代寫MBA essay范例：Business Ethics in Fictitious Company Analysis
代寫MBA essay范例-虛擬公司的商業(yè)道德分析。本文是一篇留學(xué)生MBA essay寫作參考，本篇essay分析將首先簡要介紹一家虛構(gòu)的衛(wèi)星成像公司國際衛(wèi)星圖像公司，如“戰(zhàn)略管理和商業(yè)政策”案例3所述，以及ISI在商業(yè)道德中的作用。第二，essay將作為兩種不同的情景進(jìn)行，得出不同的結(jié)果。最后，將根據(jù)作者認(rèn)為對公司最有利的結(jié)果提出建議。下面就一起來看一下這篇MBA essay代寫范例。
This essay will first include a brief introduction of a fictitious satellite imaging company, International Satellite Images (ISI), described in Case 3 of “Strategic Management and Business Policy,” and the role ISI plays in business ethics. Secondly, an analysis will be given as two separate scenarios that derive alternative outcomes. Lastly, a recommendation will be given based on the outcome I believe would be most beneficial for company.
Introduction:引言
ISI is in the process of developing a new imaging satellite capable of clear images within one meter. 150 percent of funding must be secured by ISI to complete the project. It will take $200 million to launch and build the satellite. Bankruptcy will be filed by the company if ISI is unable to secure funding during the launch process. Industry competition includes four nations: United States, France, Russia and Israel. The U.S. has the lead in technology regarding satellite image quality. The U.S. based companies are Lockart, Global Sciences and ISI. At ISI, Jim Willis is the Vice President of marketing and sales and Fred Ballard is the company’s President.
ISI正在開發(fā)一種能夠在一米內(nèi)清晰成像的新型成像衛(wèi)星。ISI必須確保150%的資金才能完成該項(xiàng)目。發(fā)射和建造這顆衛(wèi)星需要2億美元。如果ISI在啟動過程中無法獲得資金，該公司將申請破產(chǎn)。行業(yè)競爭包括四個國家：美國、法國、俄羅斯和以色列。美國在衛(wèi)星圖像質(zhì)量技術(shù)方面處于領(lǐng)先地位。總部設(shè)在美國的公司有Lockart、Global Sciences和ISI。在ISI，Jim Willis是營銷和銷售副總裁，F(xiàn)red Ballard是公司總裁。
The Issue:問題
The new technology that ISI is developing consists of a thermal stabilizer for the satellite’s camera that a subcontractor is creating. The subcontractor claims that they are delayed-pushing ISI’s launch date out another 12 to 18 months. ISI’s competitors claim to be within the 6 month window of ISI’s initial published launch date. Each of the U.S. based companies revised their launch dates at least once if not twice. By doing so it changes the terms of the contract and creates further international contract negotiations leading to possible termination of contract. After learning this information, Fred Ballard believes the his customers already expect delays and disregards Jim Willis’ input on the matter extending the launch date.
ISI正在開發(fā)的新技術(shù)包括一個分包商正在創(chuàng)建的衛(wèi)星相機(jī)熱穩(wěn)定器。分包商聲稱，他們將ISI的發(fā)布日期再推遲12到18個月。ISI的競爭對手聲稱在ISI最初公布的發(fā)布日期的6個月窗口期內(nèi)。每家美國公司都至少修改了一次發(fā)布日期，如果不是兩次的話。通過這樣做，它改變了合同條款，并創(chuàng)造了進(jìn)一步的國際合同談判，導(dǎo)致合同可能終止。在得知這些信息后，F(xiàn)red Ballard認(rèn)為他的客戶已經(jīng)預(yù)料到了延遲，并無視Jim Willis對延長發(fā)布日期的意見。
ISI became apprised of a Japanese company, named Higashi Trading Company (HTC), that has been in a 6 month negotiation with ISI regarding a $10 million per year contract. Willis believes that ISI’s? prior knowledge of the launch delay due to the thermal stabilizer and not the actual spacecraft could damage the relationship with HTC and lose their contract.
ISI獲悉一家名為東貿(mào)易公司的日本公司與ISI就一份每年1000萬美元的合同進(jìn)行了為期6個月的談判。Willis認(rèn)為，ISI事先知道發(fā)射延遲是由于熱穩(wěn)定器而不是實(shí)際的航天器造成的，這可能會損害與HTC的關(guān)系，并失去他們的合同。
Because the satellite imagery industry is quickly growing, all participants have to keep their current clients to be able to take part. Companies in this industry also need venture capitalists to finance projects. The negotiations with HTC has created duress for Jim bringing him to the point of whether to act ethically or unethically-in favor of his company.
