金融Essay代寫范例：Basic Income as a Developmental Aidt
本文是金融專業的Essay代寫范例，題目是“Basic Income as a Developmental Aid（作為發展援助的基本收入）”，人類的壽命既會受到環境的影響，也會受到基因的影響，從受孕到出生，這種影響會一直持續下去。每一種刺激都會對大腦的發育產生影響，可能是積極的，也可能是消極的。早期的經歷，如懷孕期間的壓力，安撫哭鬧的嬰兒，忽視蹣跚學步的孩子，以及更多的例子對未來都有影響。由于個人、婚姻以及最重要的經濟問題，父母忽視了這一階段的生活。他們沒有意識到自己在不知不覺中造成的危害。
Introduction介紹
The lifespan of humans can be both affected by the environment and their genetics from their time of conception and birth and it continues throughout. Every stimulus has an effect on the developing brain, it can be both, positive or negative. Early experiences such as stress during pregnancy, soothing a crying infant, neglecting a toddler and many more examples have implications in the future. Parents overlook this stage of life due to personal, marital, and most importantly financial issues that are exhausting their lives. They fail to recognize the harms they are causing unknowingly.
The goal of the Ontario Basic Income Pilot project was to take a new approach in the increasing poverty in the province. The increasing poverty not only affects us economically but it effects our future generation developmentally. The pilot was run in three locations and were divided in two groups. The first group consisted of 4,000 individuals receiving basic income while the second group that consisted of 2,000 individuals, did not receive basic income from the government.
安大略基本收入試點項目的目標是對該省日益增加的貧困采取一種新辦法。日益增長的貧困不僅影響我們的經濟，而且影響我們下一代的發展。試驗在三個地點進行，并被分成兩組。第一組是4000名領取基本收入的人，而第二組是2000名不領取政府的基本收入的人。
The main objective of the Ontario Basic Income Pilot was to test how basic income might benefit low income households with food security, stress, anxiety, mental health, healthcare usage, housing stability, education, training, employment and labour market participation.
Even though basic income can be very expensive for governments, all individuals deserve a right to a basic income because then only parents can focus on children’s social and cognitive development due to less financial stress, and help their children reach optimum development.
盡管基本收入對政府來說可能非常昂貴，但所有個人都應該享有基本收入的權利，因為只有父母才能在經濟壓力較小的情況下關注孩子的社會和認知發展，幫助他們的孩子達到最佳發展。
Stress and Children壓力和孩子
Stress, is the way our body reacts to danger or threat. It is best represented by ‘fight or flight’ reaction also known as stress response. As adults, we face multiple stressful situations in our daily lives such as financial insecurity, marital conflict, depression, to name a few. Adults are responsible for being reliable and supportive towards children because children are dependent on them.
壓力，是我們的身體對危險或威脅的反應方式。它最好的代表是“戰斗或逃跑”反應，也被稱為壓力反應。作為成年人，我們在日常生活中面臨著多種壓力，比如經濟不穩定、婚姻沖突、抑郁等。成年人有責任對孩子們可靠和支持，因為孩子們依賴他們。
However, due to financial stress, job insecurity, marital conflict, and, domestic violence, these are examples of how stress becomes part of many children’s life in low income families. The effects of stress occur even before birth. Chronic stress during pregnancy leads to improper fetal development, heightened physiological reactions, lower birth weight and lower metabolism (Thompson & Haskin, 2014). Severe chronic stress shows dysregulation in functions of cortisol, a stress hormone. A continuous high cortisol level results in high blood pressure, high heart rate and inflammation causing an undesirable immune system (Thompson & Haskin, 2014). Cortisol has dispersed effects on the brain which alters the nervous system’s reactivity and the immune system simultaneously.
Consequently, repeated chronic stress affects gene expression which results in physiological effects (Thompson & Haskin, 2014). Lastly, the mentioned stresses can result in children experiencing poor impulse control, difficulty in planning, paying attention in school, and lack of controlling their emotions.
因此，重復的慢性應激會影響基因表達，從而導致生理效應(Thompson & Haskin, 2014)。最后，上述的壓力會導致孩子的沖動控制能力差，難以計劃，在學校集中注意力，缺乏對情緒的控制。
Abused childhood on Economic Outcomes虐待兒童對經濟的影響
Abuse and maltreatment during early stages of life development has a lifelong effect. Maltreatment can be in the form of malnourished meals, shortening meals, running out of food stamps, being behind rent and utility bills, losing social benefits, and immediately family members losing a job. Abused children become depressed during adolescence, which eventually leads to substance abuse and ultimately lacking in educational attainment. In some other cases, youth enter parenthood quite early and fall into financial strain during pregnancy and parenthood. According to studies in New York, children that suffered neglect and abuse in their childhood, are more likely to experience lower socioeconomic status in their adulthood (Henry, 2018). Social policies and family-friendly work polices can immensely help surpass appalling outcomes. In conclusion, all types of abuse are associated with the economic status of the parent (Henry, 2018).
