經(jīng)濟學Essay代寫要求：How Globalization has Effected the Indian Economy

本文是經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)的Essay范例，題目是“How Globalization has Effected the Indian Economy（全球化如何影響印度經(jīng)濟）”，由于全球化，在印度經(jīng)濟中，它不僅影響到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，還影響到農(nóng)村地區(qū)的就業(yè)機會，城鄉(xiāng)之間的不平等。

全球化被認為是一種強大的變革力量，對國家、經(jīng)濟、國際機構(gòu)和整個世界秩序造成了巨大的沖擊。因此，我們可以說，國際公司/交易的水平越高，經(jīng)濟增長、收入水平和生活水平就會越高，全球化進程將帶來。全球化給印度帶來了很多工作和大量投資。過去幾年，印度經(jīng)濟一直在以驚人的速度增長，許多新的機遇為印度打開了大門。然而，印度仍然相當貧窮。在印度，大多數(shù)從全球化中獲益的人是上層階級，許多下層階級被取代，忍受著悲慘的勞動條件。全球化為印度創(chuàng)造了巨大的經(jīng)濟繁榮，并產(chǎn)生了很大的積極影響。現(xiàn)在，我們也可以說兩個印第安人的故事。我們擁有最好的時光;我們有最糟糕的時代。金融市場全球化的速度遠遠超過產(chǎn)品市場一體化的速度。這里有熠熠生輝的繁榮，也有臭烘烘的貧窮。我們有令人眼花繚亂的五星級酒店和昏暗的倒霉小屋。全球化讓我們擁有一切，全球化讓我們一無所有。

Due to globalization, in Indian economy it affect not only to agricultural production but also employment opportunities in the rural parts, inequality between urban & rural areas. Globalisation is conceived as a powerful transformative force responsible for a massive shake-out of nations, economies, international institutions & the whole world order. Thus, we can say that the higher the level of international corporations/transactions, the higher will be economic growth, income level & living standards the globalization process would bring. Globalisation has brought many jobs & large sums of investment to India. India’s economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years & many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced & suffering from miserable labor conditions. Globalization has created a large economic boom for India with largely positive effects. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indians. We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. Globalization of financial markets has far outpaced the integration of product markets. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have noting by globalization.

Heymath, a firm in Chennai, provide mathematics homework help to students & lesson plans to teachers, over the net. Its initial target market was schools in Singapore, but after successfully developing & selling its product there, it is now expanding elsewhere, including India. Despite these examples, however, as an economy we are still not still as open to foreign goods and services, labor, or knowledge as we should be. The five major areas where the co-operative global efforts on reform are to be concentrated are:

金奈的一家公司Heymath通過網(wǎng)絡為學生提供數(shù)學作業(yè)幫助，并為教師提供課程計劃。它最初的目標市場是新加坡的學校，但在成功地在那里開發(fā)和銷售產(chǎn)品后，它現(xiàn)在正在其他地方擴張，包括印度。然而，盡管有這些例子，作為一個經(jīng)濟體，我們對外國商品、服務、勞動力或知識的開放程度仍未達到應有的水平。將集中進行全球合作的改革努力的五個主要領(lǐng)域是:

1. Transparency: The goal is to make timely, reliable data, plus information about economic and financial policies, practices, and decision making, readily available to financial markets and the public.

2. Internationally Accepted Standards: Adherence to international standards and codes of good practices helps ensure that economies function properly at the national level, which is a key prerequisite for a well-functioning international system.

3. Financial Sector Strengthening: Banks and other financial institutions need to improve internal practices, including risk assessment and management, and the official sector needs to upgrade supervision and regulation of the financial sector to keep pace with the modern global economy.

3.加強金融部門:銀行和其他金融機構(gòu)需要改進內(nèi)部實踐，包括風險評估和管理，官方部門需要升級對金融部門的監(jiān)督和監(jiān)管，以跟上現(xiàn)代全球經(jīng)濟的步伐。

4. Involving the Private Sector: Better involvement of the private sector in crisis prevention and resolution can limit moral hazard; strengthen market discipline by fostering better risk assessment; and improve the prospects for both debtors and creditors

5. Systemic Improvements: Contingent Credit Lines (CCL): The IMF has created a new instrument of crisis prevention with the CCL, after cautionary line of defense readily available to member countries with strong economic policies designed to prevent future balance of payments problems that might arise from international financial contagion.

Advantage of Globalization in Indian Economy:全球化在印度經(jīng)濟中的優(yōu)勢:

There are numerous advantages in the shift to a global economy including the possibility to increase benefits from economies of scale. The breaking down of global barriers allows companies to benefit from the largest & cheapest workforces, raw material, & technology. Due to globalization, in many areas of the country tomato growers, potato growers & fruit growers, farmers benefited from tie-up & collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices etc. Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best markets where the prices are highest on each day. Lock outs & strikes have declined to insignificantly low levels because industrial labor is happy. Due to Globalization the business market in the world has no boundaries; they can market their products in any part of the world. This has involved the chances of laying hands on global market & technologies, which would definitely increase our qualities of living standards. Globalization helps Indian Entrepreneur to know more about the competitors, recent trends, Quality of products. Helps in sourcing new technology for improving their Brand Quality. Hiring competent person irrespective of the nationality. Good exposure of Indian brands to overseas market. Due to increase in healthy competition with other brands, Indian brands will be forced to improve their quality and services to the customer. It aims at increasing the production of food and improvements of the economic and social condition of farmers. It would increase efficiency of the workers. Use of seeds and heavy machines has help to increase agricultural productivity. It would improve animal husbandries would be able to import good breed of animals from the other countries. Farmers will get the privilege of the international market through export agricultural products.

