Dissertation代寫：Electronic Banking in Pakistan
Dissertation代寫-巴基斯坦電子銀行。本文是一篇留學(xué)生論文寫作范文節(jié)選，主要內(nèi)容是講述隨著世界進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)，有一件事變得非常明顯，任何希望在當(dāng)今殘酷的競爭中取得成功的組織都必須熱情地?fù)肀畔⒓夹g(shù)。在這個信息技術(shù)時代，新的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新正在影響生活的各個領(lǐng)域。幾乎所有類型的組織都在進(jìn)入IT領(lǐng)域，努力提高生產(chǎn)力，擴(kuò)大客戶群。銀行業(yè)也是如此。今天，世界上所有的銀行都在采用電子銀行工具。
Dissertation范文中提到在過去的5至7年中，南亞感受到了電子銀行的需求。這一概念成為成功銀行管理的重要工具。金融部門很快就認(rèn)識到了這一事實(shí)，在巴基斯坦，大多數(shù)銀行業(yè)已經(jīng)從舊的基于賬本的系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向計(jì)算機(jī)和自動化，以使其業(yè)務(wù)現(xiàn)代化。盡管外國銀行是將這一概念引入南亞的先驅(qū)，但它們尚未在巴基斯坦開始最新的電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)。下面就一起來看一下這篇留學(xué)生論文Dissertation范文節(jié)選內(nèi)容。
1. PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 問題及其背景
1.1. INTRTODUCTION 引言
As the world has entered the twenty first century, one thing has become all too apparent, any organization that wishes to succeed in today’s cutthroat competition will have to embrace Information Technology (IT) with fervor.
In this age of Information Technology new inventions and innovations are affecting all the fields of life. Almost all kinds of organizations are stepping into the field of IT, in an effort to increase their productivity and expand their customer bank. The same goes for the Banking Sector. Today all the banks of the world are adopting the tool of Electronic Banking.
The need of Electronic Banking was felt in South Asia during the last 5 to 7 years. This concept emerged as an essential tool for successful bank management. Financial sector has been quick to recognize this fact, and in Pakistan, most of the banking industry has moved away from the old ledger based system to computers and automation in order to modernize their operations. Although foreign banks were pioneers of bringing this concept to South-Asia but they have yet to start latest Electronic Banking practices in Pakistan
Background – Electronic Banking 背景-電子銀行
Electronic banking is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution.
電子銀行是一個總括術(shù)語，指客戶無需訪問實(shí)體機(jī)構(gòu)即可以電子方式進(jìn)行銀行交易的過程。
It is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institutions, rather than an exchange of cash, checks or other negotiable instruments.
這是一種銀行形式，資金通過金融機(jī)構(gòu)之間的電子信號交換而不是現(xiàn)金、支票或其他可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。
The growth in use of the Internet world-wide and the development of procedures enabling secure transactions on-line have created the new field of on-line banking, where customers deal with their banks chiefly or entirely through Internet connections. Opening hours or location of branches, unlike the traditional banks does not restrict such services. Both existing banks and new groups are already moving into this potentially very important area. Since on-line banking services can be accessed with equal ease almost anywhere in the developed world, this raises the possibility of banking networks operating without regard to national boundaries, with consequent regulatory problems.
全球范圍內(nèi)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用的增長和網(wǎng)上安全交易程序的發(fā)展，開創(chuàng)了網(wǎng)上銀行的新領(lǐng)域，客戶主要或完全通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與銀行打交道。與傳統(tǒng)銀行不同，分行的營業(yè)時間或地點(diǎn)不限制此類服務(wù)。現(xiàn)有的銀行和新的集團(tuán)都已進(jìn)入這一潛在的非常重要的領(lǐng)域。由于在線銀行服務(wù)在發(fā)達(dá)世界幾乎任何地方都可以同樣輕松地獲得，這就增加了銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)在不受國界限制的情況下運(yùn)作的可能性，從而帶來了監(jiān)管問題。
Banking on line, commonly called PC banking, electronic banking or Internet banking, has been around in one form or another for a decade or more.
網(wǎng)上銀行，通常稱為個人銀行、電子銀行或網(wǎng)上銀行，已經(jīng)以一種或另一種形式出現(xiàn)了十多年。
Forms of on-line Banking 網(wǎng)上銀行形式
Following can be the ways to bank on-line: 以下是網(wǎng)上銀行的方式：
1) Internet Based access 基于Internet的訪問
to account information through banks’ web site, via modem, using a standard web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.
通過調(diào)制解調(diào)器，使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器（如Microsoft Internet Explorer或Netscape Navigator），通過銀行網(wǎng)站對信息進(jìn)行記賬。
2) Bank Software: 銀行軟件
Bank provides customers with proprietary software to install in their computers. The software allows customers to connect to bank’s computers over a secure network. The customer essentially dials directly into the bank instead of through the Internet.
銀行為客戶提供專有軟件，以安裝在他們的計(jì)算機(jī)中。該軟件允許客戶通過安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接到銀行的計(jì)算機(jī)。客戶基本上是直接撥入銀行，而不是通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
3) Personal Finance Software: 個人理財(cái)軟件
Software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money allows customer to exchange financial information with the bank. The software connects to the banks’ computers via an Internet based set up and downloads financial information from the client’s account. Many banks affiliate leading software vendors such as Intuit or Microsoft to make their systems compatible.
Quicken或Microsoft Money等軟件允許客戶與銀行交換財(cái)務(wù)信息。該軟件通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接到銀行的計(jì)算機(jī)，并從客戶的賬戶下載財(cái)務(wù)信息。許多銀行與領(lǐng)先的軟件供應(yīng)商（如Intuit或Microsoft）結(jié)盟，以使其系統(tǒng)兼容。
4) Pay-by-Phone Systems /Tele banking: 通過電話系統(tǒng)/電話銀行支付
Allows a customer to pay by telephone certain bills, or transfer funds between accounts, with instructions to the bank. One must have an agreement in advance with the institution to make such transfers.
允許客戶通過電話支付某些賬單，或在賬戶之間轉(zhuǎn)賬，并向銀行發(fā)出指示。必須事先與該機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)成協(xié)議，才能進(jìn)行此類轉(zhuǎn)移。
5) Point-of-Sale Transfers: 銷售點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓
Allows a customer to pay for retail purchases with an EFT (or “debit”) card. In some instances, this card may also be an ATM card. This is similar to using a credit card, but with one important exception: the money for the purchase is transferred immediately — or very shortly — from customer’s bank account to the store’s account. An increasing number of merchants are accepting this type of payment.
