留學(xué)生dissertation的引言部分怎么寫
03-13, 2018
留學(xué)生dissertation的引言通常是指正文的開頭部分，主要是提出文中要研究的問題，引導(dǎo)讀者閱讀和理解全文。前言是dissertation的總體概述，也是讀者閱讀正文最先接觸的部分，不僅要向讀者簡略描述短文內(nèi)容或相關(guān)背景，還要引起讀者對本篇dissertation產(chǎn)生興趣。留學(xué)生dissertation的引言部分一般會寫你想通過本文說明什么問題、有哪些新的發(fā)現(xiàn)、是否有學(xué)術(shù)價值等問題。下面小編給大家整理了一份詳細(xì)的引言寫作攻略，并提出了幾種同學(xué)們常犯的錯誤寫作，希望能夠給大家提供幫助。
一、引言的寫作方法
1.自問自答
假設(shè)自己是讀者，看到標(biāo)題后腦中立即浮現(xiàn)哪些問題，這些問題即是introduction的思路方向，對于問題的解答自然也就是introduction的內(nèi)容。
例如dissertation標(biāo)題：
Drawing on the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, discuss the relationship between education and slavery in 19th-century America.
心中產(chǎn)生的問號，例如
- How did white control of education reinforce slavery?
- How did Douglass and other enslaved African Americans view education while they endured slavery?
- And what role did education play in the acquisition of freedom?
- Most importantly, consider the degree to which education was or was not a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
2.前言后寫
不建議先寫引言的原因有二。其一，提筆時容易沒有思路，絞盡腦汁浪費(fèi)時間。其二在寫body的過程中容易迸發(fā)出新的想法，延伸后可能和當(dāng)初寫的引言大相徑庭，因此建議大家將引言最后和結(jié)語一起書寫。
當(dāng)然有的學(xué)生把引言當(dāng)做指路標(biāo)，沒有引言就沒法進(jìn)行body的書寫。這種情況建議大家只寫一個大致的提綱，不要花費(fèi)過多時間糾結(jié)，等body寫好后再返工引言。
3.吸引眼球
引言的初級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是清楚明了，高級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則是妙趣橫生。為此小編有幾個小妙招。
有趣的例子 (An intriguing example)
例如：Douglass writes about a mistress who initially teaches him but then ceases her instruction as she learns more about slavery.
發(fā)人深省的引言 (A provocative quotation)#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
例如：Douglass writes that “education and slavery were incompatible with each other.”
名人警句有時候在學(xué)術(shù)文章中效果可能不是非常好，這種情況可以使用文獻(xiàn)中人物的引經(jīng)據(jù)典。
使人琢磨的情景 (A puzzling scenario)
例如：Frederick Douglass says of slaves that “[N]othing has been left undone to cripple their intellects, darken their minds, debase their moral nature, obliterate all traces of their relationship to mankind; and yet how wonderfully they have sustained the mighty load of a most frightful bondage, under which they have been groaning for centuries!”
二、不提倡的引言寫法
1.假大空
英文寫作和國內(nèi)的散文不同，最忌諱的就是用華麗的辭藻堆砌沒有實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的虛話，在外國人眼中就是思想?yún)T乏充字?jǐn)?shù)。
反面案例：Slavery was one of the greatest tragedies in American history. There were many different aspects of slavery. Each created different kinds of problems for enslaved people.
2.重復(fù)解釋題目
詳細(xì)的分析題目是不錯的策略，但如果只是替換單詞的重復(fù)解釋，效果會適得其反。還記得老師講雅思小作文和大作文時，introduction的書寫就是用相近詞來替換標(biāo)題中的單詞，再把語句結(jié)構(gòu)作調(diào)整，說好聽了是“應(yīng)試技巧”，難聽了真是誤人子弟。
反面案例：
標(biāo)題：Drawing on the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, discuss the relationship between education and slavery in 19th-century America.
前言是：The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass discusses the relationship between education and slavery in 19th century America, showing how white control of education reinforced slavery and how Douglass and other enslaved African Americans viewed education while they endured. Moreover, the book discusses the role that education played in the acquisition of freedom. Education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
3.字典定義
有的同學(xué)喜歡把標(biāo)題中的幾個key word摘取出來，逐個做定義解釋。Come on，翻字典的活誰都可以干，換點(diǎn)新鮮的？
如果能結(jié)合著自己的研究領(lǐng)域，賦予這些key word一些自己的定義理解，或者所找到的文獻(xiàn)中的定義理解，那就把所謂的“定義”變得更加有趣。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
反面案例：Webster’s dictionary defines slavery as “the state of being a slave,” as “the practice of owning slaves,” and as “a condition of hard work and subjection.”
留學(xué)生dissertation寫作要如何寫好前言和結(jié)語?(introduction&conclusion)
4.“Dawn of Man”
和假大空相似也是中國學(xué)生比較偏愛的，喜歡扯人類起源歷史，宇宙運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)等等。
反面案例：Since the dawn of man, slavery has been a problem in human history.
