金融Essay格式范文：Exchange rate and equity markets around the world and Pakistan
本文是金融專業的Essay范例，題目是“Exchange rate and equity markets around the world and Pakistan（全球和巴基斯坦的匯率和股票市場）”，今天在當今世界外匯是一個關鍵的組件或工具對不同類型的企業,和許多國家的企業在以美元等外幣,歐元等另一方面運動在股票市場指數是一個國家的財務業績的關鍵指標。股票市場可能有看漲或持票趨勢，這反映了股票市場在特定時期的相對強弱。它也顯示了投資者對市場的信心和情緒。
Today in the present world foreign currency is a key component or tool for different kinds of businesses, and many countries in the world did businesses in foreign currencies like in Dollars, Euros etc. on the other hand movement in the stock market index is a key indicator for the financial performance of a country. Stock market may have bullish or bearer trend which reflect its relative strength in specific period. It also shows the investor confidence and sentiments toward markets.
The establishment of the relationship among the stock market and foreign exchange rates is important for some reasons. Initially, it can affect decisions about monetary policy and tax. Gavin (1989) analyze that financial market has a large impact on the aggregate demand. The policy maker should be aware about the relationship regarding stock market and demand. Secondly, the relation between the aggregate demand and stock markets may be used to forecast the direction of the exchange rate. It will be useful for multinational firms to actively manage their exposure associated to foreign contracts and exchange rate. Thirdly, currency is treated as a commodity or an asset in portfolio of investment funds. So the awareness about the relationship among currency and other assets in the portfolio of investment funds is important.
This is not the first study to look at the exchange rate and equity markets in the world as well as in Pakistan. Like Aquino analyzed the foreign exchange exposure countenance by Philippine companies around the Asian financial crisis. It was concluded that stock returns were not statistically significantly affected by the instability in foreign exchange. But after the crises, there was a significant impact of the fluctuations in exchange rate on the stock returns (Aquino 2005, 2006).
這并不是第一次對世界和巴基斯坦的匯率和股票市場進行研究。阿基諾分析了亞洲金融危機期間菲律賓公司面臨的外匯風險。結果表明，外匯不穩定性對股票收益的影響不顯著。但在危機發生后，匯率波動對股票收益產生了顯著影響(Aquino 2005, 2006)。
Yau and Nieh investigated the relationship between Taiwan dollar/Japanese yen and the stock prices for the period from 1991 to 2005. They found that among the exchange rate and the stock prices of both countries there was no long-term relationship. But this linkage exists only to shorten the period (Yau and Nieh 2006).
But the present study is exceptional in the sense that it uses the most recent data of the exchange rate and stock market which may provide latest linkage to the investors and other policy makers in Pakistan.
There are three stock exchanges known as Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) currently operating in Pakistan. Among these Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is considered as major and the well known stock market of Pakistan. It is regarded as a representative of all three stock exchanges of Pakistan. Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) formed on September 18, 1947. It began its operation with five companies that have paid a capital of Rs.37 millions of dollars. The first index was the 50 index of trade and was done through open-out-cry system. But now KSE has 662 listed companies and considers a main economic and business hub of Pakistan. The daily KSE-100 Index published by the Karachi stock exchange is announced at 3:10 pm. Therefore KSE-100 index can be used as performance indicators of the stock market in Pakistan. KSE played an important role in the economy of Pakistan in different problems like political, social, financial and other issues (Karachi Stock Exchange, 2011).
巴基斯坦目前有卡拉奇證券交易所(KSE)、拉合爾證券交易所(LSE)和伊斯蘭堡證券交易所(ISE)三家證券交易所。其中卡拉奇證券交易所(KSE)被認為是巴基斯坦的主要和著名的股票市場。它被認為是巴基斯坦所有三個證券交易所的代表?？ɡ孀C券交易所(KSE)成立于1947年9月18日。五家公司投入了3700萬盧比的資本，開始運營。第一個指標是50指數，是通過公開叫嚷系統進行的。但現在KSE擁有662家上市公司，并被視為巴基斯坦的主要經濟和商業中心?？ɡ孀C券交易所每天下午3點10分公布KSE-100指數。因此，KSE-100指數可以作為巴基斯坦股市的表現指標。KSE在巴基斯坦的經濟中發揮著重要的作用，在不同的問題，如政治、社會、金融和其他問題(卡拉奇證券交易所，2011)。
To identify the linkage of foreign exchange rate with equity market is significant because of above reasons. So in this study the researcher tries to identify this relationship by using various statistical techniques.
Rationale of the study研究的基本原理
The currency market may be linked with equity market in many different ways. It can be seen that if there is an upward trend in the stock market, then there will be a large influx of foreign capital in the country due to international investors. This influx of foreign money would be a key indicator for the betterment of economic position of any country. The adversary also sustains that if there is a long downtrend visible on the stock market, foreign investors, the most likely rush to sell their shares that would have a substantial impact on the stock market of a country. This reasoning can be applied to all currencies and stock markets in the whole world (Kathy Lien, 2009).