允許客戶使用EFT（或“借記”）卡支付零售購物。在某些情況下，該卡也可能是ATM卡。這與使用信用卡類似，但有一個重要的例外：購買的錢會立即（或很快）從客戶的銀行賬戶轉(zhuǎn)移到商店的賬戶。越來越多的商家接受這種類型的付款。
On-line Banking: a Revolution 網(wǎng)上銀行：一場革命
The thought of today is the reality of tomorrow but the thoughts of Banking on Your OWN TERMS AT YOUR OWN DOORSTEPS, which seemed to be reality of tomorrow, is no a more mystique.
今天的想法就是明天的現(xiàn)實(shí)，但在你自己的家里按你自己的條款行事的想法，似乎是明天的現(xiàn)實(shí)。
What we can do NOW (?) 我們現(xiàn)在能做什么
It allows customers to do most of their financial transactions at home on a personal computer.它允許客戶在家里用個人電腦進(jìn)行大部分金融交易
Pay your bills on-line while you’re watching TV.當(dāng)你看電視的時候，在網(wǎng)上付賬
Check your account balances from your digital cell phone as you stand in line to board a flight.當(dāng)你排隊(duì)登機(jī)時，用你的數(shù)字手機(jī)檢查你的賬戶余額
Consolidate all your financial accounts on-line in one convenient, secure location.在一個方便、安全的位置在線整合您的所有金融賬戶
Have access to friendly, helpful customer service representatives 與友好、樂于助人的客戶服務(wù)代表接觸
Why on-line banking? 為什么選擇網(wǎng)上銀行？
Unfortunately, banking is a “necessary evil” that can take a large chunk out of already busy schedules. Visiting a branch or ATM, paying bills by paper check (and mailing them) and balancing a chequebook all can be time consuming. Banking on-line, by its nature, can automate many of these processes, saving time and, in many cases, money. One can access his account and do banking when (and where) it is convenient for him.
不幸的是，銀行業(yè)是一種“必要的罪惡”，它可以從已經(jīng)繁忙的日程中抽走一大部分。去分行或自動取款機(jī)，用紙質(zhì)支票支付賬單（然后郵寄），以及平衡支票簿，這些都可能很費(fèi)時。從本質(zhì)上講，網(wǎng)上銀行可以使許多流程自動化，節(jié)省時間，在許多情況下還可以節(jié)省資金。人們可以在方便的時候（在方便的地方）訪問自己的賬戶并進(jìn)行銀行業(yè)務(wù)。
Following can be online banking services offered by various banks 以下是各銀行提供的網(wǎng)上銀行服務(wù)
Check account balances 檢查賬戶余額
Make transfers between online accounts 在在線賬戶之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)賬
Check the status of loans 檢查貸款狀態(tài)
Track investments 跟蹤投資
Apply for loans online 在線申請貸款
Pay bills electronically 以電子方式支付賬單
Download account information to a personal finance software program 將賬戶信息下載到個人理財(cái)軟件程序
On-Line Banking Advantages 在線銀行優(yōu)勢
Internet banks are open 7 days a week 24 hours a day 網(wǎng)上銀行每周7天24小時營業(yè)
In general, you will find lower fees and higher interest rates for deposits due to the reduced cost of operating on-line and not needing numerous physical bank branches.
一般來說，您會發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于在線運(yùn)營成本降低，而且不需要許多實(shí)體銀行分行，因此存款的費(fèi)用更低，利率更高。
Create a more in depth portfolio of each individual customer of what their needs and expectations are.為每個客戶創(chuàng)建更深入的產(chǎn)品組合，了解他們的需求和期望。
Be able to provide services to each customer that are customized to their individual preferences
You will have easy access to account information and transactions, because any Internet-enabled computer can become your “bank terminal.”能夠?yàn)槊總€客戶提供根據(jù)其個人喜好定制的服務(wù)
You will generally have up-to-the-minute current bank account information due to the automation of most systems.
您可以輕松訪問帳戶信息和交易，因?yàn)槿魏沃С諭nternet的計(jì)算機(jī)都可以成為您的“銀行終端”
In many cases, on-line banks offer free bill pay, which can be a big saving in both money and time.由于大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)的自動化，您通常會獲得最新的銀行賬戶信息。
You can transfer funds electronically between accounts.您可以在賬戶之間以電子方式轉(zhuǎn)賬。
Common E-Banking Services 通用電子銀行服務(wù)
Retail Services 零售服務(wù)
Wholesale Services 批發(fā)服務(wù)
Account management 賬戶管理
Account management 賬戶管理
Bill payment and presentment 票據(jù)支付和提示
Cash management 現(xiàn)金管理
New account opening 新開戶
Small business loan applications, approvals, or advances 小型企業(yè)貸款申請、批準(zhǔn)或預(yù)付款
Consumer wire transfers 消費(fèi)者電匯
Investment/Brokerage services 投資/經(jīng)紀(jì)服務(wù)
Commercial wire transfers 商業(yè)電匯
Loan application and approval 貸款申請和批準(zhǔn)
Business-to-business payments 企業(yè)對企業(yè)支付
Account aggregation 賬戶匯總
Employee benefits/pension administration 員工福利/養(yǎng)老金管理
Current Scenario of Electronic Banking in Pakistan 巴基斯坦電子銀行的現(xiàn)狀
Pakistan is widely considered to be in the Third Wave of developing economies that include countries in Asia, Latin America, the Pacific Islands and the Middle East. These countries started to adopt the Internet from around 1993. Almost all have a state monopoly over the telecommunications sector with low tele-densities per population and high telecom costs, which restrict Internet access to elitist groups in the population. Less than 2 per cent of the population is connected to the Internet. These countries have weak political and democratic institutions where the governments welcome new commercial opportunities.
巴基斯坦被廣泛認(rèn)為是第三波發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體，包括亞洲、拉丁美洲、太平洋島嶼和中東國家。這些國家從1993年左右開始采用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。幾乎所有國家都對電信部門實(shí)行國家壟斷，人均電信密度低，電信成本高，這限制了人口中的精英群體使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。不到2%的人口連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。這些國家的政治和民主制度薄弱，政府歡迎新的商業(yè)機(jī)會。
The First Wave countries include USA, Canada, and some Nordic states where the Internet took hold in the 1980s, and became an established feature of social, political and economic life. On average, over 35 per cent of the population are connected to the net, with households always connected online to the net 24 hours in the day in many cases.
