Dissertation輔導范例：Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart
Dissertation輔導范例-供應鏈管理案例研究：沃爾瑪。本文是一篇帶有案例分析的Dissertation范文節選部分，主要內容是關于Dissertation的具體寫作框架的安排。以及相關研究目的和方法的說明。本論文的目的是了解供應鏈管理SCM的本質是什么？為了實現這項工作的目標，請參見如下目標。
了解更多關于供應鏈管理的信息（起源）
組織對供應鏈管理的需求
這樣做的好處
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 目的和目標
The aim of this dissertation is to understand the Supply Chain Management What are the essences of SCM ? In order to complete the aim of this work the objectives are:
Learn more about Supply Chain Management ( Origins)
The needs of Supply Chain Management for the Organisations
The Benefits of Doing So
The Objectives and the fundamental elements of SCM:SCM的目標和基本要素：
Examine common cases to find the current issues 檢查常見案例以發現當前問題
And for finish Evaluate the improvments accordings to the contribution to the results wanted.最后，根據對所需結果的貢獻評估改進。
1.3 INFORMATION SOURCES 信息來源
Both secondary and primary data will be discussed in this dissertation Information used will have the latest data and statistics according to researched literature and online data from various articles, journals, newspapers , annual reports
本論文將討論二級和一級數據，所使用的信息將根據研究文獻和來自各種文章、期刊、報紙和年度報告的在線數據提供最新數據和統計數據
Secondly, after revising the collected secondary data and formulating the current issues and problems I will include graphs and answers from my own personal sources that were collected threw out all the work .Thirdly, I will explain the primary and write a discussion followed by the summary of main findings and completed with conclusion.
第二，在修改收集的二次數據并闡述當前的問題和問題后，我將包括從我自己的個人來源收集的圖表和答案，這些圖表和答案排除了所有工作。
1.5 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 研究的范圍和局限性
current research is limited by the fact that is it rather unlikely for companies to provide data related to our business and strategies plans.For this reasons, although my interviews answer was brief, i tried to summarize my research by taking some general answer related to this case i mean Organisation strategies found in the internet.
目前的研究受到這樣一個事實的限制，即公司不太可能提供與我們的業務和戰略計劃相關的數據。出于這個原因，盡管我的采訪回答很簡短，但我試圖通過與本案例相關的一些一般性回答來總結我的研究——我是指互聯網上的組織戰略。
DISERTATION STRUCTURE 分離結構
Following the introduction of the problem, aims, objectives and method of the deep research ,the chapters will structured as:在介紹了深入研究的問題、目的、目標和方法之后，各章的結構如下：
Chapter two; will provide information from the literature review as from written published journals , books, websites and other work that have been already discussed by other authors It will give detailed understandingSupply Chain Management, the needs for SCM ;The benefits for doing so ; the fundamentals elements of SCM and the Supply chain Management issues.this chapter will have good presentation on latest events related to SCM
第二章；將提供其他作者已經討論過的書面出版期刊、書籍、網站和其他作品的文獻綜述信息。它將詳細了解供應鏈管理、供應鏈管理的需求；這樣做的好處；供應鏈管理的基本要素和供應鏈管理問題。本章將很好地介紹與供應鏈管理相關的最新事件
Chapter three: , which gives the general idea and introduction to Supply Chain Management and its historical development 第三章：供應鏈管理及其歷史發展概述
Chapter four; examines The Supply Chain Mangament structure process The Key components I mean the fundamenals elements 第四章；檢查供應鏈管理結構流程關鍵部分我指的是基本要素
Chapter five;Examines the issues in SCM by discussing problems and available positive changes in order to identify solutions by later discussion and evaluation of the current progress and future plans in improving SCM conditions..第五章；通過討論問題和可用的積極變化來檢查SCM中的問題，以便通過稍后的討論和評估當前進展和未來計劃來確定解決方案，以改善SCM條件。
Chapter six:is a General introduction to Wal mart with his Supply chain explained, order to implement everything I say and quote in my previous research.第六章：對沃爾瑪進行了概述，并對其供應鏈進行了解釋，以實現我在之前的研究中所說的和引用的所有內容。
Chapter seven; summarize on the topic from the discussion of chapter six and drawing conclusion based upon the information in previous chapters.第七章；從第六章的討論中總結主題，并根據前幾章的信息得出結論。
Chapter eight; final part of work will include the list of most often used references 第八章；工作的最后一部分將包括最常用的參考文獻列表
CHAPTER 1 第一章
1.1.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 供應鏈管理簡介
This chapter will be an introduction the Supply Chain Manageent and its principles as it is important to understand the scope of the area in order to discuss its current situation.
