例談留學生dissertation中的引言寫作(醫學專業)
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11-20, 2017
引言(Introduction)是dissertation開頭部分,也是較為難寫的部分。特別是對于留學生而言,往往把更多的時間放到對正文主體的布局或者格式的調整,在引言上并不會下太多功夫,影響dissertation的質量。引言在留學生dissertation中是非常重要的,一個好的引言可以讓讀者迅速把握與文章相關的研究背景以及本次研究的目的,從而吸引讀者閱讀全文,進一步深入了解研究細節。本文通過對優秀范文進行分析,對醫學dissertation的引言寫作思路與方法進行詳細介紹,希望對留學生有所幫助。
一般來說,引言包含以下內容:
簡單介紹相關背景;
說明研究現狀以及仍然存在的未解問題;
引出本研究,闡明研究的目的和使用的方法,必要的時候簡單介紹研究的發現和意義;
在介紹背景和研究現狀的時候要簡要地引用相關文獻來指引讀者。
有時,我們也可以把引言的寫作思路形象的理解成一個由遠及近、由大而小或由面到點的過程。
以下引言來自dissertation“Stable High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Chest Pain”
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.064
J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 2226–36
我們通過這個例子來體會一下引言的寫作思路和常用的英文表達。
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have been established as key cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) (1). The improved early diagnostic features have led to earlier rule-out and rule-in of MI in the emergency department (ED) (2–6).
本次研究和hs-cTn相關,所以先簡單介紹一下關于hs-cTn的臨床應用和意義,屬于背景介紹,讓讀者對hs-cTn有一個基本的了解。
可借鑒的英文表達
... established as key cardiac biomarkers ... 表示已經被確立為一種心臟生物標志物,相當于widely used as。
Although older-generation troponin assays offered useful prognostic information in patients with cardiac disease (7–9), evidence is consistent that the newer high-sensitivity assays retain prognostic value at levels that were undetectable with the older assays (10,11).
對hs-cTn的臨床應用進一步說明,提到newer high-sensitivity assays的敏感性更高,對于older assays不能檢測到的hs-cTn量都能檢測到,且仍具有預后價值,從而順利過渡到下面的內容。#p#分頁標題#e#
可借鑒的英文表達
evidence is consistent that ... 表示相關文獻的結論一致。
... at levels that were undetectable with the older assays ... 相當于cannot be detected with the older assays,with可以替換成by或using。
The increased sensitivity has been associated with decreased specificity, causing a substantial proportion of patients without MI to have hs-cTn levels above the 99th percentile value, which is the cutoff level for the diagnosis of MI (12,13). As for patients with cardiac disease, troponin levels have been found to be independent determinants and predictors of adverse outcomes in patients with noncardiac acute medical conditions (14).
雖然敏感性提高了,但特異性下降,很多hs-cTn檢測水平高的患者未必是心肌梗死,hs-cTn對非心臟類疾病也有預后價值。
可借鑒的英文表達
The increased sensitivity has been associated with decreased specificity, causing ... 敏感性提高伴隨著特異性下降 ;associated with常表示二者的出現有一定的關聯性,比如二者之間存在因果關系或有共同的原因,而correlated with常表示二者的變化有一定的關聯性,比如正相關、負相關。 使用動名詞引導補語值得借鑒,可以使句式更加豐富,增加句子的層次感。
Investigation and treatment of these patients are focused on the underlying conditions associated with elevated hs-cTn levels. Persistently elevated hs-cTn levels without a typical rise and/or fall pattern indicate chronic myocardial injury.
本次研究討論的不光是hs-cTn levels,而且是stable hs-cTn levels,所以,從這里開始就出現 persistently elevated hs-cTn levels without a typical rise and/or fall pattern了。
可借鑒的英文表達
... the underlying conditions associated with elevated hs-cTn levels underlying和associated with搭配的這種表達形式可以借用,比如underlying mechanism associated with,表示現象背后的原因。
Knowledge on how to investigate or treat these patients to prevent future adverse outcomes is limited (15). Moreover, in patients with chest pain but no MI, or any other condition that may affect troponin levels acutely, few data are available on the association between the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) level and long-term outcomes.
由遠及近,開始進入本次研究的范疇了。 limited和few這些詞點明了目前相關研究的不足,從而體現出本次研究的必要性。#p#分頁標題#e#
可借鑒的英文表達
few data are available on ... 摘要部分作者用的是There is a paucity of data on ... 這一表達,意思都是一樣的,類似表達大家更容易想到用there be句型,其實available也可以用,可以增加表達的豐富性。這個表達可以用來說明目前相關研究的不足,體現出本次研究的必要性。
Therefore, we conducted a large observational cohort study including all consecutive patients who sought medical attention for chest pain during a 4-year period at our hospital to investigate the association between stable hs-cTnT levels and long-term outcomes.
正式介紹本次研究的目的,即to investigate the association between stable hs-cTnT levels and long-term outcomes (in patients with chest pain) ,以及本次研究使用的方法,即a large observational cohort study。
可借鑒的英文表達
consecutive patients 連續患者,即在某個時間段內將所有就診患者入選研究,這是一種降低選擇偏倚的方法。
sought medical attention 就診的一種表達,可以借鑒。
關于文獻引用:在這個并不長的引言中,作者積極引用文獻,文獻數目達到15條,起到了較好的引導作用。要寫好一篇dissertation,尤其是引言和討論部分,需要我們留學生充分閱讀相關文獻,然后將最有用的內容提煉出來加入到文章中。
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