第一波國家包括美國、加拿大和一些北歐國家，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在20世紀(jì)80年代在這些國家扎根，并成為社會、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的既定特征。平均而言，超過35%的人口上網(wǎng)，在許多情況下，家庭每天24小時上網(wǎng)。
Both the First and Second wave of counties have much in common; with both involved in the early development of the Internet. The gap between the two is rapidly diminishing. Both have highly developed telecommunication infrastructures, with extensive networks of fiber optic, satellite and ISDN lines that can respond to exponential growth in demand for bandwidth. Knowledge of Internet applications is a mainstream activity, and a prerequisite for commercial credibility. They have highly developed information, dissemination technology and content industries, with a strong export focus. Both have strong government policies that aim to influence the shape of the future information society, with massive investments in research and development, education, training, IT and Internet developed research.
第一波和第二波縣都有很多共同之處；兩者都參與了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的早期發(fā)展。兩者之間的差距正在迅速縮小。兩者都擁有高度發(fā)達(dá)的電信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，擁有廣泛的光纖、衛(wèi)星和ISDN線路網(wǎng)絡(luò)，能夠應(yīng)對帶寬需求的指數(shù)增長。了解互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用是一項(xiàng)主流活動，也是商業(yè)信譽(yù)的先決條件。它們擁有高度發(fā)達(dá)的信息、傳播技術(shù)和內(nèi)容產(chǎn)業(yè)，并以出口為重點(diǎn)。雙方都有強(qiáng)有力的政府政策，旨在影響未來信息社會的形態(tài)，在研發(fā)、教育、培訓(xùn)、信息技術(shù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)開發(fā)研究方面進(jìn)行了大量投資。
E-Banking in Pakistan: 巴基斯坦電子銀行
Due to advancements in sciences and technology, many foreign banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.
由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，許多外國銀行開始在巴基斯坦提供電子銀行服務(wù)。電子銀行為銀行和客戶提供了巨大的機(jī)會，節(jié)省了成本和時間。
E-Banking in Pakistan is still a relatively new phenomena and is expected to grow now faster with future penetration of computers and internet services in the country, availability of a robust legal framework, removal of concerns about security of electronic transactions and enhanced reliability of communication
巴基斯坦的電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)仍然是一個相對較新的現(xiàn)象，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)在該國的未來滲透、健全的法律框架的可用性、消除對電子交易安全的擔(dān)憂以及通信可靠性的提高，預(yù)計(jì)現(xiàn)在將增長得更快
Unfortunately Electronic Banking in Pakistan is still in the introduction phase and the government with the private sector has to streamline many policies for its further development and success. Although foreign banks took the initiative but now there are private Pakistani banks that are making advancements in E-Banking. The rate of technology transfer from developed to developing countries has been very slow in this regard.
不幸的是，巴基斯坦的電子銀行仍處于引進(jìn)階段，政府和私營部門必須簡化許多政策，以進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和成功。雖然外國銀行采取了主動行動，但現(xiàn)在有一些巴基斯坦私人銀行正在電子銀行方面取得進(jìn)展。在這方面，發(fā)達(dá)國家向發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)讓技術(shù)的速度非常緩慢。
In Pakistan the available technology services are NIFT, ATM, ETPoS, Tele Banking and Central Depository Systems.
在巴基斯坦，可用的技術(shù)服務(wù)包括NIFT、ATM、ETPoS、電話銀行和中央存款系統(tǒng)。
NIFT was established in 1997,it is a technology that uses images with high-speed sorters to automate check clearing.
ATMs are automated teller machines that provide facilities for instant deposits and cash withdrawals, and are presently available at around 200 locations in major cities only.
NIFT成立于1997年，它是一種利用圖像和高速分揀機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)支票自動清關(guān)的技術(shù)。 ATM是自動取款機(jī)，提供即時存款和取款服務(wù)，目前僅在主要城市的大約200個地點(diǎn)提供。
ETPoS is a method of payment where goods and services are paid for at the point of sale, and is available in major cities in a few super markets only.
Telebanking is telephone banking facility available only in a few banks, and again, in major cities only.
The central depository system is a well- established system used in stock exchanges for recording and the transfer of securities.
Secure electronic transactions (SET): This protocol was developed jointly by Visa and Master Card and is now baked by American Express. Major players in e-commerce, networking, and computing like Microsoft, Netscape, IBM, etc, are behind specifications of this protocol, and are thus becoming an industry standard for secured payments on the internet. SET provides confidentiality through encryption; message integrity using digital signatures, and authentication of consumer and merchant identity Use of this, method is ideal due to the level of security that this method offers. However, establishment of this protocol will require Internet merchant accounts.
ETPoS是一種在銷售點(diǎn)支付商品和服務(wù)的支付方式，僅在幾個超級市場的主要城市可用。
電話銀行是一種電話銀行服務(wù)，僅在少數(shù)幾家銀行可用，也僅在主要城市可用。
中央存管系統(tǒng)是證券交易所用來記錄和轉(zhuǎn)讓證券的一個成熟系統(tǒng)。
安全電子交易（SET）：該協(xié)議由Visa和萬事達(dá)卡聯(lián)合開發(fā)，現(xiàn)在由美國運(yùn)通（American Express）烘焙。電子商務(wù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和計(jì)算領(lǐng)域的主要參與者，如Microsoft、Netscape、IBM等，都支持該協(xié)議的規(guī)范，因此正在成為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)安全支付的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。SET通過加密提供保密性；使用數(shù)字簽名的消息完整性，以及消費(fèi)者和商家身份驗(yàn)證。由于此方法提供的安全級別，因此使用此方法是理想的。然而，建立此協(xié)議將需要互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商家?guī)簟?nbsp;
Smart cards: 智能卡
It is a digital currency payment, which looks similar to credit cards, but contains a microprocessor and a storage unit. The cards hold prepaid account information. Merchants who accept these records are credited for the transaction amount by card issuers. The use of this technology is safe but expensive to acquire. Pakistan will require building a consensus among major stakeholders to invest in making this technology available in Pakistan.