本章將介紹供應鏈管理及其原則，因為了解該領域的范圍以討論其現狀非常重要。
Let’s go to the origin of logistics and its evolution to the concept of Supply Chain Management. Although broadly defined in some dictionaries.
讓我們來談談物流的起源以及它對供應鏈管理概念的演變。盡管在一些詞典中有廣泛的定義。
The definition of the CNL (Council of Logistics Management) differs slightly: “Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans , implement and controls the efficient , effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements”.
CNL（物流管理委員會）的定義略有不同：“物流是供應鏈流程的一部分，它計劃、實施和控制貨物、服務和相關信息從原產地到消費點的高效、有效流動和存儲，以滿足客戶的要求”。
Logistics has its origins in the armies. Its presented successively as part of military operations that the group which coherent in arms champagne live, move and fight in the best conditions of efficiency to become the area is by all problems relating to supply of all natures, in their delivery and for their distribution through base and transit operations.
后勤起源于軍隊。作為軍事行動的一部分，香檳集團在最佳的效率條件下生活、移動和戰斗，以成為該地區的一部分。
According to Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl(2004).
Supply Chain Consist of allparties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The Supply Chain not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but organization, such as manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.Theese functionsinclude, but are not limited to, new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service.
供應鏈由直接或間接參與滿足客戶要求的所有各方組成。供應鏈不僅包括制造商和供應商，還包括制造商等組織。供應鏈包括接收和填寫客戶請求所涉及的所有職能。這些職能包括但不限于新產品開發、營銷、運營、分銷、財務和客戶服務。
CHAPTER II 第二章
LITERATURE REVIEW 文獻綜述
2.1 INTRODUCTION 引言
This literature review is written about Supply Chain Management. The research for this piece of work is based on how organizations put into operation an effective Supply Chain Management. Throughout this literature review, i will demonstrate knowledge of Supply Chain Management ; Explain the need to manage a Supply Chain Management and describe the benefit of doing so. I will also look at the objectives and list fundamental elements of Supply Chain Management and examinate possible issues on Supply Chain Management.
本文獻綜述是關于供應鏈管理的。這項工作的研究是基于組織如何實施有效的供應鏈管理。在整個文獻綜述中，我將展示供應鏈管理的知識；解釋管理供應鏈管理的必要性，并描述這樣做的好處。我還將查看供應鏈管理目標和基本要素，并檢查供應鏈管理可能存在的問題。
Information about this piece of work are collected from various sources such as books and online journals Modules lectures listed after:
有關這項工作的信息可從各種來源收集，如書籍和在線期刊。以下列出的模塊講座：
Ronald H. Ballou in “Business logistics/supply chain management” 5th ed
Martin Christopher “logistics and supply chain management” 3rd ed
Gerard Baglin “management industriel et logistique” 4th ed
A case study of Ceramic HG.
Willian. J. Stevenson ” Operation Management “
Donald Waters ” Supply Chain Management” an introduction to Logistics 2nd ed
Keywords:關鍵詞
Supply Chain Management:供應鏈管理
The context of continuous evolution is still more advance level of competition, the success of an enterprise is not only the management of core activities but also depends on relationships and supply management. Thus, upstream and downstream of the SCM, a company needs to manage relationships with customers and suppliers. Ordinarily, the increasing trend of outsourcing maintains this requirement.
持續發展的背景仍然是更高水平的競爭，企業的成功不僅取決于核心活動的管理，還取決于關系和供應管理。因此，在供應鏈管理的上游和下游，公司需要管理與客戶和供應商的關系。通常，外包的增加趨勢維持了這一要求。
The Supply chain is the organization that provides(in human beings, organizations …). SCM (Supply Chain Management) is in charge for organizing the supply by the managing of flows in the context of the company. The basic principle of SCM is that gets a worse result by optimizing every element of the chain, rather than optimizing the overall chain (the sum of the optima of each element of the chain is less than the global optimum )
供應鏈是提供（人類、組織…）的組織。供應鏈管理（SCM，Supply Chain Management）負責通過管理公司環境中的流程來組織供應。SCM的基本原理是通過優化鏈中的每個元素而不是優化整個鏈（鏈中每個元素的最優值之和小于全局最優值）來獲得更差的結果
A product is never made throughout by the same company. Many suppliers, intermediates and subcontractors implicated in different phases of product realization. Traditionally, communication between stakeholders is minimized. To ensure hazards, each form of stocks more or less important, expensive( Gerard Baglin 2005)The slightest error restraints the flow and interrupts the chain which is penalized. Supply Chain Management wants to ensure the overall fluidity while ensuring greater flexibility. It provides the shift from production-oriented product to a customer-centric-production(Olivier Bruel 2005 ).