學(xué)生們通常認(rèn)為范圍越大，自己的話題提升的角度就越高。其實事實相反，文章確實要做話題的延伸和升華，方法詳見下文結(jié)語。
5.介紹書籍：
小學(xué)生的寫作手法：列舉出這本書的作者、書名、書中文章的內(nèi)容等基本事實。通常情況，導(dǎo)師對這些著作的客觀事實可能了如指掌，況且這些事實不一定全部都和你的論點(diǎn)相關(guān)，所以不建議這種寫作方法。
反面案例：Frederick Douglass wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, in the 1840s. It was published in 1986 by Penguin Books. In it, he tells the story of his life.
一、引言的寫作方法
1.自問自答
假設(shè)自己是讀者，看到標(biāo)題后腦中立即浮現(xiàn)哪些問題，這些問題即是introduction的思路方向，對于問題的解答自然也就是introduction的內(nèi)容。
例如dissertation標(biāo)題：
Drawing on the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, discuss the relationship between education and slavery in 19th-century America.
心中產(chǎn)生的問號，例如
- How did white control of education reinforce slavery?
- How did Douglass and other enslaved African Americans view education while they endured slavery?
- And what role did education play in the acquisition of freedom?
- Most importantly, consider the degree to which education was or was not a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
2.前言后寫
不建議先寫引言的原因有二。其一，提筆時容易沒有思路，絞盡腦汁浪費(fèi)時間。其二在寫body的過程中容易迸發(fā)出新的想法，延伸后可能和當(dāng)初寫的引言大相徑庭，因此建議大家將引言最后和結(jié)語一起書寫。
當(dāng)然有的學(xué)生把引言當(dāng)做指路標(biāo)，沒有引言就沒法進(jìn)行body的書寫。這種情況建議大家只寫一個大致的提綱，不要花費(fèi)過多時間糾結(jié)，等body寫好后再返工引言。
3.吸引眼球
引言的初級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是清楚明了，高級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則是妙趣橫生。為此小編有幾個小妙招。
有趣的例子 (An intriguing example)
例如：Douglass writes about a mistress who initially teaches him but then ceases her instruction as she learns more about slavery.
發(fā)人深省的引言 (A provocative quotation)#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
例如：Douglass writes that “education and slavery were incompatible with each other.”
名人警句有時候在學(xué)術(shù)文章中效果可能不是非常好，這種情況可以使用文獻(xiàn)中人物的引經(jīng)據(jù)典。
使人琢磨的情景 (A puzzling scenario)
例如：Frederick Douglass says of slaves that “[N]othing has been left undone to cripple their intellects, darken their minds, debase their moral nature, obliterate all traces of their relationship to mankind; and yet how wonderfully they have sustained the mighty load of a most frightful bondage, under which they have been groaning for centuries!”
二、不提倡的引言寫法
1.假大空
英文寫作和國內(nèi)的散文不同，最忌諱的就是用華麗的辭藻堆砌沒有實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的虛話，在外國人眼中就是思想?yún)T乏充字?jǐn)?shù)。
反面案例：Slavery was one of the greatest tragedies in American history. There were many different aspects of slavery. Each created different kinds of problems for enslaved people.
2.重復(fù)解釋題目
詳細(xì)的分析題目是不錯的策略，但如果只是替換單詞的重復(fù)解釋，效果會適得其反。還記得老師講雅思小作文和大作文時，introduction的書寫就是用相近詞來替換標(biāo)題中的單詞，再把語句結(jié)構(gòu)作調(diào)整，說好聽了是“應(yīng)試技巧”，難聽了真是誤人子弟。
反面案例：
標(biāo)題：Drawing on the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, discuss the relationship between education and slavery in 19th-century America.
前言是：The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass discusses the relationship between education and slavery in 19th century America, showing how white control of education reinforced slavery and how Douglass and other enslaved African Americans viewed education while they endured. Moreover, the book discusses the role that education played in the acquisition of freedom. Education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
3.字典定義
有的同學(xué)喜歡把標(biāo)題中的幾個key word摘取出來，逐個做定義解釋。Come on，翻字典的活誰都可以干，換點(diǎn)新鮮的？
如果能結(jié)合著自己的研究領(lǐng)域，賦予這些key word一些自己的定義理解，或者所找到的文獻(xiàn)中的定義理解，那就把所謂的“定義”變得更加有趣。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
反面案例：Webster’s dictionary defines slavery as “the state of being a slave,” as “the practice of owning slaves,” and as “a condition of hard work and subjection.”
留學(xué)生dissertation寫作要如何寫好前言和結(jié)語?(introduction&conclusion)
4.“Dawn of Man”
和假大空相似也是中國學(xué)生比較偏愛的，喜歡扯人類起源歷史，宇宙運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)等等。
反面案例：Since the dawn of man, slavery has been a problem in human history.
學(xué)生們通常認(rèn)為范圍越大，自己的話題提升的角度就越高。其實事實相反，文章確實要做話題的延伸和升華，方法詳見下文結(jié)語。
5.介紹書籍：
小學(xué)生的寫作手法：列舉出這本書的作者、書名、書中文章的內(nèi)容等基本事實。通常情況，導(dǎo)師對這些著作的客觀事實可能了如指掌，況且這些事實不一定全部都和你的論點(diǎn)相關(guān)，所以不建議這種寫作方法。
反面案例：Frederick Douglass wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, in the 1840s. It was published in 1986 by Penguin Books. In it, he tells the story of his life.
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