這是一種數(shù)字貨幣支付，看起來類似于信用卡，但包含一個微處理器和一個存儲單元。這些卡包含預(yù)付費(fèi)賬戶信息。接受這些記錄的商戶將被發(fā)卡機(jī)構(gòu)貸記交易金額。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的使用是安全的，但獲取成本很高。巴基斯坦將需要在主要利益攸關(guān)方之間達(dá)成共識，投資于在巴基斯坦提供這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。
Value-added networks: 增值網(wǎng)絡(luò)
Pakistan could establish value added networks (VAN) for financial transactions to expedite fast and efficient flow of remittances to all major cities and to enable exchange of electronic documents. These networks will provide shared connectivity, security assurance of data, and reliability of service. These networks will provide bank -to -bank transfer of funds for financial transactions, and will also enable the exchange of electronic documents to facilitate e-trade. These value added networks will also facilitate B2B transactions using EDI systems. The EDI Van’s will execute authorized transactions between valid trading partners. These networks will reduce technical complexities and the cost of implementing dedicated connections with a multitude of trading partners. Another advantage out of these networks will be the provision of storing viable information on the networks, so that authorized partners can directly access them without contacting the other parties. This will help in increasing efficiencies of business transactions in terms of time and costs.
巴基斯坦可以為金融交易建立增值網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以加快匯款向所有主要城市的快速和有效流動，并能夠交換電子文件。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)將提供共享連接、數(shù)據(jù)安全保證和服務(wù)可靠性。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)將為金融交易提供銀行對銀行的資金轉(zhuǎn)移，還將使電子文件的交換成為可能，以促進(jìn)電子貿(mào)易。這些增值網(wǎng)絡(luò)還將促進(jìn)使用EDI系統(tǒng)的B2B交易。EDI貨車將在有效貿(mào)易伙伴之間執(zhí)行授權(quán)交易。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)將降低技術(shù)復(fù)雜性和與眾多貿(mào)易伙伴建立專用連接的成本。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的另一個優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上存儲可行的信息，這樣授權(quán)的合作伙伴可以直接訪問這些信息，而無需與其他方聯(lián)系。這將有助于提高商業(yè)交易的時間和成本效率。
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 問題說明
E-banking has entered the Pakistan economy in a big way but, considering the state of development of banking industry in the country and the client-base, there are doubts about the utility and cost-effectiveness of this mode of banking. The research study will examine these points and give recommendations on the subject:
電子銀行在很大程度上進(jìn)入了巴基斯坦經(jīng)濟(jì)，但考慮到該國銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和客戶群，人們對這種銀行模式的效用和成本效益表示懷疑。這項(xiàng)研究將審查這些要點(diǎn)，并就這一主題提出建議：
An evaluation, theoretically and practically, of the progress of banks which adopted electronic operations, and the prospective role for banks in the future.
從理論和實(shí)踐上評估銀行采用電子操作的進(jìn)展，以及銀行在未來的預(yù)期作用。
Discussing problems facing banks in the scope of electronic banking operations.
Specifying the concept of electronic banks.
討論銀行在電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)范圍內(nèi)面臨的問題。
明確電子銀行的概念。
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 研究目標(biāo)
Following objectives have been set forth in conduct of the research: 在研究過程中，確定了以下目標(biāo)：
To familiarise public with the subject of ELECTRONIC BANKING, enhance their keenness to remain abreast to the techniques, and modern trends of efficient banking.
讓公眾熟悉電子銀行的主題，增強(qiáng)他們對高效銀行技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代趨勢的敏銳性。
To induce healthy practices in banking business and profession and to advise suitable measures for their achievement.
在銀行業(yè)務(wù)和專業(yè)中引入健康的做法，并建議實(shí)現(xiàn)這些做法的適當(dāng)措施。
To encourage and provide Electronic Banking information and to offer education through research report contents to students and consequently to national financial institutions.
鼓勵并提供電子銀行信息，并通過研究報告內(nèi)容向?qū)W生以及國家金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供教育。
To print and publish the report for provision to all who are interested in the issue of Electronic Banking.
打印并發(fā)布報告，以供所有對電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)感興趣的人使用。
To study Electronic Banking practices of different banks in Pakistan.
研究巴基斯坦不同銀行的電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)。
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 研究意義
E-banking is playing an important role not only in the development of electronic services in the first world countries but also in the developing countries too. Due to advancements in sciences and technology, many foreign banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.
電子銀行不僅在第一世界國家的電子服務(wù)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用，在發(fā)展中國家也是如此。由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，許多外國銀行開始在巴基斯坦提供電子銀行服務(wù)。電子銀行為銀行和客戶提供了巨大的機(jī)會，節(jié)省了成本和時間。
This study will evaluate the electronic performance of banks. This report emphasizes the fact that on-line accessibility, awareness, attitude towards change, computer and Internet access costs, trust in one’s bank, security concerns, ease of use and convenience are the major factors affecting the adoption of Internet bank services in Pakistan.
本研究將評估銀行的電子績效。本報告強(qiáng)調(diào)，在線無障礙、意識、對變革的態(tài)度、計(jì)算機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入成本、對銀行的信任、安全問題、易用性和便利性是影響巴基斯坦采用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)銀行服務(wù)的主要因素。
1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 研究范圍和局限性
Scope of the study: 研究范圍
The research thesis covers the leading banks in Pakistan that have entered the e-banking era and examine its economics. The major limitation of the study is that the concerned banks are reluctant to disclose information with regard to costs incurred on E- banking.
本研究論文涵蓋了巴基斯坦已進(jìn)入電子銀行時代的主要銀行，并考察了其經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。這項(xiàng)研究的主要局限是，有關(guān)銀行不愿披露有關(guān)電子銀行成本的信息。
Limitations of the study: 研究局限性
As the E-banking in Pakistan is at the introduction stage and its efficacy is yet to be tested, adequate literature on the subject is not available.
Moreover, the topic under study requires comprehensive research, which is possible if more time is allotted for the project.
Banks personnel are reluctant to give information about banks electronic process and problems faced by banks.