品從來不是由同一家公司生產的。許多供應商、中間商和分包商參與了產品實現的不同階段。傳統上，利益相關者之間的溝通被最小化。為了確保危險，每種形式的庫存或多或少都是重要的、昂貴的。稍有差錯就會限制流量并中斷供應鏈，從而受到懲罰。供應鏈管理希望確保整體流動性，同時確保更大的靈活性。它提供了從以生產為導向的產品到以客戶為中心的生產的轉變。
The Need for Supply Chain Management:供應鏈管理的需求
The essence of supply chain is to “maximise value and reduce total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and the certainty of response to the market” (Tom McGuffog). Since companies improves toward virtual, real-time organizational structures, a new set of Supply Chain Management capabilities will come into sight, and that permits the user to react rapidly to the market demand. Due to globalization, Supply Chain Management has turn out to be a means for companies to compete efficiently at local as well as global scale. It became a fundamental element for companies, especially when it comes to deliver services at a competitive cost and high quality. Now days, “product and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customer when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them” Ronald H. Ballou (1999; p13) .
供應鏈的本質是“通過關注市場反應的速度和確定性，在整個交易過程中實現價值最大化并降低總成本”。隨著公司向虛擬、實時組織結構的方向發展，一套新的供應鏈管理能力將出現，這將允許用戶對市場需求做出快速反應。由于全球化，供應鏈管理已成為企業在本地和全球范圍內有效競爭的一種手段。它成為公司的基本要素，尤其是在以具有競爭力的成本和高質量提供服務時。如今，“產品和服務沒有價值，除非它們在客戶希望消費的時間和地點”。
According to William.J. Stevenson( 2008 ) the needs for Supply Chain Management are these followings ?根據William J.Stevenson的觀點，供應鏈管理的需求如下？
Developing operations 發展業務
Increasing levels of outsourcing 提高外包水平
Increasing transportation costs 增加運輸成本
Competitive pressures 競爭壓力
Increasing globalization 日益全球化
Increasing importance of e-commerce 電子商務日益重要
Complexity of supply chains 供應鏈的復雜性
Managing inventories 管理庫存
As stated before, Supply chain management creates an efficient and integrated company. It plays considerable roles when it comes to reduction of costs and time by channelizing the products into appropriate distribution channels in order to enable the goods to reach the end consumers on time.
如前所述，供應鏈管理創造了一個高效和一體化的公司。在降低成本和時間方面，它發揮了相當大的作用，將產品引導到適當的分銷渠道，以使商品能夠及時到達最終消費者手中。
Those above are not the only benefit of supply chain management. William J. Stevenson identified benefits of SCM as follow:以上這些并不是供應鏈管理的唯一好處。William J.Stevenson認為SCM的好處如下：
Lower inventories 庫存減少
Higher productivity 更高的生產率
Greater agility 更高的靈活性
Shorter lead times 縮短交付周期
Higher profits更高的利潤
Greater customer loyalty 提高客戶忠誠度
Integrates separate organizations into a cohesive operating system. 將獨立的組織集成到一個有凝聚力的操作系統中。
Elements of Supply Chain Management: 供應鏈管理要素：
There are three types of Supply Chain Management elements, namely: 供應鏈管理要素有三種類型，即：
Strategic 戰略
Tactical 戰術
Operational 操作
Issues on Supply Chain Management: 供應鏈管理問題：
According to TMG ( Transportation Management Group Inc ) article published the 24 Jan-2000.
Nowadays, the Supply Chain Management world, companies are required to focus on developing the necessary capabilities to address key business issues. Getting product from the vendor to the shelf to fulfil consumer demand has been identified as one of the critical business issues. To address this issue, organizations must center on building a flow management capability. As an initiative to support this capability, companies need to optimize their distribution network to enable merchandise flow.
如今，在供應鏈管理領域，公司需要專注于開發解決關鍵業務問題的必要能力。將產品從供應商處拿到貨架上以滿足消費者需求已被確定為關鍵業務問題之一。為了解決這個問題，組織必須以建立流程管理能力為中心。作為支持這一能力的一項舉措，公司需要優化其分銷網絡，以實現商品流通。
This optimized distribution network must also support key changes associated with the new merchandise flow strategies. The optimized distribution network must support product assortments, order practices, replenishment methods, replenishment quantities, increase in imports if applicable, and new store formats that will require stores operating at much lower inventory levels than today.
