come mostly from small businesses and medium-sized companies.
毛里求斯及其經濟正處于關鍵時刻。變化的速度令人振奮。這就是為什么財政部長Rama Sithanen在2008-2009年預算演講中指出，我國經濟迫切需要從傳統支柱轉向服務型經濟和知識型社會。例如，他主張信息通信技術部門必須成為毛里求斯經濟的支柱。商業領袖期望信息通信技術對他們的業務產生更大的影響。經歷最大變化的行業是科技、電信和金融服務。部長還強調了中小企業的發展，他表示，在創造就業機會方面，新的就業機會將主要來自中小企業。
But since the formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the 18th century, the economic landscape has changed. Businesses do not exist in a vacuum. They are in fact open systems with constant and dynamic interaction with the environment. Today’s business environment is global and highly competitive. Managers are becoming increasingly aware of the effects of the business environment
但自18世紀古典管理理論形成以來，經濟格局發生了變化。企業不是存在于真空中。它們實際上是開放的系統，與環境進行持續的動態交互。今天的商業環境是全球化和高度競爭的。管理人員越來越意識到商業環境的影響
There are two aspects of the business environment, namely the internal and the external environment. The internal environment relates to those factors that the organisation can relatively control. These are the owners, employees, customers, suppliers, authorities and pressure groups. But the external environment that constitutes the PEST (Political, Economical, Social and Technological) factors is relatively remote from what the organisation can control. Without the ability to analyse the strength and weaknesses of the internal and the opportunities and threats of the external environments, managers risk making decisions that are not in the best interest of the organisation. At the same time, worldwide concern about the natural environment has emerged. Current natural environmental concerns are pollution, climate changes, ozone depletion and other global issues like biodiversity, adequate water supplies, population and food security. As McDonald’s concluded, today’s managers have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with public perception.
商業環境有兩個方面，即內部環境和外部環境。內部環境是指組織能夠相對控制的因素。這些人包括所有者、雇員、客戶、供應商、當局和壓力集團。但是，構成PEST(政治、經濟、社會和技術)因素的外部環境與組織可以控制的相對較遠。如果沒有能力分析內部的優勢和劣勢以及外部環境的機會和威脅，管理人員就有可能做出不符合組織最佳利益的決策。與此同時，世界范圍內對自然環境的關注已經出現。目前的自然環境問題是污染、氣候變化、臭氧消耗和其他全球性問題，如生物多樣性、充足的水供應、人口和糧食安全。正如麥當勞總結的那樣，今天的管理者不僅要關注科學事實，還要關注公眾的看法。
Today’s business environment is characterized with changes, innovations and uncertainty. It is becoming more challenging amid global economic slowdown and turmoil in the financial sector. Businesses must at all cost adapt or die. Out of five businesses experiencing a disaster or extended outage,
當今的商業環境充滿了變化、創新和不確定性。在全球經濟放緩和金融領域動蕩的背景下，這一問題變得更具挑戰性。企業必須不惜一切代價適應，否則就會消亡。在經歷災難或長時間停機的五家企業中，
a) Two never re-open their doors.
b) One of the remaining three will close within two years.
The business environment is exceedingly tough and competitive. Competition is intensifying in many sectors. Technology is constantly creating new opportunities and threats. There are changes to the regulatory environment: the advent of the Equal Opportunities Act being a clear example. Customer tastes are also changing – providing a moving target. Smart companies operating in highly competitive business environments are working very hard to improve efficiency and productivity, test high-yielding new initiatives, and differentiate themselves from competitors.
a)兩家永遠不會重新開門。
b)其余三家中的一家將在兩年內關閉。
商業環境異常艱難，競爭激烈。許多行業的競爭正在加劇。技術不斷創造新的機會和威脅。監管環境發生了變化:《平等機會法》的出臺就是一個明顯的例子。顧客的口味也在變化——這是一個不斷變化的目標。在高度競爭的商業環境中運作的聰明公司非常努力地提高效率和生產力，測試高收益的新計劃，并將自己與競爭對手區分開來。
Command and Control Management style (as stated in the Classical Management Theories) is effective in an environment where both change and competition are limited and there is plenty room for error (high profit margins). Such is not the case in the age of computing and communications. In today’s business environment, things change very quickly and profit margins are reducing. In addition, more things are happening on a continuing basis. Because of the speed at which things are changing, it is important to push decision-making down in the organization to the level that has all of the information at the time when a decision must be made. This calls for very different management attitudes, it demands a democratic and flexible point of view and of course accountability must be delegated. All these are not present in the Classical Management Theories.
命令和控制管理風格(如古典管理理論中所述)在變化和競爭都有限、有足夠的犯錯空間(高利潤率)的環境中是有效的。在計算機和通信時代，情況并非如此。在今天的商業環境中，事物變化非常快，利潤空間正在減少。此外，更多的事情正在持續發生。由于事物變化的速度，將組織中的決策推到必須做出決策時擁有所有信息的級別是很重要的。這需要非常不同的管理態度，需要一種民主和靈活的觀點，當然必須下放責任。這些都是古典管理理論所沒有的。
Rapid change that is sweeping through every aspect of the business environment today prompts managers to rethink the ways they do things. Although the Classical Management model has evolved quite a bit, it is still geared to a rigid structure and command-and-control mentality. This model was well tailored to an environment where change was slow and evolutionary rather than rapid and revolutionary. It helped organise processes and foster a sense of accountability, order and discipline. What it lacks is flexibility, making the organisation irresponsive to continuous internal and external environment changes. We have reached a limit to what can be accomplished using the Classical Management approaches. But by changing the way managers do things, that constraint can be removed. This is not to say that the basics of Classical Management should be ignored, but they are just not enough to get the job done in today’s business environment.
