代寫paper范文：Cultural Factors and Marketing Management Practices
代寫paper范文-文化因素與營銷管理實踐。本文是一篇由本站留學生代寫服務提供的paper寫作范文，主要內容是講述文化因素在全球企業營銷管理實踐概念中的影響是一個很大的概念。文化在國際營銷中被認為是非常重要的；然而，沒有多少理論支持文化作為國際營銷成功的重要工具。文化對市場有著復雜而巨大的影響。全球公司面臨的挑戰是認識到、應對并相應地改變每一種文化差異所帶來的價值觀和壓力的差異。下面就一起來看一下這篇Paper代寫范例的具體內容。
如有需要可掃碼添加客服微信進入人工咨詢
The most difficult hindrance that a global company may face today is how to conquer the fear of the influence of cultural factors on the marketing management practices in the international marketing. The onset of globalization has made the world become an importantly small place when associated to world-wide business. Everything has been intertangled in a complicated global connection which makes countries interdependent of other countries and other organizations as well. Therefore, businesses should consider further their crowded local, national and traditional market to remain their competitive aspect against other organizations.
在國際營銷中，如何克服文化因素對營銷管理實踐的影響，是當今跨國公司面臨的最困難的障礙。全球化的開始使世界與全球商業聯系在一起，成為一個重要的小地方。一切都交織在復雜的全球聯系中，使各國與其他國家和其他組織相互依存。因此，企業應進一步考慮其擁擠的地方、國家和傳統市場，以保持其與其他組織的競爭優勢。
Global marketing management practices are indeed characterized by an environment that is tremendously uncertain. Hence, businesses should be on the belvedere for the uncertainties in the business environment and be qualified for them as they fight so as to remain their competitive aspect against other international firms. In lined with the competitive advantage of the company, their task is to utilize their knowledge of their customers, products, services as well as their resources which could be introduced in the culture that the companies set. This is the key element as global organizations engage in international marketing practices. Besides culture of the organization, the culture of the country out there can significantly affect marketing management practices of the global firm. In fact, a country’s cultural factors have long been recognized as crucial environmental characteristic elemental systematic differences in behaviour. These cultural norms and beliefs are ascendant impacts which shape an individual’s perceptions, characters and behaviours. Moreover, culture is reflected in “general tendencies of persistent preference for particular states of affairs over others, persistent preferences for specific social processes over others, and general rules for selective attention, interpretation of environmental cues, and responses”. (Tse et al., 1988, p. 82) [1]
全球營銷管理實踐的特點確實是環境極不確定。因此，企業應該為商業環境中的不確定性做好準備，并在與其他國際公司的競爭中保持競爭力。根據公司的競爭優勢，他們的任務是利用他們對客戶、產品、服務以及資源的了解，這些知識可以引入公司設定的文化中。這是全球組織參與國際營銷實踐的關鍵要素。除了組織文化之外，國家文化也會對全球企業的營銷管理實踐產生重大影響。事實上，一個國家的文化因素長期以來一直被認為是行為中至關重要的環境特征要素系統差異。這些文化規范和信仰是影響個人認知、性格和行為的主要因素。此外，文化反映在“對特定事務狀態的持續偏好高于他人，對特定社會過程的持續偏好低于他人，以及選擇性關注、對環境線索的解釋和反應的一般規則”中。（Tse等人，1988年，第82頁）[1]
This paper will be focusing on defining the influence of cultural factors as an essential part in effective marketing management practices of global companies. Meantime, the paper task is to review and examine how cultural factors are conceptualized in books, journals and in marketing management practices as well. Additionally, the paper will also be examining the role of culture in global marketing. At the conclusion of the discussion, there will be personal remarks regarding the implications of cultural factors in effective global marketing management practices.
這篇paper將側重于將文化因素的影響定義為全球公司有效營銷管理實踐的重要組成部分。同時，Paper是回顧和檢查文化因素是如何在書籍、期刊和營銷管理實踐中概念化的。此外，該論文還將考察文化在全球營銷中的作用。在討論的最后，將有關于文化因素在有效的全球營銷管理實踐中的影響的個人評論。
BODY AND DISCUSSION 正文和討論
Defining Culture 定義文化
Commentaries which one of the main causes of many business failures has been linked to the failure to take account of cultural differences between countries. Furthermore, many marketing theories are limited in the sense that they have been developed and confirmed in Western countries only, specifically in the U.S and Europe. The beyond development of marketing as an academic discipline requires that there must have complete examination of the soundness of the theories as well as the models in other cultural settings as to identify the level of generalization and to discover some boundary limitations and conditions.
