會計Essay代寫格式范文：Causation of Fraud and Corruption in the Public Sector
本文是會計專業(yè)的Essay代寫范例，題目是“Causation of Fraud and Corruption in the Public Sector（公共部門欺詐和腐敗的原因）”，本研究分析了公共部門欺詐和腐敗的原因。具體來說，研究的目的是了解馬拉維政府公共服務(wù)中欺詐和腐敗的原因和影響。根據(jù)法務(wù)會計師2016年發(fā)布的報告，該研究將重點關(guān)注馬拉維國家預(yù)算中因欺詐和腐敗而造成的公共資源損失。通過對Barker Tilly發(fā)布的“現(xiàn)金門報告”的分析，本研究旨在分析原因，并提出糾正工具和技術(shù)，以打擊馬拉維公共服務(wù)中的欺詐和腐敗。
ABSTRACT摘要
This study analyses the causes of Fraud and corruption in the public sector. Specifically, the research is aimed at understanding the cause and effect of fraud and Corruption in Malawi Government Public Service. The research will focus on the loss of public resources through Fraud and Corruption on the national budget for Malawi as revealed by the Forensic Accountant reports issued in 2016. Through analysis of the dubbed “Cashgate Report” issued by Barker Tilly, the research aims at analyzing the cause and suggest the corrective tools and techniques’ to combat fraud and corruption in Malawi Public services.
The research will focus on the impact of loss and its causes in four public service institutions (Health, Agriculture, Education, Tourism and Finance) that reported a significant loss of funds through cashgate.
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM研究問題的介紹
In 2013 Malawi experienced massive plunder of public resources by civil servants, companies, government officials and some members of the public, through Fraud and corruption in what was described as “Cashgate”. In February 2014, Baker Tilly Business Services Limited (Baker Tilly), released a forensic and investigation audit for Malawi Government. The report covered a review of transactions from a period beginning April 2013 to September 2013. The report revealed a quantified loss of funds amounting to MK13Billion () through fraud and Corruption. This research, therefore, aims at analyzing the impact of the loss and determine how the resources disappeared. The study will be undertaken also to provide suggestive tools and techniques that would assist to combat the problem in future in Fraud and corruption in public institutions. It is believed that the fraud and corruption are still on the increase despite the 2014 report. A recent report currently in the public domain indicates that a further MK577 billion could have been lost between 2014 and 2016 through fraud and corruption.
2013年，馬拉維經(jīng)歷了公務(wù)員、公司、政府官員和一些公眾通過欺詐和腐敗行為對公共資源的大規(guī)模掠奪，這被稱為“現(xiàn)金門”。2014年2月，Baker Tilly商業(yè)服務(wù)有限公司(Baker Tilly)發(fā)布了對馬拉維政府的法醫(yī)和調(diào)查審計報告。該報告涵蓋了從2013年4月至2013年9月期間的交易回顧。該報告披露了通過欺詐和腐敗造成的金額達(dá)130億美元的資金損失。因此，本研究旨在分析資源流失的影響，并確定資源是如何消失的。這項研究還將提供具有啟示性的工具和技術(shù)，以協(xié)助今后打擊公共機(jī)構(gòu)中的欺詐和腐敗問題。據(jù)信，盡管有2014年的報告，欺詐和腐敗仍在增加。最近一份公開領(lǐng)域的報告顯示，在2014年至2016年期間，由于欺詐和腐敗，還有5770億mk7億的損失。
The 2018/2019 National budget for Malawi stands at around ￡1.5million it is estimated by the Office of Director of public procurement that at least 40% of the national budget is lost through procurement fraud. This is quite a substantial amount of money to drive the economy forward. Malawians. As reported by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Malawi, 2016), the loss of government resources through corruption and fraud is more pronounced in the public sector as opposed by the private sector.
The “cashgate” scandal uncovered in 2013 involving a large-scale theft of public funds damaged Malawi’s economic outlook significantly (IMF, 2015)
This calls for a detailed review to analyze the cause and identify the impact of losses for the public fund.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hoopwood, Leiner, Young,2012 define Fraud as a result of misleading, intentional actions or inactions (including making misleading statement and omitting relevant information) to gain an advantage.
Causation of Fraud and corruption.舞弊及貪污的原因。
The causes of According to the fraud records, employee fraud causes are largely related to a person’s morality, lack supervision from internal control, poor knowledge about fraud and peer pressure. Most of the fraud cases are being committed by the employees because they want to achieve a certain level of lifestyle.
根據(jù)舞弊記錄，員工舞弊的原因在很大程度上與個人的道德、缺乏內(nèi)部控制的監(jiān)督、對舞弊的認(rèn)識不足以及同事的壓力有關(guān)。大部分的欺詐案都是由員工犯下的，因為他們想要達(dá)到某種程度的生活方式。
Among the pioneers of research on fraud causation, Donald R Cressey (1919-1987) developed the fraud triangle theory where it is alleged that people commit fraud when the following three factors exist; perceived pressure, rationalization and perceived opportunity. Cressey’s theory states that people commit fraud when they have a financial or non-financial pressure to achieve in an environment that permits them to commit such fraud, with the hope that they may justify their action. He concluded that it takes all the three elements to exist for fraud to occur. The research is aimed at identifying specific pressures resulting in fraud and corruption in government.
