經濟學Essay代寫舉例：How Entrepreneurs Impact an Economy

本文是工商管理專業的留學生Essay范例，題目是“How Entrepreneurs Impact an Economy（企業家如何影響經濟）”，隨著經濟因全球化而繼續一體化，印度和中國等正式封閉的經濟體朝著完全自由化的方向前進，創業精神正在增加。對發達經濟體和工業化經濟體的仔細分析表明，它們有一個共同的特點。這是企業家精神和企業家在這些經濟體中發揮的最重要作用。這一現象向我們證明，一個經濟要全面發展，就應該讓企業家精神蓬勃發展。因此，本文的目的是批判性地分析企業家在任何特定經濟中的影響。在這篇論文中，作者將確定和討論通過企業家和企業家精神給經濟帶來的許多好處，以及同樣的缺點，并得出關于企業家的總體影響的結論。

Introduction介紹

As economies continue to integrate due to globalisation and formally closed economies like India and China march toward total liberalisation, entrepreneurship is on the increase. A close analysis of developed and industrialised economies indicates a common denominator that stands out amongst all of them. This is the most important role played by entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in such economies. This phenomenon has proved to us that if an economy is to develop fully, entrepreneurship should be allowed to flourish. Therefore it is the objective of this paper to critically analyse the impact of entrepreneurs in any given economy. In this paper the writer will identify and discuss the many benefits afforded to an economy through entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship and the disadvantages of the same and draw conclusions on the overall impact of the entrepreneurs.

Innovation創新

Individuals often resort to entrepreneurship for one of the following reasons; they find a market niche and have the solution to profit from such niche; they have been unable to find suitable employment or a suitable means of income and therefore have resorted to using their creativity to generate an income for themselves; or they have the technological know-how and the financial resources (or able to source all of the above) necessary to generate income by satisfying a need in the marketplace. Irrespective of which of the above led an individual to become an entrepreneur it is clear that innovation and creativity is the driving factor and therefore, it can be stated that the biggest impact of entrepreneurs to an economy is the innovative contribution that they make.

個人往往由于下列原因之一而訴諸創業精神;他們找到了一個利基市場，并找到了從這個利基中獲利的解決方案;他們無法找到適當的就業機會或適當的收入手段，因此只能利用他們的創造力為自己創造收入;或者他們擁有技術知識和財政資源(或能夠獲得上述所有資源)，通過滿足市場需求來產生收入。無論上述哪一項導致個人成為企業家，很明顯創新和創造力是驅動因素，因此，可以說，企業家對經濟的最大影響是他們做出的創新貢獻。

Job Creation創造就業機會

As stated in the previous section, one of the main reasons that individuals tend to become entrepreneurs is because they are unable to find suitable jobs. As a result, by being enterprising, creative and finding a market niche, not only are they able to generate an income for themselves but also to employ other individuals in their business operations. Therefore, one of the most positive impacts that entrepreneurs make on an economy is job creation and the reduction of unemployment levels. In developed countries we see that almost 40 – 50% of the workforce are employed in small and medium scale business enterprises that were started up by very enterprising individuals. Likewise in countries like India, we see that millions of women have been able to pull their families out of poverty through self-employment and entrepreneurship that has been made possible by different Non-Governmental Organisations and due to the availability of such resources through micro finance etc. Africa is another good example of small scale entrepreneurs helping to reduce poverty and helping many to avoid destitution. Therefore based on everything that has been stated above it is apparent that entrepreneurs can cause a great degree of impact on an economy through job creation and income generation.

如前一節所述，個人傾向于成為企業家的一個主要原因是他們無法找到合適的工作。因此，通過具有進取心、創造性和找到市場利基，他們不僅能夠為自己創造收入，而且還能夠在他們的業務運營中雇用其他人。因此，企業家對經濟最積極的影響之一是創造就業機會和降低失業水平。在發達國家，我們看到近40 - 50%的勞動力受雇于由非常有進取心的個人創辦的中小型企業。同樣在印度這樣的國家,我們看到數以百萬計的婦女已經能夠把家庭擺脫貧困通過自主創業和創業已經成為可能,通過不同的非政府組織,由于此類資源的可用性通過微型融資等。非洲是小規模企業家幫助減少貧困和幫助許多人避免貧困的另一個好例子。因此，根據以上所述，很明顯，企業家可以通過創造就業機會和創造收入對經濟產生很大的影響。

Increased Competition競爭加劇

Another positive impact of entrepreneurship on an economy is the increasing level of competition as new entrepreneurs join the fray in existing domestic markets. While one may venture to say that this will only lead to market saturation, the upside of such a phenomenon is that it causes all the players in the market to re-evaluate their operational capabilities, increase value addition, lower costs and become more efficient. Thus it can be stated that competition reduces the likelihood of monopolies and oligopolies in the marketplace and is beneficial to the customer and the economy as a whole.

創業精神對經濟的另一個積極影響是，隨著新的企業家加入現有國內市場的競爭，競爭水平越來越高。雖然有人可能會大膽地說，這只會導致市場飽和，但這種現象的好處是，它導致所有市場參與者重新評估他們的運營能力，增加附加值，降低成本，并變得更有效率。因此可以說，競爭減少了市場中壟斷和寡頭壟斷的可能性，對消費者和整個經濟都是有利的。

Increased Productivity提高了生產率

One of the advantages of increased competition in an economy is that individuals and firms continue to source methods that can better improve their operations, use resources more efficiently and most importantly reduce costs while adding value. All this often results in an increase in productivity in an economy and an increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), which is indeed a benefit for the economy. While opponents tend to state that when productivity increases the unemployment can often increase, thus reducing the positive impacts, it is the opinion of the writer that increased productivity leading to increased unemployment will then cause more individuals to be creative, find niche markets, become entrepreneurs and begin generating more employment opportunities, thus re-inventing the wheel and driving the economy forward.