這種優化的分銷網絡還必須支持與新的商品流策略相關的關鍵變化。優化的分銷網絡必須支持產品分類、訂單做法、補貨方法、補貨數量、進口量增加（如適用），以及新的門店模式，這些新的門店將需要比現在低得多的庫存水平。
A preliminary analysis of existing Supply Chain Operating models indicate that there are significant opportunities to rationalize current distribution center networks by exploring new flow path options. These alternatives are driven by many factors. The following are high level attributes and the issues that must be addressed with each of them.
對現有供應鏈運營模型的初步分析表明，通過探索新的流動路徑選項，有很大機會合理化當前的配送中心網絡。這些替代方案由許多因素驅動。以下是高級屬性和必須解決的問題。
The mains issues on Supply Chain Management retained are these followings:供應鏈管理的主要問題如下：
Customer Demands 客戶需求
Cost Issues 成本問題
Consolidation/Partnering 整合/合作
Globalization 全球化
Technology 技術
Government Regulatory Agencies 政府監管機構
Throughout my research we will detail each of them.在我的整個研究過程中，我們將詳細介紹其中的每一項。
1.1 Supply Chain Management:供應鏈管理
Supply Chain Management, SCM, defines the control of the supply chain from the first supplier to end customer.
供應鏈管理（SCM）定義了從第一個供應商到最終客戶的供應鏈控制。
Supply Chain Management aims to assess as accurately as the needs, availability and capacity of each link in the supply chain and manufacturing, to better synchronize and serve customers in the best possible conditions.
供應鏈管理旨在盡可能準確地評估供應鏈和制造業中每個環節的需求、可用性和能力，以便在最佳條件下更好地同步和服務客戶。
Basically we can conclude that the SCM Supply Chain Management helps improve the flow and time while controlling costs.
基本上，我們可以得出結論，SCM供應鏈管理有助于在控制成本的同時改善流程和時間。
According to 2011 R. Michael Donovan & Co Figure SC-2
The standard manufacturing supply chain shows the traditional flow of information and materials to and from the customers and the suppliers through the company. The processes within the supply chain typically have a strong correlation to the traditional silo organizational functions within a manufacturing company, including sales, engineering, manufacturing, distribution, and accounting. The business process flows across an organization, but communication, accountability, and reward systems flow vertically. This organizational and process contradiction often impedes supply chain effectiveness.
標準制造業供應鏈顯示了通過公司往來于客戶和供應商的傳統信息和材料流。供應鏈中的流程通常與制造公司中的傳統筒倉組織功能（包括銷售、工程、制造、分銷和會計）有很強的相關性。業務流程在整個組織中流動，但溝通、責任和獎勵系統是縱向流動的。這種組織和流程的矛盾常常阻礙供應鏈的有效性。
( Hanfield,2002, p.9) that supply chain can see in two angles, internal one for the company and external for the supplier .A supplier for this company has his own set of suppliers that provide input. Supply Chain are essentially a series of linked suppliers and customers until products reach the ultimate customer.
供應鏈可以從兩個角度來看，一個是公司內部的，另一個是供應商外部的。供應鏈本質上是一系列相連的供應商和客戶，直到產品到達最終客戶。
In the world Supply Chain Management, we have three words the first word is Supply ; the second one Chain and the third one Management.
在世界供應鏈管理中，我們有三個詞：第一個詞是供應；第二個是連鎖，第三個是管理。
Definition of Management 管理的定義
The fact is that different supply chain in every day world exist wether they are managed or not. If one of the organization will actively implement any of supply chain management concepts explained further on in the thesis, the supply chain as a phenomenon of business will still exist but will probably not act in a rational, coordinated way.
事實是，每天世界上都存在不同的供應鏈，無論它們是否得到管理。如果其中一個組織將積極實施本文中進一步解釋的任何供應鏈管理概念，那么供應鏈作為一種商業現象仍將存在，但可能不會以合理、協調的方式行事。
Supply chain management therefore requires active management efforts by the organisations within the supply chain.
因此，供應鏈管理需要供應鏈內組織的積極管理。
What is an organisation? Lipovec 1987, p35) defines organization as the composition of relationships between people, who by relationships become members of a formed social unit.
將組織定義為人與人之間的關系構成，人通過關系成為一個形成的社會單位的成員。
Organisation ensure the existence and specific characteristics of the social unit and rational achievement of goals.
組織確保社會單位的存在和特定特征以及目標的合理實現。
According to Rozman(2000, p15) there are 3 process in a organisation assuring rational achievement of goals: organization process, coordination process, and decision making process.
根據Rozman的說法，組織中有三個過程來確保合理實現目標：組織過程、協調過程和決策過程。
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