Wells (2017) reiterated Dr. Steve Albrecht theory that occupation fraud and abuses are motivated by among other factors, living beyond one’s means, overwhelming desire for personal gains, high personal debts, close association with customers and excessive gambling habits. These factors closely linked with Donald Cressey fraud triangle theory. The research is also geared to ascertain element that brings about occupation fraud in the public sector.
The 2015 Global survey by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners revealed that perpetrators of fraud and corruption in an institution include employees, managers, and executives. Wells (2017, p29). The survey will also work to substantiate civil servants involvement in the Malawi fraud and corruption scandal
Petrucelli and Peters (2016, p413) identified the five categories of financial statement fraud. According to Petrucelli and Peter (2016, p413), misstatement of revenue, misstatement of expenditure or misappropriation, misstatement of assets/liabilities, inadequate disclosures, misappropriation of assets and failing to provide for liabilities are the major categories of financial statement fraud. The aforementioned categories, therefore relate mainly to financial statements. Government or public institutions rarely produce financial statements as required by the accounting profession. This research, therefore, will categories other non-financial statement fraud public institutions encounter thereby highlighting their causes and effect in the institutions.
Petrucelli和Peters (2016, p413)確定了財務(wù)報表舞弊的五種類型。根據(jù)Petrucelli和Peter (2016, p413)，收入錯報、支出錯報或挪用、資產(chǎn)/負(fù)債錯報、披露不足、資產(chǎn)挪用和負(fù)債未提供是財務(wù)報表舞弊的主要類別。因此，上述類別主要涉及財務(wù)報表。政府或公共機(jī)構(gòu)很少按照會計行業(yè)的要求編制財務(wù)報表。因此，本研究將對公共機(jī)構(gòu)遇到的其他非財務(wù)報表舞弊進(jìn)行分類，從而突出其在機(jī)構(gòu)中的原因和影響。
In light of the 2014 financial loss in Malawi Government, Kayuni (2016), explored the law relating to the prosecution of suspected government officials who were involved in fraud and corruption and mentioned in the Baker Tilly report. Kayuni(2016) identified offense of public theft, theft by public servant, money laundering and corruption as plausible charges that would be leveled against the suspects of the act. Little the research journal did not tackle on the Impact and cause of the vice.
Following the release of the report, Malawi’s major international donors pulled out budgetary support to the country until the issue was addressed. In his report, Lameck (2016) indicated that donors under the Common Approach to Budget Support (CABS) which include the IMF and World Bank who were reviewing the progress of the country’s 2013/2014 national budget in capital Lilongwe, resolved to withhold the $150m quarterly funding until the issue is settled. The donors are yet to return to Malawi as the courts are still pursuing the matter.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND QUALITY CRITERIA
Research design
Brayman and Bell (2011) discuss the five research designs for collecting and analysis of data. The research designs are experimental design; cross-sectional or social survey design; longitudinal design; case study design; and comparative design. Furthermore, the selection of a particular design is dependent on appropriate quality criteria that involves reliability of the research, validity of research and replicability of the research. The following paragraphs briefly illustrate these methods of conducting surveys
Experimental design實驗設(shè)計
Experimental research is mostly used because it produces considerable confidence in robustness and trustworthiness of causal findings (Bryman and Bell (2011, p 45). It can deduce the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It aims at manipulating the independent variables to determine if they will have an impact on dependent variables.
實驗研究大多被使用，因為它對因果結(jié)果的穩(wěn)實性和可信度產(chǎn)生了相當(dāng)大的信心(Bryman和Bell (2011, p 45))。它可以推導(dǎo)出自變量和因變量之間的關(guān)系。它的目的是操縱自變量，以確定它們是否會對因變量產(chǎn)生影響。
However, it is rarely used in social research as it is considered either impractical or unethical. (online )
Cross-sectional design
Involves collection of data on more than one case study at the same time using a number of variables that are examined to deduce the pattern of association. Since data is collected almost at the same time, the researcher may not manipulate any of the variables. (Bryman and Bell, 2011, p54).
Longitudinal design
Longitudinal research design involves a survey of the same sample on more than one occasion. It may show areas of business change over a period. The design may be used to determine the causal effects over a period. The longitudinal design comprises two categories namely panel study and cohort study. Panel study will focus on the collection of a sample of data on two or more occasions while cohort study data is collected on an entire cohort of the randomly selected sample. Both studies may bring about erosion challenges.
Case study design
A case study generally entails a detailed and intensive analysis of a single case. (Bryman and Bell, 2011 p59). Thus, it may entail a study of a single organization, or a single location, or a single event or a person. Case study often includes longitudinal elements as discussed above.