由于巴基斯坦的電子銀行正處于引入階段，其有效性尚待測試，因此沒有關(guān)于這一主題的充分文獻(xiàn)。
此外，正在研究的主題需要進(jìn)行全面的研究，如果為項(xiàng)目分配更多的時間，這是可能的。
銀行工作人員不愿提供有關(guān)銀行電子流程和銀行面臨的問題的信息。
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 文獻(xiàn)綜述
Literature survey is conducted in order to get more insight into the study. Literature survey consists of past studies related to this topic. Which will help and ensure that no important information related to the study is omitted. It includes mostly domestic studies conducted by our own scholars.
為了更深入地了解這項(xiàng)研究，我們進(jìn)行了文獻(xiàn)調(diào)查。文獻(xiàn)調(diào)查包括過去與此主題相關(guān)的研究。這將有助于確保沒有遺漏與研究相關(guān)的重要信息。它主要包括我們自己的學(xué)者進(jìn)行的國內(nèi)研究。
2.1. FOREIGN SCENARIO 國外研究情況
Yoshio, (1999), states that Malaysian banking sector started in the 1970’s. However, the first visible form of electronic innovation in the Malaysian banking industry was the introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in 1981. The ATMs to a large extent released banks from the constraints of time and geographical location.
Yoshio指出，馬來西亞銀行業(yè)始于20世紀(jì)70年代。然而，馬來西亞銀行業(yè)第一個明顯的電子創(chuàng)新形式是1981年自動取款機(jī)（ATM）的引入。ATM在很大程度上使銀行擺脫了時間和地理位置的限制。
Then in the early 1990’s, Tele-banking was introduced in Malaysia, which provided yet another delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank by utilizing Automated Voice Response (AVR) Technology.
Utsuml, on June 1, (2000), said that the Malaysian Central Bank gave the green light for locally owned commercial banks to offer Internet banking services. On June 15, 2000, Maybank, the largest domestic bank in terms of assets as well as network distribution, became the first bank to offer Internet banking services in Malaysia. This service is currently provided to individual customers of the bank and the site boasts of the latest 128-bit encryption technology to allay fears of security among consumers. The services provided in this portal include banking enquiry functions, bill payment, credit card payment, funds transfer, and accounts summary as well as transaction history. Customer support service is provided via e-mails as well as via telephone lines and is available daily from 6 am to 12 mid-night.
20世紀(jì)90年代初，馬來西亞引入了電話銀行業(yè)務(wù)，利用自動語音響應(yīng)（AVR）技術(shù)，通過與銀行自動化系統(tǒng)相連的電信設(shè)備，為分行金融服務(wù)提供了另一個交付渠道。
Utsuml于2000年6月1日表示，馬來西亞中央銀行為當(dāng)?shù)負(fù)碛械纳虡I(yè)銀行提供網(wǎng)上銀行服務(wù)開了綠燈。2000年6月15日，就資產(chǎn)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)分布而言，最大的國內(nèi)銀行馬來亞銀行，成為馬來西亞第一家提供網(wǎng)上銀行服務(wù)的銀行。這項(xiàng)服務(wù)目前提供給該銀行的個人客戶，該網(wǎng)站擁有最新的128位加密技術(shù)，以減輕消費(fèi)者對安全的擔(dān)憂。該門戶提供的服務(wù)包括銀行查詢功能、賬單支付、信用卡支付、資金轉(zhuǎn)賬、賬戶匯總以及交易歷史?？蛻糁С址?wù)通過電子郵件和電話線提供，每天早上6點(diǎn)至午夜12點(diǎn)提供。
Joseé, (2000), said that the Hong Leong Bank commenced its Internet banking operations known as ‘e-Banking’, which can be accessed via their web site at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/www.hlbb.hongleong.com.my in December 2000. In addition to providing services that were previously included in their Phone banking service, they also offer options of assessing account transaction history in their ‘e-banking’. They too provide support services via e-mails and telephones from 7 am to 11.00 pm, seven days a week.
Joseé表示，豐隆銀行開始了其被稱為“電子銀行”的網(wǎng)上銀行業(yè)務(wù)，除了提供以前包含在電話銀行服務(wù)中的服務(wù)外，他們還提供在“電子銀行”中評估賬戶交易歷史的選項(xiàng)。他們也通過電子郵件和電話提供支持服務(wù)，從早上7點(diǎn)到晚上11點(diǎn)，每周7天。
Al-Jasser, (1999), states that both the competitive forces as well as the expected benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country (Saudi Arabia). However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the country’s banking sector. E banking is expected to play an important role in integrating the financial markets of Saudi Arabia globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developments.
Al Jasser指出，競爭力量和預(yù)期收益都導(dǎo)致了該國電子銀行服務(wù)的集中和擴(kuò)展（沙特阿拉伯）。然而，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這將是銀行通過降低中介成本和擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)者基礎(chǔ)而獲得的實(shí)際利益，因?yàn)橐猿杀拘б娴姆绞礁纳品?wù)將決定電子銀行在該國銀行業(yè)中的作用。預(yù)計(jì)電子銀行將在整合沙特阿拉伯全球金融市場方面發(fā)揮重要作用，銀行將最終利用這些發(fā)展。
Figures, (2000), states that E-banking Automate critical banking activities and interact electronically with bank with comprehensive tools that help reduce administrative costs, increase productivity, and improve cash management—in a security-enhanced environment.
Figures指出，電子銀行自動化關(guān)鍵的銀行業(yè)務(wù)活動，并使用綜合工具與銀行進(jìn)行電子交互，這些工具有助于降低管理成本，提高生產(chǎn)力，并改善安全增強(qiáng)環(huán)境中的現(xiàn)金管理。
2.2. LOCAL SCENARIO 國內(nèi)研究情況
Mashhood, (2000), states that the role of information technology in financial services is to support operational efficiencies, facilitate customer services, mange risk and support in decision-making. In the IT policy on financial services, the government of Pakistan has asked the State Bank of Pakistan to allow opening of internet merchant accounts to enable inter-bank electronic fund transfer, to re-engineer processes of foreign trade sections, to accept e-orders of value less than $500, to open an e-commerce wing in financial institutions, and to facilitate clearing and e-reporting in al banks. The e-commerce action plans for the financial sector have been established as per directions from the government. The plan is to connect branches of 25 local and foreign banks in 12 major cities. In phase I, branches in one city will be linked with their head office. In phase II, all these banks and other financial institutions will be connected together. In phase III, private and public sector stakeholders will be linked and ultimately e-commerce network will include financial, trade and customs networks along with their international links.