評論認為，許多企業失敗的主要原因之一與未能考慮到國家之間的文化差異有關。此外，許多營銷理論是有限的，因為它們只在西方國家發展和證實，特別是在美國和歐洲。市場營銷作為一門學術學科的超越性發展要求必須對其他文化背景下的理論和模型的合理性進行全面的審查，以確定概括的水平，并發現一些邊界限制和條件。
What is culture anyway? States that the term “culture” branched out from the Latin root “colere” which means to cultivate, to build on, to foster, to inhabit, etc [2]. There have been umpteen reflections on the meaning of culture in all sorts of versions of its use. Until now, various schools of though regarding the term have emerged; for instance, in the 19th century the notion of mass culture and popular culture emerged [3]. That was the epoch when culture was viewed as shared values amongst distinctive social groups and classes in societies. Hofstede (2001) defined that “culture is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (p.9) [4]. This somehow describes culture as a set of values and attributes of a given group and the relation of the individual to culture and the individual’s acquisition of those values and attributes.
什么是文化？指出“文化”一詞源于拉丁詞根“colere”，意思是培養、建立、培育、居住等[2]。在文化的各種使用版本中，人們對文化的意義進行了無數次反思。到目前為止，關于這個詞已經出現了各種各樣的學派；例如，在19世紀出現了大眾文化和大眾文化的概念[3]。在那個時代，文化被視為社會中不同社會群體和階級之間的共同價值觀。Hofstede（2001）定義“文化是將一個群體或類別的成員與另一個群體區分開來的思想的集體程序”（第9頁）[4]。這在某種程度上將文化描述為給定群體的一組價值觀和屬性，以及個人與文化的關系，以及個人對這些價值觀和特性的獲取。
Culture is absolutely not an easy phenomenon to measure at all. It owns numerous definitions including the above meaning that it is a shared system of perceptions and values or a group sharing a certain system of perceptions and values. It means an organized body of rules concerning the ways in which individuals in a population should communicate with one another, think about themselves and their environments, and behave toward one another and toward objects in their environments. The rules are not universally or constantly obeyed, but they are recognized by all and they ordinarily operate to limit the range of variation in patterns of communication, belief, value, and social behavior in that population [5]. In a more or less similar idea that culture is not as much what people do and how they express themselves, as their knowledge of the potential behaviuors and cognitive maps of their in-group. It is the familiarity with certain forms of behaviour and ways of thinking that makes people feel that they belong to the same culture [6]. In another way, these said definitions give us a simple understanding of the meaning of culture as the sub-groups which share beliefs and basic assumptions of deriving from the group.
文化絕對不是一個容易衡量的現象。它有許多定義，包括上面的含義，即它是一個共享的感知和價值體系，或者是一個分享某種感知和價值觀體系的群體。它意味著一個有組織的規則體系，涉及群體中的個人應該如何相互交流，思考自己和他們的環境，以及對彼此和環境中的物體的行為。這些規則并不是普遍或持續遵守的，但它們得到了所有人的認可，通常用于限制該人群中溝通、信仰、價值觀和社會行為模式的變化范圍[5]。在一個或多或少相似的觀點中，文化與其說是人們做什么和如何表達自己，不如說是他們對潛在行為的了解和他們所在群體的認知地圖。正是對某些行為形式和思維方式的熟悉，讓人們覺得自己屬于同一種文化[6]。另一方面，這些定義讓我們簡單地理解了文化作為亞群體的含義，這些亞群體共享從該群體派生的信仰和基本假設。
In association of the cultural settings of the market behaviours, culture is a common set of values, forms of social organization that influence roles and status positions as well as the conventions, rituals, and practices that guide behaviour, and a communication system which includes not only languages but non-verbal components as well, almost all definitions of the word “culture” points out to a main thing which is ‘a shared communication system and common ways of thinking and behaving’ [7]. As noted, culture is ‘shared by a group of people and hereby defines the boundaries of the group’ [8].
