經濟學Essay寫作：Functions and Characteristics of Money

本文是經濟學專業的Essay范例，題目是“Functions and Characteristics of Money（貨幣的功能和特征）”，貨幣是人們日常使用的基本貨幣交易。沒有金錢，人類就沒有市場和經濟。貨幣是一種基本的交換媒介，它消除了人類過去和現在的義務。經濟學家對貨幣的定義是:貨幣被社會廣泛接受，是對商品和服務的支付。

Introduction介紹

Money is the essential monetary transaction that people use every day. Without Money, there will be no marketing and economy in human kind. Money acts as a fundamental medium of exchange which clears up both humanity’s past and present obligations. Economists define money as widely accepted by society and acts as payments for goods and services.

Functions of Money

As a general rule, economists have finalized and defined all the four types of functions of money which are medium of exchange, measurement of value, standard of deferred payments and lastly store of value.

一般來說，經濟學家已經確定和確定了貨幣的四種功能:交換媒介、價值計量、延期付款標準和價值儲存。

As for Medium of Exchange, ever since it being introduced into the economic society, money has been fulfilling its duty to act as an essential function which is medium of exchange in the society. Money facilitates well as our monetary transactions to purchase and own both tangible and intangible goods and services as a medium of exchange. As manufacturers sell their productions to the wholesalers or retailers in exchange of money as an earning. While wholesalers and retailers sell the same finalized goods to the final consumers in exchange of money as their own earning. Similarly, all service providers of the society sell their services in exchange of money as their earning. Then, all these sections of the economic society which are manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and service sellers such as doctors, lawyers and more will then use the earnings which they have made to consume on other goods and services which they need or want. (Harcourt, 2013) Without the existence of money, every transaction of money for goods and services may have to be conducted by barter trading, which engages direct and absolute exchange of one good or service to own or use another. The only obstacle which barter system always faces is when in order to obtain a specific good or service from a seller, one has to be able to provide another good or service which consist of equal value with the good and service they want to possess, which the seller desires to obtain. (Harcourt, 2013)

至于交換媒介，貨幣自從進入經濟社會以來，就一直在履行著它作為交換媒介在社會中的基本職能。貨幣作為一種交換媒介，有助于我們進行貨幣交易，購買和擁有有形和無形的商品和服務。制造商將產品賣給批發商或零售商以換取金錢作為收入。而批發商和零售商將同樣的最終產品賣給最終消費者，以換取金錢作為自己的收入。同樣，社會上所有的服務提供者都出售他們的服務，以換取金錢作為他們的收入。然后，經濟社會的所有這些部門，如制造商、批發商、零售商和服務銷售者，如醫生、律師等，將使用他們賺到的錢來消費他們需要或想要的其他商品和服務。(Harcourt, 2013)在沒有貨幣的情況下，每一次用貨幣購買商品和服務的交易都可能必須通過易貨貿易進行，即直接和絕對交換一種商品或服務來擁有或使用另一種商品或服務。唯一障礙易貨系統時總是面臨為了獲得一個特定的商品或服務從一個賣家,一個能夠提供另一個同等價值的商品或服務,包括好的和服務他們想擁有,賣方獲得的渴望。(哈考特,2013)

Furthermore, as a Measurement of Value, it measures provides the fixed value of all kinds of goods and services which are manufactured and produced in the economy. Money performs as unit of value and acts as the standard of value of all goods and services. In barter trading, it is very burdensome and challenging to measure and decide the quantity or volume of goods to be exchanged for another given quantity of goods. Having the knowledge of the average value of a good assists both the seller and purchaser to make decisions about the quantity and volume of goods to be exchanged. (Bullard, 2013)

Moreover, as for Standard of Deferred Payments, (Tilak, 2011) money is able to act as a monetary transaction to be used to pay both before or over time for other goods. This means that goods and services can be paid for installments over a period of time such as hire purchase. Unlike barter trade, transactions do not need to be settled at a lump sum at a time. (Upadhyaya, 2012) Money, besides acting as a monetary support of current transactions, it also acts as the monetary support of deferred payments which is future payments, loan repayments acts as an example for deferred payments.

此外，對于延期付款的標準，(Tilak, 2011)貨幣可以作為一種貨幣交易，用于在一段時間之前或之后支付其他貨物。這意味著商品和服務可以在一段時間內分期付款，如分期付款購買。與易貨貿易不同，交易不需要一次付清一筆錢。(Upadhyaya, 2012)貨幣，除了作為當前交易的貨幣支持，它也作為延期付款的貨幣支持，這是未來的付款，貸款償還作為延期付款的例子。

Money must hold its value over time; it must act a Store of Value. As before, goods were beyond possible to store its surplus value under barter economy. After the creation of money, the following issue has been solved efficiently. Retailers and sellers can now store their surplus retailing earnings. Saving money is now secure in value without having to worry its loss of value (Education, 2012) Rather than spending today, you can store it for use in the future.