由于衛(wèi)星圖像行業(yè)正在快速發(fā)展，所有參與者都必須保留現(xiàn)有客戶才能參與其中。這個行業(yè)的公司也需要風(fēng)險投資家來為項(xiàng)目融資。與HTC的談判給Jim帶來了壓力，讓他不得不做出有利于公司的道德行為還是不道德行為。
Ethical Dilemma:道德困境
1. What are sources of the factors, which have created the ethical dilemma? There are several internal and external forces at work here.造成道德困境的因素來源是什么？這里有幾種內(nèi)部和外部的力量在起作用。
Internal forces include:內(nèi)部力量包括
吉姆·威利斯的老板弗蘭克·巴拉德已經(jīng)明確指示吉姆不要透露這些信息。公司行為準(zhǔn)則不允許未經(jīng)事先批準(zhǔn)披露公司專有信息。該公司的財務(wù)健康狀況可能會受到威脅。吉姆·威利斯的個人財務(wù)狀況可能會受到威脅。
Jim Willis’ boss, Frank Ballard, has given Jim a specific instruction not to disclose the information. the company code of conduct does not permit the disclosure of company proprietary information without prior approval. the financial health of the company could be jeopardized. Jim Willis’ personal financial well being could be jeopardized.
External forces include:外部力量包括
industry practice is to publicize optimistic completion dates that are rarely met.行業(yè)慣例是公布樂觀的完工日期，而這些日期很少實(shí)現(xiàn)。
the financial industry that has profitability expectations which may be impossible to meet if realistic information is provided.如果提供了現(xiàn)實(shí)的信息，可能無法滿足盈利預(yù)期的金融業(yè)。
2. Is it ever appropriate to withhold negative information from the client?向客戶隱瞞負(fù)面信息是否合適？
The answer is, it depends. Potential problems with production, delivery, and maintenance arise all the time. Most of these problems are solved without any customer impact. It is neither productive, nor reasonable to bring all of these problems to the customer’s attention. However, when a known problem has the likelihood of having a severe negative effect on a customer, it is the company’s responsibility to disclose this information. Numerous illustrations in the consumer arena are testaments to the effect of failure to disclose. Ford Pinto gas tanks and Firestone tires (Miller, 2000) had serious negative effects customer. Cases like Tylenol (Stevenson, 1986) suggest that early disclosure can actually improve customer perception and loyalty.
答案是，這取決于情況。生產(chǎn)、交付和維護(hù)方面的潛在問題總是會出現(xiàn)。這些問題中的大多數(shù)都得到了解決，不會對客戶造成任何影響。將所有這些問題都提請客戶注意既沒有成效，也不合理。然而，當(dāng)已知問題可能對客戶產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響時，公司有責(zé)任披露這些信息。消費(fèi)者領(lǐng)域的許多插圖都是未披露的證據(jù)。福特Pinto的油箱和Firestone輪胎對客戶產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面影響。像泰諾這樣的案例表明，早期披露實(shí)際上可以提高客戶的感知和忠誠度。
3. What should ISI do?ISI應(yīng)該怎么做？
As the epilog illustrates, the customer was savvy enough to provide safe guards against industry practice and the deal did not go through until much later than planned. While there is no information as to whether or not the same ordering delay would have happened if Jim Willis had disclosed the information in advance of the negotiations, it was clear that the level of trust between the parties was very low since the Japanese insisted upon completion guarantees.
正如epilog所示，該客戶足夠精明，能夠提供針對行業(yè)慣例的安全保護(hù)，直到比計劃晚得多，交易才得以完成。雖然沒有信息表明，如果Jim Willis在談判前披露了信息，是否會發(fā)生同樣的訂購延遲，但很明顯，由于日本人堅持提供完工保證，雙方之間的信任程度非常低。
Therefore, it can be surmised that in this case, disclosure could have afforded the two parties the opportunity to work more closely together and in the end helped ISI to close the contract earlier, on better terms. Therefore, in this case, ISI should either have disclosed the negative information or delayed negotiations.
因此，可以推測，在這種情況下，披露本可以為雙方提供更緊密合作的機(jī)會，并最終幫助ISI以更好的條件更早地完成合同。因此，在這種情況下，ISI應(yīng)該要么披露負(fù)面信息，要么推遲談判。
Scenario 1:場景1
In the actual case, the date was not initially disclosed to the customer. However, the customer insisted that if the launch date was missed, the customer had the right to renegotiate the terms of the contract or void it all together. Further, the customer insisted that any ISI software purchased by the customer would be fully refundable if the satellite did not launch within six months of the launch date. Under these circumstances, ISI was forced to disclose that the launch date was in jeopardy. At that point, contract negotiations were suspended for more than a year. Other potential contracts were also put on hold. Although contracts were finally negotiated, it was not until after ISI went through bankruptcy and reorganization. Neither Jim Willis nor Fred Ballard was with ISI when the satellite finally launched. The actual launch took place five years after the original launch date. As Fred Ballard had predicted, all competitor launch dates were similarly delayed.