在市場行為的文化環境中，文化是一套共同的價值觀、影響角色和地位的社會組織形式以及指導行為的習俗、儀式和實踐，也是一個不僅包括語言，還包括非語言成分的溝通系統，幾乎所有“文化”一詞的定義都指向一個主要的東西，那就是“一個共享的溝通系統和共同的思維和行為方式”[7]。如前所述，文化是“一群人共享的，因此定義了群體的邊界”[8]。
As mentioned above, the term “culture” has its own numerous of definitions. Narrowly defined, it is simply a system of beliefs; broadly defined, it involves beliefs, value systems, norms, mores, myths as well as structural factos of a given organization, tribe or society. Correspondingly, culture acts as an incorporating force for a given system which provides a bond to hold together the cognitive, affective and structural components of the system that the level or degree of the incorporation is primarily dependent on how strong the given culture is: the stronger the culture, the better the integration; meanwhile weak cultures offer less integration.
如上所述，“文化”一詞有其眾多的定義。狹義地說，它只是一個信仰體系；廣義上講，它涉及特定組織、部落或社會的信仰、價值體系、規范、習俗、神話以及結構因素。相應地，文化是一種特定系統的整合力，它提供了一種紐帶，將系統的認知、情感和結構組成部分聯系在一起，整合的水平或程度主要取決于特定文化的強大程度：文化越強大，整合越好；與此同時，弱勢文化提供的融合更少。
Culture, Cultural Factors and Cultural Core Values 文化、文化因素與文化核心價值
Culture is an significant element of all behaviours. For instance, an enormous deal of modern cognitive consumer behaviour theory embodies culture. Additionally, the behaviour of people in market-place, in transaction business and in all of life’s activities generally is motivated by pieces of store knowledge or cognitions as values, opinions, ideas and attitudes, etc. These cognitions are fundamentally learned and acquired from the enculturation process or from experiences and social interactions wherefore people develop values and norms which are products of culture. This development starts since the early childhood and continue throughout the life. It is everywhere and consistent that affects almost aspects of an individual’s activities: how a person works, plays, sleeps, eats, interacts with others and purchases goods or services.
文化是所有行為的重要組成部分。例如，大量現代認知消費者行為理論體現了文化。此外，人們在市場、交易業務和所有生活活動中的行為通常受到商店知識或認知的激勵，如價值觀、觀點、想法和態度，等等。這些認知從根本上是從融入文化的過程中或從人們發展作為文化產物的價值觀和規范的經驗和社會互動中學習和獲得的。這種發展從兒童早期開始，并貫穿一生。它無處不在，始終如一地影響著個人活動的幾乎各個方面：一個人如何工作、玩耍、睡覺、吃飯、與他人互動以及購買商品或服務。
Commonly, societies have developed their own core cultures including the individual’s most primal beliefs and values which are mirrored in their personal life-styles. Some countries have very identical core cultures whilst the others are largely different. Practically all countries around the world have various general definitions of the ways of living. Tongren, Hecht and Kovach (1995) aptly state that every culture has its own a unique set of core values that reflects how its members feel, act as well as what is proper or improper to do and to believe [9]. Those core values are practiced and understood whether it is abstract, not usually codified or put into written form. Studying culture then will not be thorough unless people will consider these values and how they relate to behaviours in the market-place as well as the work-place.
通常，社會發展了自己的核心文化，包括個人最原始的信仰和價值觀，這些都反映在他們的個人生活方式中。一些國家的核心文化非常相同，而另一些國家則大不相同。實際上，世界上所有國家都對生活方式有各種各樣的一般定義。銅仁、赫奇特和科瓦奇（1995）恰當地指出，每種文化都有自己獨特的核心價值觀，這些價值觀反映了其成員的感受、行為以及做什么和相信什么是正確的或不正確的[9]。這些核心價值觀是被實踐和理解的，無論它是抽象的，而不是通常被編纂或寫入書面形式。除非人們考慮到這些價值觀以及它們與市場和工作場所的行為之間的關系，否則研究文化是不徹底的。
Components of Culture 文化的組成部分
Aside from discussing general definitions of culture and its role in marketing practices of global companies, it is also important to examine the tremendous components of culture that can be defined as the numerous ways where culture is manifested in thoughts, words and actions of the society. The components of culture may be outlined as: (a) communication, that can be classified as verbal and non-verbal; (b) religion; (c) aesthetics; (d) education; (e) social organizations; (f) technology; (g) values and norms; and finally, (h) time.