貨幣必須隨著時間的推移保持其價值;它必須扮演價值儲存的角色。和以前一樣，在易貨經濟下，商品不可能儲存其剩余價值。貨幣創造后，以下問題得到了有效解決。零售商和賣家現在可以儲存他們的剩余零售收入。現在存錢是有價值的，不用擔心它的價值損失(Education, 2012)而不是今天花，你可以儲存它以備將來使用。

Characteristics特征

Which serves as Functions of Money貨幣的功能是什么

The characteristics of what serves as money depend somewhat on the degree of complexity in the society. A relatively simple economy, with relatively few goods and services, few producers and consumers, and few transactions, may be able to function with a form of money that would not work in a more complex society. There are some general characteristics that are usually important for whatever serves as money in a modern economy.

貨幣的性質多少取決于社會的復雜程度。一個相對簡單的經濟體，商品和服務相對較少，生產者和消費者相對較少，交易相對較少，也許能夠用一種貨幣形式運作，而這種貨幣形式在一個更復雜的社會中是行不通的。在現代經濟中，貨幣的一些普遍特征通常是重要的。

First, to serve as an effective medium of exchange and store of value, money must be durable. Durability is when an item is able to withstand all the hardships and is still able to maintain to be undamaged and usable after a long term of usage. (SubraMoney, 2011) Durability is crucial for money to be able to perform the following functions of medium of exchange and store of value. Coins and paper bills are made to perform and to act as the currency. Nowadays, Money is manufactured with the materials such as paper, metal and plastics, which results to a long lasting medium. (SubraMoney, 2011)

首先，貨幣要作為一種有效的交換媒介和價值儲存手段，就必須是耐用的。耐用性是指一件物品能夠承受所有的困難，并且在長期使用后仍然能夠保持完好和可用。(SubraMoney, 2011)耐久性對于貨幣能夠執行以下交換媒介和價值存儲的功能至關重要。硬幣和紙幣是用來充當貨幣的。如今，貨幣是用紙、金屬和塑料等材料制造的，這使得貨幣成為一種持久的媒介。(SubraMoney, 2011)

Portability, which also serves as a medium of exchange, (Money Characteristics, 2011) means that money can be movable from place to place to be used as monetary transaction to be exchanged for goods and services. Portability also means that consumers are now able to carry money along with them to be used as transactions for goods and services. In modern days, money is carried from one location to another without needing much effort as all types of money such as cash notes, coins and cards are carried easily in a wallet. (SubraMoney, 2011)

可移植性，也作為一種交換媒介，(貨幣特征，2011)意味著貨幣可以從一個地方移動到另一個地方，作為貨幣交易，用來交換商品和服務。便攜性還意味著消費者現在可以隨身攜帶錢，用于商品和服務的交易。在現代，把錢從一個地方帶到另一個地方不需要費多少力氣，因為所有類型的錢，如現金，硬幣和卡都可以很容易地放在錢包里。(SubraMoney, 2011)

Furthermore, divisibility is a characteristic which means the money can be divided into small units and that it can be used in exchange for goods and services. As to function as the medium of exchange, as it is divisible, it can be used to purchase all kinds of goods with different values. As money functions as the medium of exchange it must have denominations to be traded for all goods and services, and everything in between. (Money Characteristics, 2011)

Moreover, uniformity means that all types of the same denomination of money must consist of purchasing power. It is a characteristic to perform the function of standard of deferred payments. (SubraMoney, 2011)

此外，統一性意味著所有種類相同面額的貨幣必須由購買力構成。履行延期付款標準的職能是延期付款標準的一個特點。(SubraMoney, 2011)

Limited supply is a characteristic which helps in storing the value of money, meaning that constraints on the amount of money in the monetary circulation ensure that values remain constant for the currency. Currently most of the respective country’s government has the responsibility to control an adequate money supply based on market with their monetary policies, such as expansionary monetary policy and contractionary monetary policy. (SubraMoney, 2011)

有限的供應是有助于儲存貨幣價值的特征，這意味著對貨幣流通中貨幣數量的限制可以確保貨幣價值保持不變。目前，各國政府大多有責任通過貨幣政策，如擴張性貨幣政策和緊縮性貨幣政策，根據市場來控制足夠的貨幣供應量。(SubraMoney, 2011)

Acceptability supports the function of medium of exchange. The essential quality of money is that it must act as an item being acceptable to all, without having any hesitation in the exchange for goods and services. Acceptability means that everyone must be able to accept the money for transactions. Money is universally accepted around the world as a universal mean for transaction. (SubraMoney, 2011)

Lastly, the characteristic of non-counterfeitability which functions as the store of value means that money cannot be easily duplicated. As money cannot be easily duplicated, it prevents the unrestricted and illegal creating of duplication of money. Besides, preventing the duplication of money to happen is one of the main reasons of government existence. (Money Characteristics, 2011)

最后，作為價值儲存的非偽鈔特性意味著貨幣不容易被復制。由于貨幣不容易復制，它防止了無限制和非法的復制貨幣。此外，防止貨幣復制的發生是政府存在的主要原因之一。(資金特點,2011)

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