美國留學生畢業dissertation(Dissertation)寫作前的準備工作

英國dissertation網在之前已經向各位留學生朋友們講解了各類留學essay相關的寫作技巧與注意事項，此次我們將針對美國留學生不可能避免的Dissertation，也就是我們所知的畢業dissertation進行簡單介紹，美國畢業dissertation(Dissertation)是美國留學dissertation中難度最大，耗時最長的dissertation。除了在選題和內容上的要求比較嚴格外，dissertation完成后還需要先提交給學校進行剽竊檢測，一旦出現引用率過高就將無法通過，今天我們英國dissertation網就將為大家講解美國畢業dissertation寫作前的準備工作。

 

為了進一步探討和掌握畢業dissertation的寫作規律和特點，需要對畢業dissertation分類，由于本身的內容和性質不同，研究領域、對象、方法、表現方式不同，因此就有不同的分類方法。

 

    一、按內容分類。按照內容性質和研究方法的不同可以分為理論性dissertation、實驗性dissertation、描述性dissertation、設計性dissertation，其中文科類的一般寫的是理論性dissertation。理論性dissertation，一種是純粹的抽象理論為研究對象，研究方法是嚴密的理論推導和數學運算，有的也涉及試驗和觀測，用以驗證論點的正確性；一種是以對客觀事物現象的調查、考察所得觀察資料以及有關文獻資料數據為研究對象，研究方法是對有關資料的分析、綜合、概括、抽象，通過歸納、演繹和對比，提出某種新的理論和見解。 

    二、按議論性質分類。按照議論的性質不同可以把畢業dissertation分為立dissertation和駁dissertation。理dissertation主要是從正面闡述論證自己的觀點和主張，比如提出某種觀點的就是立dissertation，這類畢業dissertation要求論點鮮明，論據充分、論證嚴密，以理和事實服人。相反的，駁dissertation就是通過反駁別人的論點來樹立自己的論點和主張，這種dissertation側重于反駁，批駁某種錯誤的觀點、見解和理論，除了按照立論對論點、論據、論證的要求以外，還要求針鋒相對、據理力爭。

 

附帶一篇美國Dissertation范文節選，供參考

 

A Review Of Public Finance At District Level

 

Abstract

Public finance deals with the financial management of public entities. This paper provides an overview of the financial affairs of local government of district Multan and identifies issues faced by the systems to deliver efficiently and effectively. It also highlights areas or improvement and opportunities to fund these activities. The district government heavily relies on the provincial grants and has very limited self generated revenue. Although it is responsible to manage various institutions of social services and carry out developmental activities in the district, its reliance on provincial grants make its effort less effective. TMA on the other hand have significant revenue generation and use this to their advantage and work with autonomy. However they still rely on provincial grants for any developmental activities. The stale business process and hurdles in the legal framework also contribute significantly towards the in efficiency of the systems. There are solutions that can help turn around the situation but it needs a sincere effort on part the provincial and local government. Automation and legal reforms could cover a lot of issues. They would not only increase efficiency but would help curtail corruption at various levels. However strong political could change the scene altogether. A comprehensive process was adopted in collecting secondary data through official documents, template and meetings with officials. District Multan was chosen due to its importance specially in the current political setup and based on convenience.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Introduction

Despite some modest achievements, the economic and social progress in Pakistan has been far from satisfactory during the last more than five decades of independence. Average annual growth rate of 6.8, 4.8, 6.5 and 4.6% (Government of Pakistan, 2003) respectively in the decades of 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s is not comparable with the rapid economic progress made by South Korea, Malaysia, China and many other countries which were initially at nearly the same level of economic development (or even below) as that of Pakistan. The performance on social indicators has been gloomier. Despite average figures for economic growth, many countries like Vietnam and Cuba have been able to eradicate illiteracy and have achieved health statistics comparable with developed countries (Zaidi, 2000). Pakistan still ranks at the tail end of social development ranking.

 

Literature Review

Much of the functional autonomy of the local governments depends upon their ability to raise the required resources from their own sources and to get the balance from the provincial/federal government through consistent and assured mechanisms. This requires not only devising institutional mechanisms for formula and criteria based fiscal transfers but also exploring revenue potentials of local own source revenues. These own source revenues can be in the form of taxes and fees for services provided. It is quite surprising that despite the significance of this, very few local studies have been carried out to examine the resource potential of the local bodies in Pakistan.

 

Research Methodology

The paper examines the current financial situation of district Multan and identifies areas of potential improvement. It also recommends areas that need restructuring and legal reforms to bring about the change that would not only improve systems but would make it robust and ready for future economic growth of the district, keeping in mind the potential the district.

 

Data Analysis and interpretation

 

Conclusion