如今，快速變化席卷了商業環境的方方面面，這促使管理者重新思考他們的做事方式。盡管經典管理模式已經發展了很多，但它仍然是一種僵化的結構和命令與控制的心態。這種模式很好地適應了一個變化緩慢而漸進的環境，而不是快速而革命性的環境。它幫助組織了各種程序，培養了一種責任感、秩序感和紀律性。它缺乏的是靈活性，使組織對內部和外部環境的持續變化反應遲鈍。我們已經達到了使用古典管理方法所能完成的極限。但通過改變管理者做事的方式，這種約束可以被消除。這并不是說古典管理的基礎知識應該被忽視，但它們不足以在當今的商業環境中完成工作。
Although Classical Management Theories are quite useful in the early stages of economic development, they are not an adequate explanation of how to administer organisations in a complex, developed society. When it comes to seeking cost, efficiency, productivity and profitability improvements, the Classical Management Theories have a limited field of action. Managers need to get used to the idea that what worked yesterday won’t tomorrow. They need to work on tomorrow today. When the business environment becomes more challenging, it is actually an opportune time for managers to think about ways to reinvent their business. We find that new managers are willing to investigate innovative solutions to business problems because they are unhampered by the limitations of tools and methods of the past. It is not so much that established managers are not willing to change; it has more to do with that fact that they are using methods that were designed for different circumstances. And they worked. So, established managers have to be prepared to discard something that has been effective for them. Managers need to use today’s tools to solve today’s problems. They must be willing to learn about new ways of doing things.
盡管古典管理理論在經濟發展的早期階段非常有用，但它們并不能充分解釋如何在一個復雜的發達社會中管理組織。當涉及到尋求成本、效率、生產力和盈利能力的改進時，古典管理理論的作用領域有限。經理們需要習慣這樣的想法:昨天奏效的東西明天就行不通了。他們今天需要做明天的工作。當商業環境變得更具挑戰性時，實際上是管理者思考如何重塑業務的好時機。我們發現，新經理愿意研究商業問題的創新解決方案，因為他們不受過去工具和方法的限制。這并不是說現有的管理者不愿意改變;這更多的是因為他們使用的方法是為不同的情況設計的。他們成功了。因此，成熟的管理者必須準備放棄一些對他們有效的東西。管理者需要使用今天的工具來解決今天的問題。他們必須愿意學習新的做事方法。
To compete successfully in the global arena, managers must now act as entrepreneurs and create new business models – rethink, re-plan, strategize, innovate and learn continuously. Innovation is the most important source for organisations to gain competitive advantage, and advanced innovation management is critical to a business’s sustainable development. Classical Management theories can’t catch up with the dramatic changes of the business environment. Once-reliable guides for managerial actions no longer exist. In an environment virtually bereft of the old rules of conducting business, there is no safety net. Every process, procedure, rule of thumb and standard ratio is being challenged, re-engineered and morphed into a new form. This fundamental change has brought a daunting new reality to the challenge of growing and managing business.
為了在全球舞臺上成功競爭，管理者現在必須像企業家一樣行動，創造新的商業模式——重新思考、重新規劃、制定戰略、創新和不斷學習。創新是企業獲得競爭優勢的最重要來源，先進的創新管理對企業的可持續發展至關重要。古典的管理理論已經跟不上商業環境的急劇變化。曾經可靠的管理行動指南已不復存在。在一個幾乎沒有舊的商業規則的環境中，沒有安全網。每一個過程，程序，經驗法則和標準比例都受到挑戰，重新設計并演變成一種新的形式。這種根本性的變化給企業發展和管理帶來了嚴峻的新挑戰。
Conclusion 總結
Today, organizations are mostly influenced by the external environment (fierce market share competition, continuous technology change, globalisation, hiring and retaining qualified executives and front line workers) that often fluctuate over time. Yet Classical Management Theories present an image of an organisation that is not shaped by external influences. Classical Management Theories are now gradually fading for the principal reason that people and their needs are considered by Classical theorists as secondary to the needs of the organisation. Nowadays, The Scientific approach is very seriously challenged by Human Resource Management. Furthermore, The Bureaucratic Management is fast giving way to the Matrix Structure in organisations. However, Classical Management theories are important because they introduced the concept of management as a subject for intellectual analysis and provided a basis of ideas that have been developed by subsequent schools of management thought.
今天，組織主要受到外部環境的影響(激烈的市場份額競爭，持續的技術變革，全球化，雇用和留住合格的管理人員和一線工人)，這些環境經常隨著時間的推移而波動。然而，古典管理理論呈現出一個不受外部影響的組織形象。古典的管理理論現在正在逐漸消失，主要原因是古典理論家認為人和他們的需求次于組織的需求。目前，人力資源管理對科學方法提出了嚴峻的挑戰。此外，在組織中，官僚管理正迅速讓位于矩陣結構。然而，古典管理理論是重要的，因為它們引入了管理的概念，作為智力分析的主題，并提供了后來管理思想流派發展的思想基礎。本站提供各國各專業paper寫作格式范文，paper代寫以及paper寫作輔導，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
