經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Essay格式：Reflection of the Impact of Globalization on China

本文是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)的Essay范例，題目是“Reflection of the Impact of Globalization on China（反思全球化對中國的影響）”，在過去的30年里，國際貿(mào)易和投資的增長速度非?？?，超過了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)。許多公司決定將業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到國外，在國際上雇用員工。商店里提供各種各樣的產(chǎn)品，相互競爭。這種技術(shù)的引入使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長了他們進(jìn)行國際貿(mào)易的機(jī)會。

Over the past 30 years, international trade and investment are very fast- growing and expand faster than the world economy. Many firms decided to expand their business outside their countries, employing peoples internationally. Varieties of products are offered in the stores competing against one another. The technology has been introduced which allows the economy to increase their chance of trade internationally.(1)

“Globalization is today’s objective trend in the economic development in the world in which featured by free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information and service into the global context. It is result in development of the productive forces and advances in science and technology.”(1)

“As a result, economic interdependence and interaction between countries are very strong. In the economic sense globalization means that means there is no country in the world which can develop and prosper in their isolation and successful without trading internationally. China has therefore learnt from their history that isolation in business leads them to go backward. Development progress and prosperity could only be able to achieved through the integration of the outside the countries by increasingly exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the world and influenced by human civilization. Therefore, the globalization gives the world opportunities to keeping up with the changing world outside their origin country.”

“因此，國家之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依存和互動非常強(qiáng)烈。在經(jīng)濟(jì)意義上，全球化意味著世界上沒有任何一個國家能夠在孤立和成功的情況下發(fā)展和繁榮，而不進(jìn)行國際貿(mào)易。因此，中國從歷史中學(xué)到，商業(yè)上的孤立會導(dǎo)致倒退。發(fā)展的進(jìn)步和繁榮，只有通過與世界各國的交流與合作，在人類文明的影響下，通過外部國家的融合才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此，全球化讓世界有機(jī)會跟上原籍國以外不斷變化的世界?！?/p>

The Criticle Reflection on the Impact on China

Globalization is the process of increasing the integration between different countries and economies by increase the impact of the international influences on other economic aspects.

China sees globalization as their key to economic development and securing a better future for its 1.3 billion of populations.

As the world’s greatest opponent of globalization, China, due to the lack of international economic order, the influence of globalization on specific countries in different stages of their development is entirely treated different. Most of the developed countries often benefit from globalization through their capital, technology, human resources and administrative expertise. On the other hand, developing countries are on focus mainly on the unfavourable position where they can benefit from other foreign investment, advanced technologies and management expertise. (3)

中國作為全球化在世界上最大的反對者，由于缺乏國際經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，全球化對處于不同發(fā)展階段的特定國家的影響是完全不同的。大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家往往通過其資本、技術(shù)、人力資源和行政專門知識從全球化中獲益。另一方面，發(fā)展中國家主要集中于它們可以從其他外國投資、先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理專門知識中獲益的不利地位。（3）

China is benefit from being a fast growing economy. This is mainly occur due to their low cost of manufacturing and labour. Many Westerns companies have change to use Chinese labour more extensively. China has been successfully reduced their poverty through their economic system by mainly focused on increasing openly to trade and foreign investment with other countries.

Even though China’s political system has been run by the communist party, their approach and how they form their strategies in order to promote their economic growth and development has become a bigger player in globalization

The accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 has further improve its economy through the integration into the world economy and furthermore into the globalization. As the result becoming part of WTO members they are entitled to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all other members and all foreign individuals. In order to protect the domestic industries and service providers, the price controls is not to be used in this purposes. WTO provided regulations to restrict China’s export subsidies on their agriculture products as they aimed to revise their existing domestic laws and therefore restart their new legislation in compliance with the agreement. In order for China to optimize their export structure and fully participate in international trade. China has to agreed to seize the opportunity under WTO who actively optimist its export structure.

2001年中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)，使中國經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，進(jìn)一步融入全球化。作為成為世貿(mào)組織成員的結(jié)果，他們有權(quán)向所有其他成員和所有外國個人提供非歧視性待遇。為了保護(hù)國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)和服務(wù)提供商，價格管制不用于這一目的。世貿(mào)組織提供了限制中國對其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口補(bǔ)貼的規(guī)定，因?yàn)橹袊Ｍ鶕?jù)協(xié)議修改現(xiàn)有的國內(nèi)法律，從而重啟新的立法。以優(yōu)化中國的出口結(jié)構(gòu)，充分參與國際貿(mào)易。中國不得不同意在WTO框架下抓住積極樂觀其出口結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)會。

However it does gives China to liberalize its regime in order to integrate in the world economy and offer more pleasant environment for trade and foreign investment in accordance with WTO regulations. This is possible to lead to reduce in the level of corruption in political systems which then pull its index and ranking up as China become more attractive to the foreign investors and traders

“From 1983 to 1985 China has double-digit GDP growth as it has been accompanied with the first wave of the foreign investment into China and the development of non-state enterprises.” (4)

“In 1989-1991 The growth start to slow down after the Chinese Government has set the price reform in 1988 which resulted in panic buying and runaway inflation. The price stability was achieved by cancelling large fixed investment projects, slowing domestic demand, foreign investment fell off after the Beijing Massacre of June 1989” (4)

在1989-1991年，中國政府在1988年制定了價格改革，導(dǎo)致了恐慌性購買和失控的通貨膨脹，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長開始放緩。價格穩(wěn)定是通過取消大型固定資產(chǎn)投資項(xiàng)目、國內(nèi)需求放緩、1989年6月北京大屠殺后外國投資減少而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。”