向全球經(jīng)濟的轉(zhuǎn)變有許多好處，包括從規(guī)模經(jīng)濟中增加利益的可能性。全球壁壘的打破使公司從最大和最便宜的勞動力、原材料和技術(shù)中受益。由于全球化，在國家的許多領(lǐng)域，番茄種植者、土豆種植者和水果種植者，農(nóng)民從與番茄醬、薯片、果汁等的合作和合作中受益。喀拉拉邦的漁民通過手機尋找每天價格最高的最佳市場，增加了他們的收入。停工和罷工已經(jīng)下降到微不足道的低水平，因為工業(yè)工人很快樂。由于全球化，世界商業(yè)市場沒有邊界;他們可以在世界任何地方推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。這涉及到接觸全球市場和技術(shù)的機會，這肯定會提高我們的生活水平。全球化幫助印度企業(yè)家更多地了解競爭對手、最新趨勢和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。幫助尋找新技術(shù)以提高品牌質(zhì)量。雇用有能力的人，不論國籍。印度品牌在海外市場的良好曝光。由于與其他品牌的良性競爭增加，印度品牌將被迫提高質(zhì)量和服務。它的目的是增加糧食生產(chǎn)和改善農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟和社會狀況。這將提高工人的工作效率。使用種子和重型機械有助于提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率。這將改善畜牧業(yè)，使其能夠從其他國家進口優(yōu)良品種的動物。農(nóng)民將通過出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品獲得國際市場的優(yōu)惠。

Disadvantages:

Rise in demand for labor & the rise in wage rates leading to increase in costs. Too much competition in the market leading to continuous pressure on raising productivity enhancing consumer service, improving products quality in order to survive. Voluntary retirement for many public sector units. Too many sales person chasing customers. Too many cars on the road & traffic congestion. Growth of consumerism. Shortage power & infrastructure affecting industrial expansion. The farmer got the exposure to global links of markets, technology & investments, beneficial in terms of involving their yields, getting better prices & secured off take. This leads to a major dissatisfaction among under developed/developing countries where they are cut off from the rest of the world. This has also increased the chances of inferiority complex among these nations. There is a fundamental problem with globalization which will cause international tension & trade disputes without arresting the process. It may be difficult to survive for SSI and other industries which are unable to cope up with the changes due to insufficient funds. Indian Talent is being attracted towards other country due to higher salary and emoluments. Due to heavy taxation and levies in India, end products are being costly as compared to imported brands. All the multinational companies MNC’s are examples, such as pepsi , cocacola, ibm, general electric, vodafone, almost all have its business allover the world. for a MNC target market is whole world itself.

Globalization & Its Impact :全球化及其影響:

The various beneficial effects of globalization in Indian Industry are that it brought in huge amounts of foreign investments into the industry especially in the BPO, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. As huge amounts of foreign direct investments were coming to the Indian Industry, they boosted the Indian economy quite significantly. The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country. Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. Since 1991, India has witnessed an explosion of new media. Between 1990 and 1999, access to television grew from 10% of the urban population to 75% of the urban population. Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time.

全球化對印度工業(yè)的各種有利影響是，它帶來了大量的外國投資進入該行業(yè)，特別是BPO、制藥、石油和制造業(yè)。隨著大量外國直接投資進入印度工業(yè)，它們極大地推動了印度經(jīng)濟。全球化對印度工業(yè)的影響的好處是，許多外國公司在印度建立了行業(yè)，特別是在制藥、BPO、石油、制造和化學部門，這有助于為該國許多人提供就業(yè)機會。這有助于降低該國的失業(yè)和貧困水平。全球化對印度工業(yè)的影響的另一個好處是，外國公司帶來了高度先進的技術(shù)，這有助于使印度工業(yè)在技術(shù)上更先進。自1991年以來，印度見證了新媒體的爆炸式發(fā)展。從1990年到1999年，收看電視的城市人口比例從10%增加到75%。有線電視和外國電影第一次被廣泛使用。

1) Indian Agriculture: Indian farmers are offered no subsidiaries compared to the US Farmers. There has been no encouragement from the government to ensure foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmer’s assistance. The US Farmers has opened the market for textile & China has already set up factories & started production where in India hasn’t woken up. On the other side of the medal, there is along list of the worst of the time, the foremost casualty being the agriculture sector. Agriculture has been & still remains the backbone of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role not only in providing food & nutrition to the people, but also in the supply of raw materials to industries & to export trade. The financial capital of India & the political of India are set to become the topmost slum cities of the world.

