交易成本理論(科斯,1937年,威廉姆森,1975)
假設(shè) :有限理性和機會主義行為
了解組織 :公司和市場的協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)的替代形式
重點 :利用市場的不自由的成本-交易成本,無論是市場交易成本或公司協(xié)調(diào)成本相對成本將決定選擇的概念,這里的關(guān)鍵決定因素是交易的尺寸
主要應(yīng)用 :縱向或橫向融合的程度(包括外包 )
Transaction cost theory (Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975)
Assumptions: bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviour
Understanding of organisation: firm and markets are alternative forms for coordinating production
Key focus: using markets is not free of costs – concept of transaction costs, relative costs of either market transaction costs or firm coordinating costs will determine choice, key determinants here are dimensions of transactions
Key application: degree of vertical or horizontal integration (including outsourcing)
代理理論;艾森哈特(詹森和麥克林,1976年,1989年)
假設(shè) :有限理性和自利行為
對組織的 理解:作為校長和代理人之間的合同關(guān)系的公司
重點 :/代理關(guān)系中的利益不同的利益沖突導(dǎo)致的代理成本的監(jiān)測和粘接成本+剩余的損失 ,
主要應(yīng)用 :治理機制-行政賠償和電路板
Agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Eisenhardt, 1989)
Assumptions: bounded rationality and self-interested behaviour
Understanding of organisation: firm as nexus of contracts between principals and agents
Key focus: conflict of interest/divergent interests in agency relationships lead to agency costs: monitoring and bonding costs + residual losses,
Key application: governance mechanisms – executive compensation and boards
在董事會的行為的觀點(“福布斯”米利肯,1997年,湖色,2007年)
假設(shè) :在個人和團隊的行為模式的變化
對組織的 認識:N / A團隊重點
重點 :團隊過程和行為有更大的性能比結(jié)構(gòu)特征的解釋力
主要應(yīng)用 :團隊行為和結(jié)果
Behavioural perspectives on boards (Forbes & Milliken, 1997; Huse, 2007)
Assumptions: variation in behavioural patterns of individuals and teams
Understanding of organisation: n/a focus on team
Key focus: team processes and behaviours have greater explanatory power for performance than structural characteristics
Key application: team behaviours and outcomes
資源基礎(chǔ)理論(觀點)(1959年,彭羅斯;巴尼,1991年)
假設(shè) :資源分布是不均勻和不完全的移動
對組織的 理解:公司作為資源包
重點 :優(yōu)異的公司業(yè)績,實現(xiàn)公司資源的珍貴,稀有,獨特的,和不可替代性
主要應(yīng)用 :競爭優(yōu)勢和戰(zhàn)略管理
Resource-based theory (view) (Penrose, 1959; Barney, 1991)#p#分頁標題#e#
Assumptions: resources are heterogeneously distributed and imperfectly mobile
Understanding of organisation: firm as bundle of resources
Key focus: superior firm performance achieved if firm resources are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable
Key application: competitive advantage and strategic management
制度理論(迪馬喬和鮑威爾,1983年,斯科特,2001年)
假設(shè) :理性的模型不存在“ -他們是社會建構(gòu)
了解組織 :組織體制領(lǐng)域的運作
重點 :機構(gòu)“推”向同質(zhì)性-強制性,規(guī)范性和模仿同構(gòu)
主要應(yīng)用 :擴散組織的做法,構(gòu)造組織的邏輯和規(guī)則的過程
Institutional theory (diMaggio & Powell, 1983; Scott, 2001)
Assumptions: models of rationality do not ‘exist’ – they are socially constructed
Understanding of organisation: organisations operate in an institutional field
Key focus: institutional ‘push’ towards homogeneity – coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism
Key application: diffusion of organisational practices, processes that construct organisational logics and rules
利益相關(guān)者理論(弗里曼,1984年,瓊斯,1995年,唐納森和普雷斯頓,1995年)
假設(shè) :沒有作出明確的道德層面,但概念的組織
對組織的 認識:多邊利益相關(guān)者和管理者之間的合同,
重點 :“誰和什么真正重要的”,道德/社會與經(jīng)濟因素,
主要應(yīng)用 :戰(zhàn)略管理,企業(yè)社會責任
Stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984; Jones, 1995; Donaldson & Preston, 1995)
Assumptions: not made explicit but notion of moral dimension to organisations
Understanding of organisation: multilateral contract between stakeholders and managers,
Key focus: ‘Who and what really counts’, ethical/social vs. economic imperatives,
Key application: strategic management, corporate social responsibility
官僚(韋伯在1983年韋伯與Andreski,布勞,1956年; Niskanen,1968年)
只有在官僚的經(jīng)濟模式-自利 行為假設(shè) :
了解組織 :自覺的協(xié)調(diào)活動系統(tǒng)-官僚主義的不同級別(層次結(jié)構(gòu),客觀,書面規(guī)則與程序,分工,效率目標,對成績的進步 )
官僚主義的 重點 :“度”,效率與個人自由,勘探與開采,電力
主要應(yīng)用 :組織結(jié)構(gòu)和流程,懷二心
Bureaucracy (Weber in Weber & Andreski, 1983; Blau, 1956; Niskanen, 1968)
Assumptions: only in economic models of bureaucracy – self-serving behaviour
Understanding of organisation: system of consciously coordinated activities – varying levels of bureaucracy (hierarchy, impersonality, written rules & procedures, division of labour, efficiency goals, advancement on achievement)
Key focus: ‘degree of bureaucracy’, efficiency vs. individual freedoms, exploration vs. exploitation, power#p#分頁標題#e#
Key application: organisational structures and processes, ambidexterity
科學(xué)的主要特點
• 預(yù)測和描述
• 普遍性(科學(xué)的“法律”)
• 經(jīng)驗主義
• 理論的依賴
• 核查與偽造
• 價值中立的學(xué)說
• 奧卡姆剃刀和逼真
Key characteristics of science
Prediction and description
Universality (scientific ‘laws’)
Empiricism
Theory-dependence
Verification versus falsification
Doctrine of value neutrality
Occam’s razor and verisimilitude
理論和證據(jù):“著名的”說什么
“人們都經(jīng)驗豐富,但貧理論”(馬爾科姆格拉德威爾,“引爆點”和“離群”的作者)
“如果事實不符合理論,改變的事實。”愛因斯坦
“我們應(yīng)該通過理論為指導(dǎo),不是由數(shù)字。”-- W. Edwards Deming
“沒有理論的經(jīng)驗是盲目的,但沒有經(jīng)驗的理論是單純的智力發(fā)揮。”(康德)
Theory and evidence: what the ‘famous’ say
“People are experience-rich but theory-poor” (Malcolm Gladwell, author of ‘Tipping Point’ and ‘Outliers’)
“If the facts don’t fit the theory, change the facts.” (Albert Einstein)
“We should be guided by theory, not by numbers.” (W.Edwards Deming)
“Experience without theory is blind, but theory without experience is mere intellectual play.” (Immanuel Kant)
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