Mashhood指出，信息技術(shù)在金融服務(wù)中的作用是支持運(yùn)營效率、促進(jìn)客戶服務(wù)、管理風(fēng)險和支持決策。在金融服務(wù)的信息技術(shù)政策中，巴基斯坦政府要求巴基斯坦國家銀行允許開設(shè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商戶賬戶，以實(shí)現(xiàn)銀行間電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬，重新設(shè)計(jì)外貿(mào)部門的流程，接受價值低于500美元的電子訂單，在金融機(jī)構(gòu)開設(shè)電子商務(wù)分支機(jī)構(gòu)，促進(jìn)所有銀行的清算和電子報告。金融部門的電子商務(wù)行動計(jì)劃已根據(jù)政府的指示制定。該計(jì)劃將連接12個主要城市的25家本地和外國銀行的分行。在第一階段，一個城市的分支機(jī)構(gòu)將與其總部相連。在第二階段，所有這些銀行和其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)將連接在一起。在第三階段，私營和公共部門利益攸關(guān)方將相互聯(lián)系，最終電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)將包括金融、貿(mào)易和海關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其國際聯(lián)系。
Ziauddin, (1998), states that In Pakistan, huge investments, recurring costs, and absence of economies of scale are some of the major bottlenecks to invest in online banking. One other problem is that only a few foreign banks are linked with their branches, otherwise all major financial institutions work in isolation.
Ziauddin指出，在巴基斯坦，巨額投資、經(jīng)常性成本和缺乏規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是投資在線銀行的主要瓶頸。另一個問題是，只有少數(shù)幾家外國銀行與其分行有關(guān)聯(lián)，否則所有主要金融機(jī)構(gòu)都是孤立運(yùn)作的。
AL-Bader, (1999), said that in the absence of a centralized database linked to branches, banks do not only need the communication software to facilitate communication, but also require modems, routers, controllers, etc. irrespective of the volume of transactions, be it small or massive, huge investments are required to facilitate online banking. Not only the capital investments debut also the recurring costs, such as lease payments to PTCL, ongoing maintenance costs, etc, are discouraging national banks to invest.
AL Bader表示，在沒有與分行相連的中央數(shù)據(jù)庫的情況下，銀行不僅需要通信軟件來促進(jìn)通信，還需要調(diào)制解調(diào)器、路由器、控制器等，無論交易量大小，都需要大量投資來促進(jìn)網(wǎng)上銀行。不僅資本投資首次出現(xiàn)，而且經(jīng)常性成本，如向PTCL支付的租賃費(fèi)、持續(xù)的維護(hù)成本等，都阻礙了國家銀行的投資。
Giasuddin, (2003) said that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank networks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan. There are a lot of different methods of payment that are available globally. Pakistan has to carefully decide the most feasible payment systems that can easily fulfill financial requirements, as well as, provide enough confidence to the buyers and merchants for safety and security of such payments.
Giasuddin表示，有必要建立分行間和銀行間網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以便所有金融機(jī)構(gòu)可以連接在一起，以便利電子支付系統(tǒng)，這是建立電子商務(wù)發(fā)展金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的基本先決條件之一。巴基斯坦尚不清楚的下一步是在巴基斯坦使用的電子支付系統(tǒng)和數(shù)字貨幣的類型。全球有很多不同的支付方式。巴基斯坦必須仔細(xì)決定最可行的支付系統(tǒng)，既能輕松滿足財(cái)務(wù)要求，又能為買家和商家提供足夠的信心，確保此類支付的安全。
Kazmi, (2000), said that there is an urgent need in Pakistan for establishing value added networks for financial transactions. Without these networks, it will be difficult for business and financial institutions to provide EC solutions with high quality and low costs.
Kazmi表示，巴基斯坦迫切需要建立金融交易增值網(wǎng)絡(luò)。沒有這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)，商業(yè)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)將難以提供高質(zhì)量和低成本的電子商務(wù)解決方案。
Zaidi, (2003), states that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank networks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan.
Zaidi指出，有必要建立分行間和銀行間網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以便所有金融機(jī)構(gòu)可以連接在一起，以便利電子支付系統(tǒng)，這是建立電子商務(wù)發(fā)展金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的基本先決條件之一。巴基斯坦尚不清楚的下一步是在巴基斯坦使用的電子支付系統(tǒng)和數(shù)字貨幣的類型。
Shabbir, (2003), said that both the competitive forces as well as the expected benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country. However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the country’s banking sector. E-banking is expected to play and important role in integrating the financial markets of Pakistan globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developments.
Shabbir表示，競爭力量和預(yù)期收益都導(dǎo)致了該國電子銀行服務(wù)的集中和擴(kuò)展。然而，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這將是銀行通過降低中介成本和擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)者基礎(chǔ)而獲得的實(shí)際利益，因?yàn)橐猿杀拘б娴姆绞礁纳品?wù)將決定電子銀行在該國銀行業(yè)中的作用。預(yù)計(jì)電子銀行將在整合巴基斯坦全球金融市場方面發(fā)揮重要作用，銀行將最終利用這些發(fā)展。
Naveed, (2003) states that Credit cards are primarily used as convenient payment products and at times a credit facility for short term needs. The State Bank of Pakistan is playing a pro-active role in promoting adoption of technology-based solutions in the banking sector and supporting services based on E-Banking. E-Banking has already taken off in this country and the recent launch by Habib Bank- one of the largest banks in the country – has provided a major breakthrough. so the question is not when the facilities will be provided but how rapidly these facilities will expand. Efforts in this direction are focused upon following areas:
Naveed指出，信用卡主要用作方便的支付產(chǎn)品，有時也用作短期需求的信貸工具。巴基斯坦國家銀行正在發(fā)揮積極作用，促進(jìn)銀行部門采用基于技術(shù)的解決方案，并支持基于電子銀行的服務(wù)。電子銀行已經(jīng)在這個國家興起，而該國最大的銀行之一哈比銀行最近的推出提供了一個重大突破。因此，問題不在于何時提供這些設(shè)施，而在于這些設(shè)施的擴(kuò)展速度。這方面的努力集中在以下領(lǐng)域：
Creation of a robust legal infrastructure catering to the needs of E-Banking and other payments systems involving electronic settlement of funds. Key step in this direction was the promulgation of Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002, which provides legal recognition to digital signatures and documentation reducing the risks associated with the use of electronic medium of business. State bank is currently engaged in an exercise to further augment the legal framework for electronic settlement of transactions in the banking sector.