在生命發展的早期階段受到虐待和虐待會產生終生的影響。虐待的形式可能是食物營養不良、縮短食物供應、食品券用光、拖欠房租和水電費、失去社會福利，以及家庭成員立即失去工作。受虐待的兒童在青春期變得抑郁，最終導致藥物濫用和缺乏教育。在其他一些情況下，青年很早就開始為人父母，并在懷孕和為人父母期間陷入財政緊張。根據紐約的研究，在童年時期遭受忽視和虐待的兒童，更有可能在成年后經歷較低的社會經濟地位(Henry, 2018)。社會政策和有利于家庭的工作政策可以極大地幫助消除可怕的后果。總之，所有類型的虐待都與父母的經濟狀況有關(Henry, 2018)。
Thus, we can agree that a secure basic income from the government can result in prevention of child maltreatment as there will be no financial strain to meet the child’s needs and can also break the cycle of poverty and improve socioeconomic status of an individual or families.
Parenting under Stress and Support在壓力和支持下養育孩子
In the early 1990s, Ireland received an increase of asylum seekers primarily from Asia and Africa. To be able to cater new immigrants and their own struggling economy, Ireland introduced the Dispersal and Direct Provision Policy. The policy eliminated the chances for asylum seekers to apply for any social welfare (Ogbu, 2014). The new policy was designed in the means of meeting basic needs such as food and shelter. However, the living standards in such facilities were degrading and inhuman. Large families were cramped in a small room with several children. There was no privacy due to overcrowding. Most shelters had canteens which followed strict dinning times, poor quality of food and inconsiderate of any dietary restrictions. The Direct Provision Policy was criticized as inhumane and pernicious (Ogbu, 2014). The drawback of this policy was the fact that there was no cash transfer for the migrant families. For example, these migrant families were not able to afford school supplies, clothes, taking the bus, thus they were socially isolated by society due visible low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, parents faced great hardship such as inadequate housing, lack of recreational facilities for children, educational barriers, and financial stress all of which were caused by the Direct Provision Policy (Ogbu, 2014).
20世紀90年代初，愛爾蘭接受了主要來自亞洲和非洲的尋求庇護者的增加。為了滿足新移民和本國經濟的需要，愛爾蘭出臺了“分散和直接供應政策”。該政策消除了尋求庇護者申請任何社會福利的機會(Ogbu, 2014)。新政策是以滿足食物和住房等基本需要為目的的。然而，這些設施的生活水平是有辱人格和不人道的。大家庭和幾個孩子擠在一個小房間里。由于過度擁擠，沒有隱私。大多數庇護所都有食堂，食堂嚴格遵守用餐時間，食物質量很差，不考慮任何飲食限制。直接供應政策被批評為不人道和有害(Ogbu, 2014)。這項政策的缺點是移徙家庭得不到現金轉移。例如，這些農民工家庭買不起學習用品、衣服、坐公交車，社會經濟地位明顯低下，因此被社會孤立。此外，父母面臨著巨大的困難，如住房不足、兒童娛樂設施缺乏、教育障礙和經濟壓力，所有這些都是由直接提供政策造成的(Ogbu, 2014)。
These hardships led to poor mental health amongst parents and children. These migrant children grew up in the fear of not knowing about their future while experiencing prejudice due to their race, religion and culture. As a result of being discriminated these children grew up with inferiority complex. In this case, the parents’ effort to raise their children the best possible way they could, it just was not possible because every migrant was forced to live under the Direct Provision (Ogbu,2014). The living situations were not humane, but the most affect that had on children’s lives was the financial strain. The fact that they weren’t able to afford minimal costs had greater effects in their social development.
Micro Investment Perspective
The idea of Basic Income as a developmental policy tool, has been discussed around the world since the 1950s. For many years, basic income was considered Social Cash Transfer (SCT) as a tool for the less fortunate. Some of the best known SCT schemes are Brazil’s Bolsa Familia, Mexico’s Oportunidades, India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee and South Africa’s Old Age Pension and Child Support Grants (Eskelinen & Perkio, 2018). These schemes were either conditional cash transfer i.e. a guaranteed monthly income conditioned on child’s school attendance or targeted cash transfers provided to selected groups. Such SCT programs have demonstrated improved health, decreased extreme poverty and increased school attendance rates. However, these policies didn’t reach all individuals especially the very poor as they are focused on targeted groups, villages etc. The policies had discrepancies about eligibility or ineligibility for receiving STCs. In the article, Micro-investment perspective and the potential of the universal basic income, the author looks at Basic Income as a social policy rather than a SCT. It is argued that an unconditional modest monthly income will support families flourish as an addition to their regular income. The article suggested that BI should be universal and despite of any eligibility quotas. The Basic Income Pilot program was organized in Namibia and India, where 62% – 82% (depending on scale) and 30% of the population live below poverty line respectively (Eskelinen & Perkio, 2018). The program ran for two years in both developing countries. The data was compared according to labour, behavioural impacts, psychological impacts and investment in human capital. After two years, both projects showed similar outcomes. There was an increase in own initiative small businesses, increase in work hours and days, as well an increase in cumulative household income. There was also an rise in outside investment to generate more income, an increase in livestock ownership and producer goods. The basic income promoted self-employment and personal growth of an individual. Thus, the policy can be seen from a micro-investment perspective. The unconditional monthly income facilitated villagers to generate money, stabilized financial security and created self-employment opportunities. Most importantly, the biggest effect was the psychological impact of stability and hope in a household. They were much happier and empowered to work for a better life (Eskelinen & Perkio, 2018). In conclusion, Basic Income should not be undermined as “free money”, it should be viewed as a micro-investment for an ultimate goal in human capital, and therefore, government will have a bidirectional investment for their country’s future.