“In Recent year the global economic crisis began to reduce China’s economic growth rate, the government decided to injected 4 trillion RMB into the economy in form of economic stimulus package consisting largely of investment in infrastructure and human capital” (4)

As a result of industrialization and increase in infrastructure and investment in China , the agriculture sector as a percentage of GDP has been dramatically decreased from 29% to 13% in 1997 to 2003, as the farm that used to do agriculture has been converted into cities and factories. It might be also that all other industries have been producing much more than the agriculture industry. This economic growth has been very attractive to the western expansion market, which later has result in more market-based economy with globalization and deregulation by the Chinese government. The recent trend growth rate is at average of 9.4 % over the past decade is 1.7% higher than other countries in Asia. As China is a major economy in the world, their main competitor which has another major economy is the USA.

Globalization helps China to make a better use of foreign investment to promote the increase in their industrial construction. As Labour cost in China is very low respectively, it become very attractive to the foreign investment. The more consumption of labour, the faster they can speed up the high development of new technological industries, thus China’s industrial can compete internationally.

全球化有助于中國更好地利用外資，促進(jìn)其工業(yè)建設(shè)的增加。由于中國的勞動力成本非常低，這對外國投資非常有吸引力。勞動力消費(fèi)越多，就越能加快新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的高速發(fā)展，從而使中國的工業(yè)具有國際競爭力。

Globalization also lead to the increase in the level of trades in China as subject prior to 1978. China’s trade has been conducted under the system of state where a foreign trade corporations monopolized all foreign trade. Under the planning regime, import has been minimized while exports authorized only for the extent to pay for the imports. In the last 20 years, the systems has been changed dramatically and China’s trade has expanded enormously, the increase in the share of the world trade.

The foreign direct investments and transnational corporations (FDI and TNC’s) have been increasing very rapidly since the globalization and the opening of the markets and deregulation by Chinese economy. FDI and TNC encouraged in the modern agricultures, high tech industries, infrastructure and construction. They focus on the development of the western regions, and the re-engineering of State Owned Enterprises. Foreign investment capital became major factor in growth. However, rapid growth has caused some problems such as, high inflation rates in urban areas which may leading to increasing economic inequalities between regions and social group.

隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化、市場開放和放松管制，外國直接投資和跨國公司(FDI和TNC)迅速增長?，F(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和建筑方面鼓勵外國直接投資和跨國公司。他們關(guān)注西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展和國有企業(yè)的重組。外資成為拉動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的重要因素。然而，快速增長造成了一些問題，如城市地區(qū)的高通貨膨脹率，這可能導(dǎo)致區(qū)域和社會群體之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等加劇。

The last area this report will be discussed is about the environmental issues in China. In an attempt to maximize the opportunities of globalization, China may pursue unsustainable practices. As globalization increase the level of economic growth, the environmental problems also arise. The fact that China has been getting used to be the fastest growing economy with high growth rate and development and HDI levels that environmental issue may be less concern by the government. As it play less important part in the growth of the economic situation. As the major exports are based on the manufactured goods, the process of manufacturing involves degradation or pollution done to the environment. “It is estimated that 300 million peoples are drinking contaminated water in China, only 20% of solid waste is properly disposed of, and only 10% of the sewage is treated.” These problems are very costly, as about 7 %of China’s GDP and could rise to 13 % if the problem are not to be addressed.

本報告將討論的最后一個領(lǐng)域是中國的環(huán)境問題。為了最大限度地利用全球化的機(jī)會，中國可能會采取不可持續(xù)的做法。隨著全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)增長水平的提高，環(huán)境問題也隨之出現(xiàn)。事實(shí)上，中國已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了成為增長最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，擁有高增長率和發(fā)展水平，人類發(fā)展指數(shù)水平，環(huán)境問題可能不太受政府的關(guān)注。因?yàn)樗诮?jīng)濟(jì)增長中扮演的角色不那么重要。由于主要的出口產(chǎn)品是以制成品為基礎(chǔ)的，制造過程涉及對環(huán)境的破壞或污染?！皳?jù)估計(jì)，中國有3億人飲用受污染的水，只有20%的固體垃圾得到了妥善處理，只有10%的污水得到了處理?！边@些問題的代價非常高昂，約占中國GDP的7%，如果不加以解決，可能會上升到13%。

The problem of the air pollution in South East Asia is very serious occurs due to the increase in industrial production contributing to poor environmental quality. The increase in the amount of oil used through the production, it may impact the rest of the world as well as China, such as, they may faced the problem of rise in oil price as the demanded created by China has increased the consumption.

Conclusion結(jié)論

The globalization benefits China in terms of economic growth and economic development. As China has lower their trade barrier internationally which leads to the increase in the international trade and foreign investment, this results in significant levels of economic growth and development. It also give the competition for the domestic industries and encourage high level of efficiency and competitiveness. The Chinese government provided the more ways in which to promote its domestic and international investment. However, the inequality in distribution of income still a problem. The growing economy also caused the problem to the environment through the pollution.

全球化有利于中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。隨著中國在國際上降低了貿(mào)易壁壘，這導(dǎo)致了國際貿(mào)易和外國投資的增加，這導(dǎo)致了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和發(fā)展水平。它也給國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來競爭，鼓勵高水平的效率和競爭力。中國政府為促進(jìn)國內(nèi)外投資提供了更多途徑。但是，收入分配不平等問題仍然存在。不斷增長的經(jīng)濟(jì)也通過污染對環(huán)境造成了問題。

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