建立健全的法律基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，滿足電子銀行和其他涉及資金電子結(jié)算的支付系統(tǒng)的需要。朝著這一方向邁出的關(guān)鍵一步是頒布了《2002年電子交易條例》，該條例對數(shù)字簽名和文件提供了法律承認(rèn)，減少了與使用電子商務(wù)媒介有關(guān)的風(fēng)險。國家銀行目前正在開展一項(xiàng)工作，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)銀行部門交易電子結(jié)算的法律框架。
Establishing of Payment Systems Development Committee in which commercial banks are members, to guide the development of payment systems in Pakistan.
建立由商業(yè)銀行組成的支付系統(tǒng)發(fā)展委員會，以指導(dǎo)巴基斯坦支付系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。
Creation of a dedicated Payment Systems Department in the State Bank dealing with all issues pertaining to payment systems including E-Banking.
在國家銀行設(shè)立一個專門的支付系統(tǒng)部門，處理與支付系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的所有問題，包括電子銀行。
Creation of a Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) providing an E-Banking solution to banks maintaining their accounts with standard operating procedure (SOP) whereby they will be able to operate these accounts from their own premises via an electronic connection with the State Banks own servers.
創(chuàng)建一個實(shí)時總結(jié)算系統(tǒng)（RTGS），為銀行提供一個電子銀行解決方案，通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序（SOP）維護(hù)其賬戶，銀行將能夠通過與國家銀行自己的服務(wù)器的電子連接在自己的場所操作這些賬戶。
Commercial banks have been allowed to open and operate Internet Merchant Accounts.
商業(yè)銀行已獲準(zhǔn)開設(shè)和運(yùn)營互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商戶賬戶
Banks are being encouraged to expand the ATMs network through more participation and a wider network of machines all across the country. all banks have been asked to join a SWITCH and interconnection between the 2 existing SWITCHES is being encouraged for further development of the electronic infrastructure .
鼓勵銀行通過更多的參與和全國范圍內(nèi)更廣泛的機(jī)器網(wǎng)絡(luò)來擴(kuò)大ATM網(wǎng)絡(luò)。已要求所有銀行加入SWITCH，并鼓勵現(xiàn)有2個SWITCH之間的互連，以進(jìn)一步發(fā)展電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。
State Bank has already acquired SWIFT connection and has also made it mandatory for banks to acquire SWIFT connectivity for settlement of all cross border financial transactions.
國家銀行已經(jīng)獲得了SWIFT連接，并強(qiáng)制要求銀行為所有跨境金融交易的結(jié)算獲取SWIFT鏈接。
Expansion of automated cheques clearing services to all major cities in the country is actively being pursued. The usage of plastic money such as Credit/Debit cards is making good progress
目前正在積極將自動支票清算服務(wù)擴(kuò)展到全國所有主要城市。信用卡/借記卡等塑料貨幣的使用進(jìn)展良好
Ishrat, (2003), states that introduction of E-banking will improve banking services mainly in terms of the convenience of the customers including, place, time and price, the banks will be able to provide improved services and, consequently, the quality and skills of banking staff will also improve. Although many banking services will be available 24 hours, the need for over the counter services will remain and banks would continue to provide normal services during office banking hours in Pakistan also like in the developed countries where E -banking is prevalent, it has been observed that customers feel much confident in using e-banking services when they can associate it with brick and mortar branches. Purely online banking without physical branch network has not made much headway even in developed countries. In Pakistan, with low rates of literacy the majority of customers will continue to use the 9-5 bank branches.
Ishrat表示，電子銀行的引入將主要從客戶的便利性（包括地點(diǎn)、時間和價格）方面改善銀行服務(wù)，銀行將能夠提供更好的服務(wù)，因此，銀行員工的質(zhì)量和技能也將得到提高。盡管許多銀行服務(wù)將在24小時內(nèi)提供，但柜臺外服務(wù)的需求仍將存在，巴基斯坦的銀行將繼續(xù)在辦公時間內(nèi)提供正常服務(wù)，就像在電子銀行盛行的發(fā)達(dá)國家一樣，據(jù)觀察，當(dāng)客戶能夠?qū)㈦娮鱼y行服務(wù)與實(shí)體分行聯(lián)系起來時，他們會對使用電子銀行服務(wù)充滿信心。即使在發(fā)達(dá)國家，沒有實(shí)體分行網(wǎng)絡(luò)的純在線銀行也沒有取得多大進(jìn)展。在巴基斯坦，由于識字率低，大多數(shù)客戶將繼續(xù)使用9至5家銀行分行。
Rizvi, (1999), states that the state bank of Pakistan has constituted various committees such as the Payment Systems Development Committee and the ECH task force for the development of technology based banking services in the country. Besides other matters, these committees also oversee the developments in the areas of E-banking. State Bank of Pakistan coordinates closely with other agencies such as the Ministry of Science & Technology (MoST), in initiatives relating to E-banking.
Rizvi表示，巴基斯坦國家銀行已成立了多個委員會，如支付系統(tǒng)開發(fā)委員會和ECH工作隊(duì)，負(fù)責(zé)在該國開發(fā)基于技術(shù)的銀行服務(wù)。除其他事項(xiàng)外，這些委員會還監(jiān)督電子銀行領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。巴基斯坦國家銀行與科技部（MoST）等其他機(jī)構(gòu)密切協(xié)調(diào)與電子銀行相關(guān)的舉措。
Shirazi, (2001), said that the future of e banking is very bright in Pakistan. Many banks in Pakistan have started providing e-banking facilities to their consumers. Over 300 ATMs are in operation in Pakistan the use of ATMs is rapidly increasing. More and more facilities are being provided by the banks electronically including e-statements, funds transfer, bill payment for utilities as well as other purchases. By 2002, almost 40% of the bank branches have been automated and it is expected that this proportion will reach 50% by 2004. The rate of increase is phenomenal i.e. about 318%. Similarly, the number of online branches has doubled during the last 2 years to 570 and by 2004 this number will jump to 1356, representing an increase of 376%. This expansion along with the growing penetration of internet will bring E-banking to more and more of their customers both in terms of numbers as well as geographical locations.
