代寫留學生dissertation中如何正確引用
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11-03, 2017
任何專業的dissertation寫作,都不可避免的要引用別人的觀點。特別是在文學、歷史、社科等專業,甚至需要引用大量的內容。這些引用不僅是對原作者的尊重,也是論據的一部分。在英語dissertation寫作中,要求無論是直接引用或者間接引用,都是需要標注出來。很多留學生由于原本的寫作協管,在dissertation寫作會忽略引用的格式,以致于被導師質疑,甚至dissertation被返修。引用格式雖然較為麻煩,但適用于任何類型的dissertation中,對于留學生寫作還是很重要的。那么代寫留學生dissertation中具體是如何正確引用別人觀點的,又要注意哪些問題呢?
首先我們要明白,怎么樣的引用才算是比較好的引用呢?以下幾點要切記:
1.能夠清晰地告訴讀者,原出處是在哪里(沒有標出來的話就屬于抄襲);
2.能夠有機的和自己的語言結合起來,而且沒有語法錯誤(去掉引號以及后面的括號,讀者看不出來是引用了別人的話);
3.引用的內容只能是用來佐證自己的觀點,所以整篇文章中的引文不應該是重點(從篇幅上來講)。
上面的第一點,請參考我們前面的文章為大家介紹的MLA、APA 格式,今天我們來講講第二點,如何引用的漂亮呢?這邊介紹一種方法,叫做三明治引用(Sandwich Quotation),注意“每一層”字體的顏色,一種顏色代表一層,在舉例的時候特別重要:
三明治的第一層,就是 signal phrase, 比如說:“As Gladwell argues,” “In his article ‘Brain Candy,’ Gladwell states” 這些短語能夠告訴讀者,我下面的內容引用自 Gladwell,這樣的話,在后面的括號中不再需要寫作者的 Last name 了。注意,如果是第一次出現,需要寫出作者的全名,第二次出現寫 Last name 即可;如果可能,寫上作者的頭銜,增強權威性。另外常見的 signal 動詞有:criticizes, denies, explains, maintains, observes, suggests, admits, acknowledges, proposes 等等。
三明治第二層,就是引用的內容了,該內容可以是直接引用,也可以是總結,也可以同意轉述,也可以是三者的結合,引用玩之后,后面要用括號寫上出處(這是 MLA 格式里面的 in-text citation 的要求),如:
Speculating about why we so firmly believe that homework is critical to academic success, Gladwell suggests, “Perhaps because we have so little faith in the value of the things that children would otherwise be doing with their time” (36).【這里就是直接全部直接引用了】
Similarly, Pink describes several studies that show that the careers of the future will rely heavily on creativity and spatial recognition, which means people who can think with the right side of their brain will have the advantage (65). 【這里就是總結引用了】
As Malcolm Gladwell reminds us, many American schools have eliminated recess in favor of more math and language studies, favoring “explicit” learning over “collateral” learning (36). 【這邊就是直接引用+總結相結合的引用】
三明治的第三層,也是很多學生忽略的一層,就是你的引用和你想要表達的觀點之間的聯系(connection),不要覺得讀者會自己去聯系,你要為讀者做這份工作。好的聯系可以使以下手段的一種:
對你的引用進行評價,如:As Malcolm Gladwell reminds us, many American schools have eliminated recess in favor of more math and language studies, favoring “explicit” learning over “collateral” learning (36). This approach is problematic, because it takes away children’s opportunities to interact socially and problem-solve, which are critical skills in today’s world. 【最后一句話很關鍵】
解釋你引用的內容,如:Speculating about why we so firmly believe that homework is critical to academic success, #p#分頁標題#e#Gladwell suggests, “Perhaps because we have so little faith in the value of the things that children would otherwise be doing with their time” (36). In other words, Gladwell is arguing that we are so fearful of letting children play that we fill up their time with activities like homework that show little benefit.
將引用的內容和你的觀點聯系起來,如:Similarly, Pink describes several studies that show that the careers of the future will rely heavily on creativity and spatial recognition, which means people who can think with the right side of their brain will have the advantage (65). If so, then we also need to change our educational system so that we can strengthen our abilities to think with both sides of the brain, not just the left side.
三明治引用在寫比較長的dissertation非常有用,特別是老師要求你去找至少三處 sources 的時候,大家多去練習練習。這邊還要單獨講一下美高英語課中的文學分析essay,這些essay往往只要你去分析你所讀的小說、詩歌或者戲劇(primary source),不需要你去引用其他學者對這些作品的評價(secondary sources),這個時候貌似三明治里面的第一層貌似就用不到了,這邊介紹兩種方法:
第一種是將原文的整個句子和自己的話聯系在一起,如:Louise reacts initially with an immense grief that conforms to what might be socially expected from any person who has just learned the death of a loved one: “She wept at once, with sudden wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms” (652). 【這里面的 Louise 是短篇小說里面的人物,并不是作者,引用的原文的目的是為了支持前面對文本的解讀】
另外一種是只選取原文的只言片語和自己的話聯系在一起,如:Although Richards is “careful” and “tender” as when he “break[s] to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death,” Louise weeps “with sudden, wild abandonment,” a reaction that conforms to society’s expectations (69).
【注意】分析文學作品的時候,在講故事情節的時候,要用文學一般現在時!
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