貨幣市場可能以許多不同的方式與股票市場聯系在一起。可以看出，如果股票市場出現上升趨勢，那么就會有大量的外國資本由于國際投資者涌入該國。外國資金的流入將是任何國家經濟狀況改善的一個關鍵指標。對方還主張，如果股市出現明顯的長期下跌趨勢，外國投資者很可能會急于拋售股票，這將對一國的股市產生重大影響。這種推理可以應用于全世界所有的貨幣和股票市場(Kathy Lien, 2009)。
The basic idea behind this study is to provide a clue to the stock brokers, managers, planners, policy makers and regulatory authorities that they actively share information about the change in macroeconomic variables. AND also provide considerable information essential for them, which may be used for future decisions about stocks and stock markets of Pakistan especially about KSE noting the movement of the exchange rate in Pakistan. This investigation is also useful for executives, managers, responsible for the decisions, researchers and students who are not familiar with the exchange rate and securities markets in Pakistan.
Problem identification問題識別
Due to globalization and technological innovations any one can access the foreign markets. The business in foreign countries needed to intact with change in exchange rate dynamics. Since, the exchange rate can be defined as the price of currency of one country expressed in the currency of another country. So the change in the exchange rate might have some impact on the macroeconomic variables of any country. The stock market of Pakistan may be influenced due to change in exchange rate. So to identify this impact of exchange rate on the stock market is a matter which requires intentions.
由于全球化和技術革新，任何人都可以進入外國市場。外國業務需要不受匯率動態變化的影響。因此，匯率可以定義為一國的貨幣價格用另一國的貨幣表示。所以匯率的變化可能會對任何國家的宏觀經濟變量產生一定的影響。巴基斯坦的股票市場可能會受到匯率變化的影響。因此，確定匯率對股市的影響是一件需要用心去做的事情。
Problem Statement
The main focus of this study is to know that, how exchange rate affects the equity market of Pakistan? It further explores the direction (positive or negative) and strength of relationship among exchange rate and stock market in Pakistan. For this purpose researcher links the exchange rate with equity market of Pakistan to see a clear picture about them as they influence several other variables.
Research Question
What is the possible impact of exchange rate fluctuation on the equity market of Pakistan?
Objective
This study aims to examine the effect of exchange rate on the Karachi stock exchange. The objectives of the study are:
.To analyzes the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.
.To determines whether the impact is statistically significant or not.
Resources
Resources include financial data of KSE, articles, books, newspaper and internet. The data will be collected from yahoo finance and the website of Karachi Stock Exchange.
Scope of the research研究范圍
It is believe that the financial position of an economy is vulnerable to the foreign exchange rate. So it is very crucial to explore the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market. The present study is an effort to investigate this important aspect and it tries to analyze the impact of exchange rate on the equity market of Pakistan.
一般認為，一國經濟的財政狀況容易受到匯率的影響。因此，探討匯率與股票市場的關系就顯得尤為重要。本研究就是為了研究這一重要方面，并試圖分析匯率對巴基斯坦股票市場的影響。
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the following section, there are some studies associated to this area of study that has been investigated earlier by other researchers.
Hussain et al. examined the Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock market by using the periodical data of some macroeconomic variables such as foreign exchange rate, broad money M2, whole sale price (WSP) index, industrial production index (IPI), gross fixed capital formation and foreign exchange reserve. The period of time to study was started from 1986 to 2008. The result showed that, after the reform in 1991, the pressure of the exchange rates and reserves effects significantly to the equity market, while the variables as IIP, and GFCF had no significant effect on the stock prices. In addition, concluded that internal factors of the companies such as increasing the production and capital formation had no significant effect while external factors such as the exchange rate and reserves significantly affected the stock prices. (Hussain et al. 2009).
Hussain等利用匯率、廣義貨幣M2、批發價格指數(WSP)、工業生產指數(IPI)、固定資本形成總額和外匯儲備等宏觀經濟變量的周期性數據，考察了宏觀經濟變量對股票市場的影響。學習時間從1986年開始到2008年。結果表明，1991年改革后，匯率和外匯儲備壓力對股票市場有顯著影響，而IIP、GFCF等變量對股票價格沒有顯著影響。此外，還得出結論，公司增加生產和資本形成等內部因素對股價的影響不顯著，而匯率和外匯儲備等外部因素對股價的影響顯著。(Hussain et al. 2009)。
Nishat and Shaheen analyzed long-term relationships among set of macroeconomic variables and the equity market of Paksitan. The macroeconomic variables that were used in their study includes: industrial production index (IPI), the consumer price index (CPI), M1 and the value of an investment earning the money market rate. Vector error correction model was used to investigate the relationship from 1973 to 2004. It can be revealed that there is a fundamental connection between the equity market and the economy and showed that industrialized creation was the major positive determinant of Pakistani stock prices. On the other hand, inflation was the major negative determinant of equity prices in Pakistan. It was established that the macroeconomic variable granger caused stock movements in prices, the reverse causality was observed in the variable in industrial production and the stock prices. In addition, argued that statistically significant durations between fluctuations in the bag and changes in the real economy were relatively short. Additionally, it was further argued that statistically significant lag lengths between fluctuations in the stock market and changes in the real economy were relatively short (Nishat & Shaheen, 2004).
