Economic essay格式范文：Economic Impact of Information Systems
Economic essay格式范文-信息系統的經濟影響。本文是一篇留學生經濟學essay寫作范文，主要內容是講述信息系統技術可以被視為一種生產要素，可以取代傳統的資本和勞動力。隨著計算機技術投資的增加，管理信息的勞動量也在減少。因此，Essay提出充分采用信息技術應該會減少中層管理人員和文職人員的數量，因為信息技術可以替代他們的勞動力。本篇essay指出業務流程被定義為一組邏輯相關的活動，這些活動決定了如何執行特定的業務任務。它是一個組織如何在提供信息的情況下協調工作活動，以生產有價值的產品或服務。向客戶提供的產品或服務的好壞在很大程度上取決于組織內的級別或協調。精心設計的流程可以成為競爭優勢的來源，為公司帶來實力。通常，大多數公司在很大程度上依賴信息技術的優勢來實現這些目標。以下內容就是這篇Economic essay格式范文，供參考。
Explain the economic impact of information system in the context of Gerbang Furniture. And critically discuss the core activities discussed by Laudon (2015) in the information system development process?在格邦家具的背景下解釋信息系統的經濟影響。并批判性地討論Laudon在信息系統開發過程中討論的核心活動？
Information system technology can be viewed as a factor of production that can be substituted for traditional capital and labor. As the investment on computer technology increases, the amount of labor works in managing the information decreases. Hence, fully adoption to information technology should results in the reduction in number of middle managers and clerical workers as information technology substitutes for their labor (Laudon, 2016) [1].
Business process was defined as logically related set of activities that determined how specific business tasks are performed. It is how an organization coordinate work activities with provided information to produce a valuable product or services. How well the product or services delivered to the customer is much depending on the level or coordination within the organization. Well-designed process can be a source of competitive advantages that gives strength to the company. Usually most companies relies heavily on the advantages of information technology to meet such objectives.
Business process usually can be classified into core process and the support process. The core process are the operational process of business or key activities that required to produce the product or services to the customer (Laudon, 2016) [1]. Example for Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF) as furniture manufacturing company core activity is the work that involved in producing furniture. To be exact on specific activities are product design, fabrication, assembly, finishing and packaging. These activities must exist in order to meet customer requirement for the set of furniture sales order.
業務流程通常可以分為核心流程和支持流程。核心流程是為客戶生產產品或服務所需的業務或關鍵活動的運營流程。格邦家具公司作為家具制造公司的核心業務是生產家具。確切地說，具體活動是產品設計、制造、組裝、精加工和包裝。這些活動必須存在，才能滿足客戶對家具銷售訂單的要求。
Another category of support process are those activities that enable the core process to exist. Some example of support activities are sales order processing, customer credit control check, production scheduling, materials requirement planning and material purchasing. These support processes are crucial in order the core process to exist and operate smoothly. Before information technology age, data’s were handle in manual way with a lot of human intervention.
另一類支持過程是那些使核心過程得以存在的活動。支持活動的示例包括銷售訂單處理、客戶信用控制檢查、生產計劃、材料需求計劃和材料采購。這些支持流程對于核心流程的存在和順利運行至關重要。在信息技術時代之前，數據是以人工方式處理的，需要大量的人工干預。
According to transaction cost theory, firms and individuals seek to economize on transaction costs as much as they do on other aspect of production costs or operation costs. Information Technology affects the cost and quality of information and changes the economics of information. Traditionally, firms have tried to reduce transaction cost through vertical integration, by getting bigger, hiring more employees and buying their own suppliers and distributors (Laudon, 2016) [1].
本篇essay范文是根據交易成本理論，企業和個人在生產成本或運營成本的其他方面都尋求節約交易成本。信息技術影響信息的成本和質量，并改變信息的經濟性。傳統上，公司試圖通過垂直整合來降低交易成本，通過做大、雇傭更多員工以及購買自己的供應商和分銷商。
In the context of Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF), Sales information system can helps in consolidating the customer sales orders in more efficient ways. For example, using statistical number, the amount of order based on design, quantity and purchased history can be collected within a fraction of time. The records of customer preference and special order request can be monitored closely thus improved the level of customer satisfaction. And as control check prior to delivery, customer service team can perform customer credit check to ensure no past overdue payment. This can avoid long overdue account receivable getting accumulated and impacting the company cash flows.
在格邦家具公司的背景下，銷售信息系統可以幫助以更有效的方式整合客戶的銷售訂單。例如，使用統計數字，可以在很短的時間內收集基于設計、數量和購買歷史的訂單金額。可以密切監控客戶偏好和特殊訂單請求的記錄，從而提高客戶滿意度。作為交付前的控制檢查，客戶服務團隊可以進行客戶信用檢查，以確保沒有逾期付款。這樣可以避免長期逾期的應收賬款累積，影響公司現金流。
Another usage of sales data is the list of historical customer sales order records. By understanding the historical trend, future sales demand requirement can be plotted based on repeated pattern and trend. The information from future demand requirement can be used as a guideline for material requirement forecast. This can avoid the factory from over purchasing of raw materials and buying the not required materials. Over purchasing of raw materials is a sheer waste as it consume warehouse space and company working capital has been tied up with non-moving WIPs’. At the same time, under purchasing is equally bad as it exposed to the risks of material shortages if the demand fluctuates. Therefore a good level of stocks balancing is important for cost effectiveness as the stocks has to be at the lowest whilst keeping the level of supply consistent.