Business Response to Basic Income企業對基本收入的反應
The idea of BI was introduced in the 1970s by D. B Smith a businessman and a chartered accountant however, it was perceived negatively. Business owners were anxious about how the BI would affect their business. They were worried that employees would quit their jobs and live a lifestyle on from BI. There were many disagreements due to the lack of a concrete policy and misunderstandings of BI. BI was meant to be an unconditional monthly income for all to achieve a basic standard of living (Calnitsky, 2018). In 1970, Mincome was introduced in rural areas of Manitoba and Winnipeg. This pilot project was designed to assist the low-income individuals and families achieve a better standard of living on a monthly basis. However, this pilot was abruptly stopped and no final report on the effects of the additional income was produced. The main criticism of Mincome was the supposedly negative effect on local businesses, labour market and unwillingness to work. These claims cannot be proven due to the unfinished experiment and lack of data. If Mincome was to reintroduce today, the policy needs to carve concrete outlines of universality, eligibility and unconditionality. Most importantly, the government would have to find sources and funding for BI before exhausting the idea of higher taxes.
商業智能的概念是由D. B . Smith在20世紀70年代提出的，他是一名商人和一名注冊會計師，然而，它被認為是負面的。企業主們對商業智能將如何影響他們的業務感到焦慮。他們擔心員工會辭掉工作，靠商業內幕網過上生活。由于缺乏具體的政策和對BI的誤解，出現了許多分歧。BI本應成為所有人的無條件月收入，以達到基本生活水平(Calnitsky, 2018)。1970年，Mincome被引入馬尼托巴省和溫尼伯省的農村地區。這個試點項目的目的是幫助低收入個人和家庭每月達到更好的生活水平。但是，這一試點突然停止，沒有就額外收入的影響提出最后報告。對Mincome的主要批評是其對當地企業、勞動力市場和不愿工作的負面影響。由于實驗未完成，數據不足，這些說法無法得到證實。如果Mincome要在今天重新引入，該政策需要確立普遍性、合格性和無條件性的具體輪廓。最重要的是，政府必須在耗盡提高稅收的想法之前找到BI的來源和資金。
Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project
The Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project was introduced in April of 2017 to approach a new and sustainable way to reduce poverty by former Liberal Premier, Kathleen Wynne in Hamilton. The goal was to provide a basic monthly income regardless of employment status. Unfortunately, the project has been shut down by the newly elected Progressive Conservative government; thus we are not able to conclude any benefits of the project with the incomplete data available.
Nevertheless, we can conclude that the notion of providing a minimum monthly income to those in need and those living below poverty line compared to the rest of the province is not outrageous. The benefits of supporting parents in the most crucial developmental phase of their lives is beneficial to the society as a whole. When we are assisting parents financially we are also creating a safe environment for the children to be born and raised. We are advancing secure attachment between the mother and the child. This support, filters out the leading cause of stress by providing financial stability. When the parents of an unborn child are at peace with monthly income, they are more motivated and willing to work hard and grow their income by their own initiative. These children will be raised in a proper environment because all their developmental needs will be met. We should look at BI as an investment and developmental tool to empowering future generation. These effects will be transgenerational and bidirectional just like the pilot projects in India and Namibia (Eskelinen & Perkio, 2018). A Basic Income would alleviate the negative effects of financial stress and furthermore invest in our cognitive, psychological and physiological development.
然而，我們可以得出這樣的結論:與該省其他地區相比，向有需要的人和生活在貧困線以下的人提供最低月收入的概念并不過分。在父母生命中最關鍵的發展階段給予支持，對整個社會都有好處。當我們在經濟上幫助父母的時候，我們也在為孩子的出生和成長創造一個安全的環境。我們正在推進母親和孩子之間的安全依戀。這種支持，通過提供金融穩定來過濾壓力的主要原因。當未出生孩子的父母每月收入穩定時，他們更有動力，更愿意努力工作，主動增加收入。這些孩子將在一個適當的環境中成長，因為他們所有的發展需要都將得到滿足。我們應該把商業智能看作是增強下一代能力的一種投資和發展工具。與印度和納米比亞的試點項目一樣，這些影響將是跨代和雙向的(Eskelinen & Perkio, 2018)。“基本收入”可以減輕財務壓力的負面影響，并進一步投資于我們的認知、心理和生理發展。
留學生論文相關專業范文素材資料，盡在本網，可以隨時查閱參考。本站也提供多國留學生課程作業寫作指導服務，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