除了討論文化的一般定義及其在全球公司營銷實踐中的作用外，研究文化的巨大組成部分也很重要，這些組成部分可以定義為文化在社會的思想、言語和行動中表現的多種方式。文化的組成部分可以概括為：（a）溝通，可分為言語和非言語；（b） 宗教；（c） 美學；（d） 教育；（e） 社會組織；（f） 技術；（g） 價值觀和規范；最后，（h）時間。
Role and Influence of Cultural Factors in Marketing Management Practices
文化因素在營銷管理實踐中的作用與影響
Today, business activities are a primary source of cultural globalization. As global companies find new potential markets, they somehow send out cultural messages of how people should talk, dress, think and feel, etc. Many international experts and business practitioners have argued the perception that we are living in a so-called “borderless world”, which has no limits while the needs of the customers are converging day by day. According to that, to meet the needs of the consumers, global companies must try to produce the standardized products and services that will be able to serve all global needs. Indeed, they increasingly influence and change cultural habits and beliefs of different countries in different cultures. Global companies, however, are realizing that there should be local adaptation due to cultural differences around the world.
今天，商業活動是文化全球化的主要來源。隨著全球公司發現新的潛在市場，它們以某種方式發出了人們應該如何說話、穿著、思考和感受等文化信息。許多國際專家和商業從業者認為，我們生活在一個所謂的“無國界世界”，在客戶的需求日益趨同的同時，這是沒有限制的。根據這一點，為了滿足消費者的需求，全球公司必須努力生產能夠滿足所有全球需求的標準化產品和服務。事實上，它們越來越多地影響和改變不同國家在不同文化中的文化習慣和信仰。然而，全球公司意識到，由于世界各地的文化差異，應該在當地進行調整。
Some studies of the role and influence of cultural factors in marketing management practices of global companies teach us that ‘the many ways where our theories and paradigms are a mirror of the culture in which they were developed’ [10]. For example, famous theories and approaches that include cognitive dissonance, preference, attribution theory, modeling and individual choice modeling might not apply to collective culture without making some modifications.
一些關于文化因素在全球公司營銷管理實踐中的作用和影響的研究告訴我們，“我們的理論和范式在許多方面都反映了它們的發展文化”[10]。例如，包括認知失調、偏好、歸因理論、建模和個人選擇建模在內的著名理論和方法，如果不進行一些修改，可能不適用于集體文化。
Cultural differences play a major influence in identifying the role that the proper manner of transacting business between global companies with the variety of cultural backgrounds. Ideally speaking, global companies which are involved in businesses that are cross-cultural should as a matter of fact have a fundamental knowledge of cultural differences and must act in a way that can be acceptable to the other culture. Prior to the effort of marketing goods or services to a foreign nation, global companies should have a complete understanding of other cultures and their intrinsical differences due to the fact that the nature of marketing is meeting the needs and wants of their customers, plus, the fact that such needs and wants are culturally based. This must be noted as one of the most importance that the understanding, respect and acceptance of another culture and the capability to set aside companies’ own cultural customs and traditions appreciably distinguishes the marketing of a successful global firm from others.
文化差異在識別具有不同文化背景的跨國公司之間正確的商業交易方式的作用方面發揮著重要作用。理想情況下，參與跨文化業務的全球公司實際上應該對文化差異有基本的了解，并且必須以其他文化可以接受的方式行事。在向外國營銷商品或服務之前，全球公司應該完全了解其他文化及其內在差異，因為營銷的本質是滿足客戶的需求和愿望，再加上這些需求和愿望是基于文化的。必須指出，這是最重要的一點，即對另一種文化的理解、尊重和接受，以及拋開公司自身文化習俗和傳統的能力，將成功的全球公司的營銷與其他公司明顯區分開來。
Examining the role and influence of culture in marketing management practices is considerably significant as it helps global companies to explain the reason behind the difference of perception of one group from others that ‘in international business dealings, ignorance of cultural differences is not just unfortunate, it is bad business’ [11]. Numerous companies have failed to acknowledge this. Culture has always offered problems and challenges for many global companies. It is ‘generally the lack of understanding and knowledge sharing in association to culture which has brought culture under the spotlight’ in the issue of marketing management practices [12].