經濟中競爭加劇的優勢之一是，個人和企業繼續尋找方法，可以更好地改善其運營，更有效地使用資源，最重要的是在增加價值的同時降低成本。所有這一切往往會導致經濟生產率的提高和國內生產總值(GDP)的增加，這對經濟確實是有利的。雖然反對者傾向于說，當生產率提高時，失業率通常會增加，從而減少了積極的影響，但作者認為，生產率提高導致失業率增加，然后會導致更多的人具有創造性，找到利基市場，成為企業家，開始創造更多的就業機會，從而重新發明輪子，推動經濟向前發展。

New Markets新市場

As stated in the previous section increased competition in the marketplace can cause saturation and as a result many entrepreneurs maybe driven to seek new markets for their products and services or adapt market penetration tactics. Either way such a phenomena of increased competition, which ultimately causes individuals to look for new markets, can be considered as a positive impact on the economy. Therefore, entrepreneurs can be considered to play a very important role in the economy. As integration of economies continues due to globalisation, entrepreneurs often tend to look for markets that are outside of their domestic sphere thus generating foreign revenue and increasing the prosperity of the economy as a whole. While this may be a very simplistic explanation of the impact that entrepreneurs make on an economy, it is also safe to say that the employment generation, increased competition, market expansion, market penetration and sourcing new markets all result in income generation that ultimately help an economy to become more prosperous, drawing millions out of poverty and generating funds for social welfare activities that ultimately uplift the living standards of its citizenry.

如前一節所述，市場競爭加劇會導致飽和，因此許多企業家可能會為他們的產品和服務尋找新的市場或調整市場滲透策略。無論如何，這種競爭加劇的現象，最終導致個人尋找新的市場，可以被認為是對經濟的積極影響。因此，企業家可以被認為在經濟中扮演著非常重要的角色。由于全球化使經濟繼續一體化，企業家往往傾向于尋找國內范圍以外的市場，從而產生外國收入，并增加整個經濟的繁榮。雖然這可能是一個非常簡單的解釋企業家對經濟的影響,也可以說,就業,競爭加劇,市場擴張,市場滲透和采購新市場所有導致創收,最終幫助經濟更加繁榮,幫助數百萬人擺脫貧困，為社會福利活動籌集資金，最終提高其公民的生活水平。

Negative Impacts of Entrepreneurs企業家的負面影響

The single largest negative impact of entrepreneurs on an economy is the plundering of resources, which can have a disastrous effect on the environment. While such negative impacts are mitigated to some extent in developed economies due to the enforcement of environmental protection standards and regulations, this is not the case in developing economies. Further entrepreneurship requires a certain degree of business knowledge and know how, without which entrepreneurial ventures can often fail, which can also cause many financial hardship that in extreme cases can even lead to destitution.

企業家對經濟的最大負面影響是對資源的掠奪，這可能對環境造成災難性的影響。雖然發達經濟體由于執行環境保護標準和條例而在一定程度上減輕了這種負面影響，但發展中經濟體卻不是這樣。進一步的創業需要一定程度的商業知識和知識，沒有這些知識，創業企業往往會失敗，這也會導致許多財政困難，在極端情況下甚至會導致貧困。

Social Entrepreneurship社會企業家精神

Today we see the realm of social entrepreneurship growing exponentially which is a very positive sign and has helped to draw millions out of poverty, decrease unemployment, decrease the number of people dependent on social welfare and all in all uplift the living standards and quality of life of millions. Further social entrepreneurship initiatives are also often seen as ‘green initiatives’ that take into consideration the impact on the natural environment and therefore strives to keep this at a minimum. This increases awareness about such issues, avoids the plundering of natural resources and conserving the environment wherever possible. Therefore, it can be stated that the negative impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy can be mitigated to some extent through social entrepreneurship.

今天我們看到社會企業家呈指數級增長的領域是一個非常積極的信號,有助于吸引數百萬人擺脫了貧困,減少失業率,降低依賴社會福利的人數,總之隆起數百萬人的生活水平和生活質量。進一步的社會創業活動也經常被視為“綠色行動”，考慮到對自然環境的影響，因此努力將其保持在最低限度。這提高了人們對這些問題的認識，避免了對自然資源的掠奪，并盡可能保護環境。因此，可以說，通過社會創業，可以在一定程度上減輕企業家對經濟的負面影響。

Conclusion結論

Based on everything that has been discussed above it is apparent that the positive impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy, far outweigh the negative impacts. Job creation, reduction in unemployment levels, increased competition, opening new markets, increasing productivity, foreign income generation and poverty alleviation are some of the positive impacts that entrepreneurs have on an economy. However, this is not to say that there are no negative impacts such as the wastage and plundering of resources, yet taken as a whole it is apparent that the entrepreneurs positively impact an economy.

基于以上所討論的一切，很明顯，企業家對經濟的積極影響遠遠大于消極影響。創造就業機會、減少失業水平、增加競爭、開辟新市場、提高生產力、創造外國收入和減輕貧窮是企業家對經濟產生的一些積極影響。然而，這并不是說沒有資源浪費和掠奪等負面影響，但從整體上看，企業家顯然對經濟產生了積極的影響。

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