It is the popular and widely used research design in business research (Eisenhardt and Graesbner, 2007).
Comparative design比較設(shè)計
Bryman and Bell (2011, p63) state that comparative design involves studying more or less similar methods of two or more contrasting cases. The design implies social phenomena could be better understood when they are compared in relation to two or more meaningfully contrasting cases. The design may be used to compare cross-cultural elements. This may bring about the challenge of getting funding ensuring that data is comparable from the different cultures and the potential problem of an insensitivity to specific national and cultural context.
Bryman和Bell (2011, p63)指出，比較設(shè)計涉及研究兩個或兩個以上對比案例或多或少相似的方法。該設(shè)計暗示，當(dāng)將社會現(xiàn)象與兩個或更多有意義的對比案例進(jìn)行比較時，可以更好地理解它們。設(shè)計可以用來比較跨文化元素。這可能會帶來獲得資金以確保不同文化數(shù)據(jù)具有可比性的挑戰(zhàn)，以及對特定國家和文化背景不敏感的潛在問題。
Quality Criteria
The evaluation of a business research is done using the following criterion reliability, replication, and validity.
Reliability
This criterion is where the concern is placed on whether research measures are repeatable and consistent.
Replication
This is where a researcher would want to replicate the findings of other researchers.
Research may be replicated if there are persuasive ground s that the original results do not match evidence relevant to the research question. (Bryman and Bel, 2011)
Validity
Validity aims at considering the integrity of research results. The criteria focus on analyzing the validity of measurement, internal validity, and external validity causal effect
Trustworthiness誠信
Lincon and Goba (1985) proposed trustworthiness as a further criterion for assessing qualitative research. This measures how good a study is. The trustworthiness contains four aspects namely; credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. These aspects are closely linked to elements of validity, reliability, confirmability.
Lincon和Goba(1985)提出可信度是評估定性研究的進(jìn)一步標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這衡量了一項研究的好壞。誠信包括四個方面:可信度、可轉(zhuǎn)移性、可靠性和可確認(rèn)性。這些方面與效度、可靠性、可確認(rèn)性等要素密切相關(guān)。
MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research aims to resolve and respond to the following questions
What causes of the fraud and corruption in the public sector (specifically Malawian context following issues)?
What is the impact of the 2013 and 2014 financial losses?
What are the tools and techniques needed to combat fraud and corruption?
In order to determine answers to the above question the case study of the recent financial scandal popularly known as cash gate will be analyzed. Thus, the research will review the Baker Tilly report to determine the cause of the 2013 financial loss in the public sector. To supplement the details the research will also focus on an audit report done by KPMG on Malawi public service for a period 2014. The two reports would be compared to highlight the ideal causes and impact of the financial loss. Therefore, the research will also consider a comparative approach research design to the two studies.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Leedy and Ormrod (2015) suggest that most ethical issues in research fall into one of four categories: protection from harm, voluntary and informed participation, right to privacy, and honesty with professional colleagues. This research will also take into account the aforementioned ethical considerations.
Protection from Harm
As this research will be focusing on government financial issues all due consideration will be made to all the participants of the study to avoid harming their careers. A research that will harm participants would be regarded as unacceptable (Bryman and Bell, (2011, p128).
Voluntary and informed participants.自愿和知情的參與者。
The participants of the study would be required to voluntary participate in the study and would be given all the necessary information to make them aware of the research at hand. This view is emphasized by Leedy and Ormorod (2015), that participants must be informed of the nature of the study, and have a choice to participate or not and be allowed to pull out if need be.
本研究的參與者將被要求自愿參與研究，并將被提供所有必要的信息，以使他們了解手頭的研究。Leedy和Ormorod(2015)強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一觀點，參與者必須被告知研究的性質(zhì)，并有參與或不參與的選擇，如果需要，可以退出。
Right to privacy- confidentiality
This research will also keep the nature and quality of individual participants’ performance strictly confidential (Leedy and Ormorod (2015). As the research will come across some sensitive government information and issues that are in court or will be in court soon, the right to privacy of the concerned individuals would be of utmost importance.
Honesty
The findings of this research will be reported honestly without fabrication or misrepresentation for the appropriate authorities to determine the possible cause of action.
PROJECT PLAN AND REQUIRED SKILLS
To come up with appropriate results for the study, the research will be carried out in six months period starting from April 2019 to September 2019. The proposed period and activities are as highlighted in the chart below.
Successful achievement of the proposed research will rely on the researcher attaining interview skills, development of research questionnaire skill, analytical reviews techniques and learning the reference guidelines.
SUMMARY
This proposal is to determine the major causes of fraud and corruption in the public sector. The results will be shared with appropriate government officials to determine a course of action.
In assessing the impact of fraud and corruption all ethical considerations would be regarded to provide a fair picture of the situation and to an argument the current views held by other researchers.
在評估欺詐和腐敗的影響時，所有的倫理考慮都將被視為提供一個公正的情況，并為論點提供一個其他研究人員目前持有的觀點。
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