研究文化在營銷管理實踐中的作用和影響意義重大，因為它有助于全球公司解釋一個群體與其他群體感知差異背后的原因，即“在國際商業交易中，忽視文化差異不僅是不幸的，也是糟糕的商業”[11]。許多公司都沒有承認這一點。文化總是給許多跨國公司帶來問題和挑戰。在營銷管理實踐問題上，“通常是缺乏與文化相關的理解和知識共享，這使文化成為人們關注的焦點”[12]。
In addition, the key function of culture is to “set up forms of conduct, standards of performance and methods of dealing with interpersonal and environmental associations that will reduce uncertainty and increase predictability, thereby, promote survival and growth amongst the members of any society” [13]. In this context and the process of social evolution, it is found out that people find particular behaviours and values to be adaptive and useful while others are found to be non-adaptive or even dangerous. Useful practices are shared and rewarded whilst harmful practices are extremely discouraged and discarded. Over the time, useful behaviours, values and artifacts have become institutionalized and integrated as part of the cultural traditions.
此外，文化的關鍵功能是“建立行為形式、表現標準和處理人際關系和環境關系的方法，以減少不確定性，提高可預測性，從而促進任何社會成員的生存和成長”[13]。在這種背景下和社會進化過程中，人們發現特定的行為和價值觀是適應性的和有用的，而其他行為和價值則是不適應性的，甚至是危險的。有益的做法被分享和獎勵，而有害的做法則被極度勸阻和拋棄。隨著時間的推移，有用的行為、價值觀和文物已經制度化，成為文化傳統的一部分。
We often hear more definite obstacles of global companies when marketing across borders: tariffs, taxes and regulations. Some of these hindrances are hidden however; they are cultural barriers. Each of us is subjected to more edges of cultural factors such as languages, manners and mores. Often we hear, read and even experience those in our very lives. The perception of cultural differences is purely a common sense and difficult to figure out. So what marketing management practices that global companies sometimes neglects to notice are the subtle cultural signals. Cultures speak themselves in codes which requires global firms to decode them. As the computer language, these codes are somehow encrypted that it can be very difficult to make sense of. Hence, in cross-border marketing management, global companies should learn to seek and decipher cultural differences in terms of attitudes, the methods of transacting businesses and even expectations. Cultural differences, in this context, are defined by the way people think and not by the way they look.
我們經常聽到跨國公司在跨境營銷時遇到更明確的障礙：關稅、稅收和法規。然而，其中一些障礙是隱藏的；它們是文化障礙。我們每個人都受到語言、舉止和習俗等文化因素的影響。在我們的生活中，我們經常聽到、閱讀甚至經歷這些。對文化差異的感知純粹是一種常識，很難理解。因此，跨國公司有時忽視的營銷管理實踐是微妙的文化信號。文化用密碼說話，這需要全球公司解碼。作為計算機語言，這些代碼是以某種方式加密的，很難理解。因此，在跨境營銷管理中，全球公司應該學會在態度、交易方式甚至期望方面尋找和解讀文化差異。在這種情況下，文化差異是由人們的思維方式來定義的，而不是由他們的外表來定義的。
Understanding this impression is crucial to the success of global companies in marketing management practices. It importantly affects and influences everything that they can do from activities such as product selection, to the structure of the offer, to the choice of the firm’s works, to the implementation and execution of the design and most importantly, to its effects on the company’s customer services. For an international marketing management to be successful, global companies should attempt to understand the cultural custom of the country which is the central edge of the marketing effort. In lined to this, if products or services of a global company does not sufficiently meet to the particular cultural values of a society, then that company must be ready to modify or revise the said products or services.