Bhattacharya et al. analyzed a case study to explore the linkage between stock market and macroeconomic variables such as Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Reserves and Value of Trade Balance. They used method of non-causation that was considered by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) for the period from 1990 to 2001. Proxy used in the investigation of stock market was Indian, the Bombay sensitive Index (BSI). The three major macroeconomic variables incorporated in the investigation was effective exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. The study revealed the attractive resulted in the structure of the stock market Indian, mainly as regards the exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. It is suggested that there is no relation between cost and equity the three macroeconomic variables studied ( Bhattacharya & Mukherjee, 2001).
Bhattacharya等通過案例研究，探討股票市場與匯率、外匯儲備、貿易平衡價值等宏觀經濟變量之間的聯系。他們使用了Toda和Yamamoto(1995)對1990年至2001年期間的非因果關系的方法。在調查股票市場時使用的代理是印度的孟買敏感指數(BSI)。調查中納入的三個主要宏觀經濟變量是有效匯率、外匯儲備和貿易平衡。研究表明，吸引力導致了印度股市的結構，主要是在匯率、外匯儲備和貿易平衡方面。有人認為，三個宏觀經濟變量研究的成本和權益之間沒有關系(Bhattacharya & Mukherjee, 2001)。
Dimitrova examined the association between stock prices and the exchange rates using multivariate model. He focused on the stock markets in America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the period 1990-2004. The result of the study shows that there was a relationship between the exchange rate and the stock market. The examiner stressed that there was a positive correlation when the price of actions were the main variable and be expected negative when exchange rates were the main variable. (Dimitrova, 2005).
Sohail et al. conducted a study on Lahore stock exchange (LSE), the objective of that study was to observed the long-term, as well as the short-term associations between Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and some important variables. Using the monthly data for the variables from 2002 to 2008, it was found that there was a negative impact of the consumer price index (CPI) on the stock market returns in Pakistan while industrial production index (IPI), real effective exchange rate, the money supply had an important positive long-term effect on stock returns to Pakistan(Sohail & Hussain, 2009).
Sohail等人對Lahore stock exchange (LSE)進行了研究，該研究的目的是觀察Lahore stock exchange (LSE)與一些重要變量之間的長期和短期關聯。利用2002 - 2008年變量的月度數據，發現消費者價格指數(CPI)對巴基斯坦股市回報有負面影響，而工業生產指數(IPI)，實際有效匯率，貨幣供應量對巴基斯坦的股票收益具有重要的長期正向影響(Sohail & Hussain, 2009)。
Robert Gay investigated time series relationship between stock exchange index and some of the macroeconomic variables of the price of oil and the type of change in China, India, Russia and Brazil, using the Box-Jenkins auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. It came to the conclusion of his study in which there was no significant association between exchange rate and the price of oil on the index of the stock market of these countries. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between past and present yields of the stock markets in these countries (Gay, 2008).
METHOD
Sample
Since there are 660 listed companies in Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan on November 7, 2010. This research uses KSE-100 Index as a benchmark to find out the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.
Instrument and Measures儀器和措施
This research will be based on secondary sources, thus no questionnaire will be distributed. The study uses the financial data of last 6 years of Karachi stock exchange (one of the major stock exchange in Pakistan) and exchange rate. This study will investigates the impact of foreign exchange rate on equity market in Pakistan.
本研究將基于二次來源，因此不發放問卷。本研究使用卡拉奇證券交易所(巴基斯坦主要的證券交易所之一)近6年的財務數據和匯率。本研究將調查外匯匯率對巴基斯坦股票市場的影響。
This study uses KSE-100 index as a proxy of equity market of Pakistan and uses exchange rate between dollar and rupees to analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity markets of Pakistan. So, this research treats KSE-100 index as the dependant variable and exchange rate as independent variables.
Procedure
The following statistical tools will be used to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.
Descriptive statistics illustrate the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It may include mean, median, mode, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Correlation model will be tested to observe the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market of Pakistan. It will also enlighten about the direction and strength of relationship between the variables. Further to find out the impact of exchange rate on stock market of Pakistan, the study will performed the regression analysis.
描述性統計從數量上說明一組數據的主要特征。它可以包括平均值、中值、模態、標準差、最大值和最小值。檢驗相關模型，觀察匯率與巴基斯坦股票市場之間的聯系。它也將啟發變量之間關系的方向和強度。為了進一步了解匯率對巴基斯坦股票市場的影響，本研究將進行回歸分析。
The data of Karachi stock exchange will be compared with the data of exchange rate of Pakistan. Statistical tools including timeline graphs and others will be constructed and made use of to determine the respective effects and a comparison between exchange rate and equity market.
Research papers of various authors related to the study will be studied and judge against with the results of this particular research.
將研究與該研究相關的各種作者的研究論文，并根據該特定研究的結果進行判斷。
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