銷售數據的另一個用法是歷史客戶銷售訂單記錄的列表。通過了解歷史趨勢，可以根據重復的模式和趨勢繪制未來的銷售需求。來自未來需求的信息可以作為材料需求預測的指南。這樣可以避免工廠過度采購原材料和購買不需要的材料。過度購買原材料是一種純粹的浪費，因為它消耗了倉庫空間，公司的營運資金與不流動的WIPs捆綁在一起。與此同時，采購不足同樣糟糕，因為如果需求波動，它將面臨材料短缺的風險。因此，良好的庫存平衡水平對成本效益很重要，因為庫存必須處于最低水平，同時保持供應水平的一致性。
Apart from demand management, MIS would be able to help in connecting sales information from upstream to downstream in order to give the businesses a complete and holistic view. Information from downstream is collated and combined with upstream information to give an understanding on business position and strength. As an example in Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF), the information on historical customer orders can be projected to understand future expected business growth. It will then can be linked to factory production capacity where future investment decision shall be discussed. With a right information on hand, decision on investment tools, business expansion risk, returns on investment effectiveness can be calculated accurately.
本篇essay指出除了需求管理之外，MIS還可以幫助將銷售信息從上游連接到下游，以便為企業提供完整和全面的視圖。對來自下游的信息進行整理，并將其與上游信息相結合，以了解業務地位和實力。以Gerbang Furniture Sdn.Bhd為例，可以預測歷史客戶訂單的信息，以了解未來的預期業務增長。然后可以將其與工廠生產能力聯系起來，討論未來的投資決策。掌握了正確的信息，就可以準確地計算投資工具的決策、業務擴張風險、投資效益回報。
And according to agency cost theory, information technology can reduce internal management costs. A principle also known as owner employs “agents” or employees to perform work to accomplish the company tasks and objectives. As the company grew in size and scope, the coordination costs or called as agency would also growing. The information technology makes the manager’s task easier to oversee and coordinate with a greater number of employee. The employee payroll, performance, duties, roles and responsibilities can be coordinated in much efficient manner with very few clerks and managers (Laudon, 2016) [1].
Essay范文是根據代理成本理論，信息技術可以降低內部管理成本。一種原則也被稱為所有者雇傭“代理人”或員工來完成公司的任務和目標。隨著公司規模和范圍的擴大，協調成本或代理費用也將增加。信息技術使經理的任務更容易監督和協調更多的員工。員工的工資單、績效、職責、角色和責任可以在極少數職員和經理的情況下以非常有效的方式進行協調。
As much as the company is growing bigger and more complex, human alone can’t handle the amount of manual information circulated in the company. The risks would be too big such as data integrity due to data entry error, information wouldn’t be able to be presented in an effective way and decision making will be slow and not flexible. For a large company, the amount of cost spent on MIS with an integrated information system would definitely a small fraction ratio with the benefit of economics of scales. The benefits obtained from an improved decisions making and risks elimination is definitely worth the ROI.
References 參考文獻
[01] Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2016),“Management Information Systems, Managing the Digital Firm”, Global Edition Text Book, Fourteenth Edition pg. 121 – 122
[02] Josh Bendickson Jeff Muldoon Eric W. Liguori Phillip E. Davis, (2016),“Agency theory: background and epistemology “, Journal of Management History, Vol. 22 Iss 4 pp. 437 – 449
[03] Mary S. Logan, (2000),“Using Agency Theory to Design Successful Outsourcing Relationships”, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 11 Iss 2 pp. 21 – 32
[04] Naomi Wangari Mwai Joseph Kiplang’at David Gichoya , (2014),“Application of resource dependency theory and transaction cost theory in analysing outsourcing information communication services decisions A case of selected public university libraries in Kenya “, The Electronic Library, Vol. 32 Iss 6 pp. 786 – 805
[05] Ogan M. Yigitbasioglu, (2010),”Information sharing with key suppliers: a transaction cost theory
Perspective”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 Iss. 7 pp. 550 – 578
本篇essay總結到：隨著公司越來越大、越來越復雜，僅靠人類無法處理公司中流傳的大量人工信息。風險太大，例如由于數據輸入錯誤導致的數據完整性，信息無法以有效的方式呈現，決策過程緩慢且不靈活。對于一個大公司來說，在具有集成信息系統的MIS上花費的成本肯定是一個很小的比例，這有利于規模經濟。從改進決策和消除風險中獲得的好處絕對值得投資回報。本站提供各國各專業essay格式范文，essay代寫以及essay寫作指導，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