理解這種印象對于全球公司在營銷管理實踐中取得成功至關重要。它重要地影響和影響他們所能做的一切，從產品選擇到報價結構，到公司作品的選擇，到設計的實施和執行，最重要的是，它對公司客戶服務的影響。為了使國際營銷管理取得成功，跨國公司應該努力了解該國的文化習俗，這是營銷工作的核心。除此之外，如果一家全球公司的產品或服務不能充分滿足一個社會的特定文化價值觀，那么該公司必須準備好修改或修訂所述產品或服務。
For example, compared to the U.S. in general, Japan has its population live in a much smaller housing unit. Therefore, their needs in housing are for smaller and more compact refrigerators. Additionally, Japanese also drive on the left-hand side of the road like British. So it was reported that one of the most problems that one Detroit-based automobile manufacturer had in its effort to penetrate the Japanese market was to continuously send cars with steering wheels located on the left side for driving on the right-hand side of the road which is correct for Americans, nevertheless, definitely wrong for the Japanese. The question is that who would willing to buy a car with steering wheels on the left side for driving on the right-hand side of the road when your country is practicing driving on the left hand side of the road? As consequence, global companies that have identified consumer needs such as these induced by culture have prospered; whereas, the companies which endeavoured to sell standard and similar American products as refrigerators, cars or others into the Japanese market have failed. Wherefore, there is a great demand for global businesses to address a prospective market from the cultural point of view.
例如，與美國相比，日本的人口居住在一個小得多的住房單元中。因此，他們的住房需求是更小、更緊湊的冰箱。此外，日本人也像英國人一樣在道路的左側行駛。因此，據報道，一家總部位于底特律的汽車制造商在努力打入日本市場時遇到的最大問題之一是，不斷發送方向盤位于左側的汽車，以便在道路右側行駛，這對美國人來說是正確的，這對日本人來說絕對是錯誤的。問題是，當你的國家在道路的左側練習駕駛時，誰愿意買一輛方向盤在左側的汽車在道路的右側駕駛？因此，已經確定了消費者需求（如文化引發的消費者需求）的全球公司蓬勃發展；然而，那些試圖向日本市場銷售冰箱、汽車或其他標準和類似美國產品的公司卻失敗了。因此，從文化的角度來看，全球企業對未來市場的需求很大。
CONCLUSION 結論
In conclusion, the influence of culture factors in the concept of marketing management practices of global companies is a very large concept. Culture is recognized to be very important in international marketing; however, not much theory underpins culture as an important tool for the success of international marketing.
總之，文化因素在全球企業營銷管理實踐概念中的影響是一個很大的概念。文化在國際營銷中被認為是非常重要的；然而，沒有多少理論支持文化作為國際營銷成功的重要工具。
Culture is known to have a sophisticated and tremendous impact on markets. The challenge for global companies is to recognize, respond and change accordingly to the differences in values and stress given in each of the cultural differences. For a continuous and enduring relationship, a win-win situation is envious. The key to success is to create a setting where both sides cooperate, unthreatened and are dedicated to finding a mutually advantageous solution. Understanding how to deal efficiently with conflict and power, to apprehend the marketing practices as an exchange process.
眾所周知，文化對市場有著復雜而巨大的影響。全球公司面臨的挑戰是認識到、應對并相應地改變每一種文化差異所帶來的價值觀和壓力的差異。對于一段持續和持久的關系來說，雙贏是令人羨慕的。成功的關鍵是創造一個雙方合作、不受威脅、致力于找到互利解決方案的環境。理解如何有效地處理沖突和權力，將營銷實踐理解為一個交換過程。
For success for global companies conducting cross-cultural business in terms of international marketing are as follows:
全球公司在國際營銷方面開展跨文化業務的成功原因如下：
Firstly, global companies should be aware of other groups or countries that are different and unique in their own nature: in perceptions, motivation, beliefs and outlook, etc. Then international firms must recognize, understands and respect other groups’ cultural differences.
首先，全球公司應該意識到其他群體或國家在其自身性質上是不同和獨特的：在觀念、動機、信仰和前景等方面。然后，國際公司必須承認、理解和尊重其他群體的文化差異。
Secondly, global companies should be culturally neutral as it will imply that the company accepts and respects other’s norms as part of their cultures.
其次，全球公司應保持文化中立，因為這意味著公司接受并尊重他人的規范，將其作為其文化的一部分。
Ultimately, global companies should be sensitive to other’s cultural norms, dos and taboos, then strive to understand what they are and how one’s behaviour may affect them.
最終，全球公司應該對他人的文化規范、行為和禁忌保持敏感，然后努力了解它們是什么，以及一個人的行為會如何影響它們。
It must be remembered that each of these have continued to contribute for the expansion and the growth of global companies.
必須記住，每一個都繼續為全球公司的擴張和增長做出貢獻。
本站提供各國各專業paper范文以及paper寫作輔導等相關服務，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