在實(shí)際案例中，最初并未向客戶披露日期。然而，客戶堅持認(rèn)為，如果錯過了發(fā)布日期，客戶有權(quán)重新談判合同條款，否則將全部作廢。此外，客戶堅持認(rèn)為，如果衛(wèi)星在發(fā)射日期后六個月內(nèi)沒有發(fā)射，客戶購買的任何ISI軟件都將全額退款。在這種情況下，ISI被迫披露發(fā)射日期岌岌可危。當(dāng)時，合同談判暫停了一年多。其他潛在合同也被擱置。盡管最終談判達(dá)成了合同，但直到ISI破產(chǎn)和重組之后。衛(wèi)星最終發(fā)射時，吉姆·威利斯和弗雷德·巴拉德都不在ISI。實(shí)際發(fā)射是在原定發(fā)射日期五年后進(jìn)行的。正如弗雷德·巴拉德預(yù)測的那樣，所有競爭對手的發(fā)布日期都同樣推遲了。
Scenario 2:場景2
In 2004, the US government announced its intention to purchase commercial satellite imagery worth over $500,000,000. The contract would fund the production and launch of a new spacecraft. Imagery resolution would be less than .5 meters. The leading contender for the contact entered one-on-one negotiations with the US government. Negotiations broke off after the two sides failed to iron out financial terms and negotiate a “realistic” launch date. The satellite company had provided a launch date that they believed was realistic but which fell beyond the schedule the government agency requested. Industry experts knew the government agency’s launch date request was not realistic.
2004年，美國政府宣布打算購買價值超過5億美元的商業(yè)衛(wèi)星圖像。該合同將為新航天器的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)射提供資金。圖像分辨率將低于0.5米。此次接觸的主要競爭者與美國政府進(jìn)行了一對一談判。在雙方未能敲定財務(wù)條款并就“現(xiàn)實(shí)”的發(fā)射日期進(jìn)行談判后，談判破裂。衛(wèi)星公司提供了一個他們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)的發(fā)射日期，但超出了政府機(jī)構(gòu)要求的時間表。業(yè)內(nèi)專家知道，政府機(jī)構(gòu)提出的上市日期要求并不現(xiàn)實(shí)。
ISI had just emerged from bankruptcy protection and had launched its first high-resolution satellite (which had sensor problems and was unable to deliver planned image quality). Even though ISI was the weakest contender for the contract, they were awarded the contract. They were awarded the contract primarily because they agreed “comply” to the government spy agencies required launch date.
ISI剛剛擺脫破產(chǎn)保護(hù)，發(fā)射了第一顆高分辨率衛(wèi)星（該衛(wèi)星存在傳感器問題，無法提供計劃中的圖像質(zhì)量）。盡管ISI是這份合同的最弱競爭者，但他們還是獲得了這份合同。他們之所以獲得這份合同，主要是因?yàn)樗麄兺狻白袷亍闭g諜機(jī)構(gòu)要求的發(fā)射日期。
The question of ethics remains. One company truthful in its bid for the contract disclosed that it could not make the required launch date – they lost the contract. The other company agreed to the launch date requested in the contract even though it is extremely unlikely that they would be able to build and launch the satellite on time, and won the contract.
道德問題依然存在。一家公司在競標(biāo)該合同時如實(shí)披露，它無法達(dá)到規(guī)定的發(fā)布日期——他們失去了合同。另一家公司同意了合同中要求的發(fā)射日期，盡管他們不太可能按時建造和發(fā)射衛(wèi)星，并贏得了合同。
Less than six months after the contract award the winning company purchased the other company. ISI’s satellite is believed to be behind schedule.
合同授予后不到六個月，中標(biāo)公司收購了另一家公司。ISI的衛(wèi)星被認(rèn)為落后于計劃。
Recommendations:建議
Lying will breach their mutual trust, and also might increase risk of their goals during this contract i.e. hurried accomplishments.
撒謊會破壞他們的互信，也可能會增加他們在合同期間實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的風(fēng)險，即匆忙完成任務(wù)。
If ISI wanted profits over ethics, 20 years ago, that might have worked due to limited market competition. Nowadays, ISI has to consider that even though short term profits are gained, long term relationships also build even more profits. With a lie, this will destroy those opportunities for long term commitments and result in loss of potential future capital. ISI needs to focus long term, especially with their industry standards.
如果ISI在20年前想要利潤而不是道德，那么由于市場競爭有限，這可能會奏效。如今，ISI必須考慮到，即使獲得了短期利潤，長期關(guān)系也會帶來更多利潤。如果撒謊，這將破壞這些長期承諾的機(jī)會，并導(dǎo)致未來潛在資本的損失。ISI需要長期關(guān)注，尤其是他們的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Disclose the fact mentioning delay time, approaching a revised proposal with possible time duration and being more focused on the thermal stabilizer and other technical factors attained by subcontractors.
References 參考文獻(xiàn)
(Cox, 2008)Cox. (2008, June 17). Case study: Misleading satellite data contract. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
(Ward, 2010) Ward, L. (2010, August 25). The Evolution Of The U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy. (11).
(Wheelen, 2015) Wheelen, T. (2015). Strategic Management and Business Policy (14th ed.). Pearson.
披露提及延遲時間的事實(shí)，接近可能持續(xù)時間的修訂提案，并更加關(guān)注分包商獲得的熱穩(wěn)定劑和其他技術(shù)因素。
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