2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavorable domestic & external developments, Domestic O/P & DD conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the post two years. The rate of growth of GDP of India has been on the increase from 5.6% to 7% in the 1993-2001 periods. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including Computer software & electronics (18 %), service sector (13%), telecommunication (10%), transportation industry (9%) etc.

2)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)增長率:印度經(jīng)濟正在經(jīng)歷一個困難的階段，這是由一些不利的國內(nèi)和外部發(fā)展造成的。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和產(chǎn)量狀況受到兩年后農(nóng)業(yè)表現(xiàn)不佳的不利影響。在1993-2001年期間，印度的GDP增長率從5.6%上升到7%。吸引外資最多的行業(yè)是包括計算機軟件和電子產(chǎn)品在內(nèi)的電氣設備(18%)、服務(13%)、電信(10%)、交通(9%)等。

3) Export & Import: India’s export & import is increasing many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in international scenes. There are two alternative causes available. To sell its product in the export market. To produce those type of commodities that the rich in India could consume i.e. luxury consumption goods.

4) Technologies: IT is given special status. The reason for this is because the Indian government wants to promote it-s nation a as a technological advanced nation and in order to do this they must stimulate the IT sector. The “special status- means the sector and investors (willing to invest in the sector) will receive many benefits and incentives from the government to do so.

4)技術(shù):IT被賦予特殊的地位。這是因為印度政府想要把印度提升為一個技術(shù)先進的國家，為了做到這一點，他們必須刺激IT行業(yè)。“特殊地位-意味著該部門和投資者(愿意投資該部門)將從政府獲得許多利益和激勵。

5) Poverty: The government of India has shown decline in people living in absolute poverty by manipulating statistics. The “decline” happened when large number of industrial units have been closed down, number of days of work available to workers has declined, downsizing of manpower had taken place in most of the industrial undertakings and non-availability of jobs to the new entrant in employment market is witnessed. Besides, there is an all round decline of prices of agricultural products, forcing farmers to suicide. In sectors like plantation and tea, workers are virtually starving. It is just not possible that people living in absolute poverty can decline in the country under these circumstances.

6) Education: The growth of higher education and the impact of the global economies have influenced the Indian education system over the last few years.

Conclusion:結(jié)論:

India has to concentrate on 5 important areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business opening for small & medium enterprises importance of quality management, now prospects in rural areas & privatization of financial institutions. There will be prospect growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. The rich and poor, rural and urban, service class and agriculturalists, men and women, the bi polar opposites started troubling the social development.

為了實現(xiàn)這一目標，印度必須專注于5個重要領(lǐng)域。如科技創(chuàng)業(yè)、中小企業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)質(zhì)量管理的重要性、農(nóng)村地區(qū)的現(xiàn)狀前景和金融機構(gòu)民營化。印度經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展前景很大程度上取決于農(nóng)村參與全球競爭。富人與窮人、農(nóng)村與城市、服務階層與農(nóng)學家、男人與女人的兩極分化開始困擾著社會的發(fā)展。

Benefits of Globalization:

Economies of countries that engage well with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2 ? percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Improved wealth through the economic gains of globlisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the world’s population can expect to live for at least sixty years (that’s twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!) Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies’ imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources.Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world. International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights.

Problems of globalization:全球化的問題:

There are social and economic costs to globalisation… Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. Globalisation has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. Globalised competition can force a ‘race to the bottom’ in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a ‘brain drain’ of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.

全球化有社會和經(jīng)濟代價……貿(mào)易自由化獎勵有競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)，懲罰無競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)，這要求參與國進行經(jīng)濟重組和改革。雖然這在長期內(nèi)會帶來好處，但短期內(nèi)也會有混亂的代價，而受影響者的社會代價很高。貿(mào)易和旅行的增加促進了人類、動物和植物疾病，如艾滋病毒/艾滋病、嚴重急性呼吸系統(tǒng)綜合癥和禽流感的跨境傳播。全球化還使香煙和煙草進入發(fā)展中國家，帶來了嚴重的健康不良和財務成本。貿(mào)易自由化和技術(shù)進步改變了一個國家的經(jīng)濟，摧毀了傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)社區(qū)，允許廉價的制成品進口。如果管理不當，這可能導致失業(yè)，因為傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟部門的工作變得稀少，人們可能沒有適當?shù)募寄軄韽氖驴赡軇?chuàng)造的工作。現(xiàn)代通信傳播了國家之間差異的意識，增加了向富裕國家移民的需求。富裕國家加強了對移民工人的壁壘，仇外恐懼加劇，人口走私者剝削弱勢群體。全球化的競爭可能會導致工資水平和勞動力標準的“逐底競爭”。它還可能導致技術(shù)工人的“人才流失”，即受過高等教育和合格的專業(yè)人員，如醫(yī)生、工程師和信息技術(shù)專家，移民到發(fā)達國家，以享受更高的工資和更廣闊的職業(yè)和生活前景。這在發(fā)展中國家造成了嚴重的熟練勞動力短缺。

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