Shirazi表示，巴基斯坦電子銀行的未來非常光明。巴基斯坦的許多銀行已經(jīng)開始向消費(fèi)者提供電子銀行服務(wù)。巴基斯坦有300多臺自動柜員機(jī)在運(yùn)行，自動柜柜員機(jī)的使用正在迅速增加。銀行正在以電子方式提供越來越多的便利，包括電子結(jié)單、資金轉(zhuǎn)賬、水電費(fèi)賬單支付以及其他采購。到2002年，幾乎40%的銀行分行已實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化，預(yù)計(jì)到2004年，這一比例將達(dá)到50%。增長速度驚人，約為318%。同樣，在線分行的數(shù)量在過去兩年中翻了一番，達(dá)到570家，到2004年，這一數(shù)字將躍升至1356家，增長376%。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日益普及，這一擴(kuò)張將為越來越多的客戶帶來電子銀行，無論是在數(shù)量上還是在地理位置上。
Mahmood, (2003), states in order to meet E-banking challenges that State Bank of Pakistan established the ECH Task Force under the leadership of Mr. Naveed A Khan
Mahmood指出，為了應(yīng)對電子銀行的挑戰(zhàn)，巴基斯坦國家銀行成立了由Naveed A Khan先生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的ECH工作隊(duì)
(Country Representative – ABN AMRO Bank) to facilitate the development and implementation of E-Banking sector to promote E-Commerce. This Task Force was constituted to facilitate in planning & introduction of enabling technologies in the financial sector of the economy having a direct bearing on E-commerce. The ECH Task Force is constituted of various dedicated professionals from the major financial institutions of the country who enrich the Task Force with their experience and expertise with a firm commitment to develop and promote E-Commerce in Pakistan.
（國家代表–荷蘭銀行）促進(jìn)電子銀行部門的發(fā)展和實(shí)施，以促進(jìn)電子商務(wù)。該工作隊(duì)的成立是為了促進(jìn)對電子商務(wù)有直接影響的經(jīng)濟(jì)金融部門的扶持技術(shù)的規(guī)劃和引進(jìn)。ECH工作隊(duì)由來自該國主要金融機(jī)構(gòu)的各種專業(yè)人員組成，他們以豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和專業(yè)知識豐富了工作隊(duì)，堅(jiān)定地致力于在巴基斯坦發(fā)展和促進(jìn)電子商務(wù)。
Ahmed,(2001), states that Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) is just another business tool, one that enhances business efficiency and effectiveness and allows cost reduction. It is a vehicle to carry out business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. For financial institutions and entrepreneurs, E-Commerce not just makes old processes work better; it also provides a means to break with tradition and create new ways of doing business. E-Commerce has a lot of potential in Pakistan where ideas are rich, resources and labor are cheap, workmanship is excellent, entrepreneurial skill in abundance, and there is a large presence of indigenous and globally appreciated artifacts other tradable goods. However, on a more realistic side, we have a lot of ground to cover before we can reap the benefits of E-Commerce and turn our economy around. These are technical as well as administrative challenges that have to be met and above all we need the basic infrastructure, which facilitates and promotes trading through electronic means.
Ahmed指出，電子商務(wù)只是另一種商業(yè)工具，它可以提高商業(yè)效率和效率，并降低成本。它是進(jìn)行企業(yè)對企業(yè)（B2B）或企業(yè)對消費(fèi)者（B2C）交易的工具。對于金融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)家來說，電子商務(wù)不僅使舊流程運(yùn)作得更好；它還提供了一種打破傳統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)造新的商業(yè)方式的手段。電子商務(wù)在巴基斯坦有著巨大的潛力，那里的創(chuàng)意豐富，資源和勞動力廉價，工藝精湛，創(chuàng)業(yè)技能豐富，還有大量本土和全球欣賞的藝術(shù)品和其他可貿(mào)易商品。然而，從更現(xiàn)實(shí)的角度來看，在我們收獲電子商務(wù)的好處并扭轉(zhuǎn)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)之前，我們還有很多工作要做。這些是必須應(yīng)對的技術(shù)和行政挑戰(zhàn)，最重要的是，我們需要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以便利和促進(jìn)通過電子手段進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。
3. RESEARCH METHDOLOGY 研究方法
This chapter presents the basic methodology required in research. It includes the methods of search, type of study and the sources of data.
本章介紹了研究所需的基本方法。它包括搜索方法、研究類型和數(shù)據(jù)來源。
3.1. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 研究方法
The methodology of study includes the different methods that researcher has used to reach to the conclusion. But due to shortage of time the researcher has tried his best to make this report informative, useful and also beneficial for others. The researcher has also gathered a lot of information to cover all types of aspects related to automation and electronic data processing.
In this report the researcher has covered first of all the introduction of electronic banking, its background, what facilities and benefits it provide and what is its scope in Pakistan? Secondly the researcher has visited few of the banks offering electronic services. They were very knowledgeable to the researcher basically in explaining their scope in Pakistan.
研究方法包括研究者為得出結(jié)論而采用的不同方法。但由于時間不夠，研究人員已盡最大努力使這份報告內(nèi)容豐富、有用，并對其他人有益。研究人員還收集了大量信息，涵蓋了與自動化和電子數(shù)據(jù)處理相關(guān)的所有方面。
在本報告中，研究人員首先介紹了電子銀行的介紹、背景、它提供的設(shè)施和好處以及它在巴基斯坦的范圍？第二，研究人員訪問了少數(shù)提供電子服務(wù)的銀行。他們對研究人員非常了解，基本上解釋了他們在巴基斯坦的范圍。
3.2. TYPE OF THE STUDY 研究類型
The study is descriptive because the intention is to explore the existing values given in problem statement. Descriptive process was believed to be more suited in this kind of investigation because it seeks direct response from respondents. This procedure has been used in many areas of investigations in many fields of academics and scientific discipline.
這項(xiàng)研究是描述性的，因?yàn)槠淠康氖翘剿鲉栴}陳述中給出的現(xiàn)有值。描述性過程被認(rèn)為更適合這種調(diào)查，因?yàn)樗鼘で笫茉L者的直接回應(yīng)。這一程序已用于學(xué)術(shù)和科學(xué)學(xué)科的許多領(lǐng)域的調(diào)查。本站提供各國各專業(yè)Dissertation代寫或指導(dǎo)服務(wù)，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
