Business Essay格式范文：Blockbuster Drugs In The Pharmaceutical Industry

Business Essay格式范文-制藥行業的暢銷藥。本文是一篇留學生Business Essay寫作參考，主要內容是講述制藥行業的增長速度比現有的許多其他行業都快。上述行業生產的創新藥物享有約20年的專利保護。在這篇essay中，作者將解釋創新者和仿制藥行業之間的區別，從而比較和分析有史以來收入最高的五種藥物。此外，作者會比較他們在專利期內和專利期滿后的銷售情況。下面就一起來看一下這篇Essay格式范文的具體內容，學習并掌握Essay怎么寫。

Analysis Of Top Five Blockbuster Drugs In The Pharmaceutical Industry 制藥行業五大暢銷藥分析

Abstract 摘要

The pharmaceutical industry is growing faster than many other industries in existence. Innovator drugs manufactured by the above industry enjoy a patent protection of around twenty years.

In my essay, I shall explain the difference between an innovator and generic pharmaceutical industries and thereby compare and analyze the five highest grossing drugs of all time. Further, I would compare their sale during their patent life and after the expiry of their patent life.

Introduction 引言

In this technology driven world, the awareness of various brands has become common knowledge. Majority of the people identify brands like Apple, Samsung, Honda, Toyota, Tata, Vodafone and Reliance and some even possess decent knowledge about them. The industry with most unpopular brands is the pharmaceutical industry.

在這個技術驅動的世界里，各種品牌的知名度已經成為常識。大多數人都認同蘋果、三星、本田、豐田、塔塔、沃達豐和信實等品牌，有些人甚至對它們有相當的了解。最不受歡迎的品牌是制藥行業。

This doesn’t change the fact that pharmaceutical industry is making huge profits. With the spread of epidemics and diseases, the pharmaceutical industry is blooming. Pharmaceutical drugs have a quite long patent life (around 20 years) than products of other industries. During the patent life of a certain drug, the respective company enjoys a monopoly. Awareness regarding pharmaceutical industry, their investment patterns, and their profit generation is of utmost importance.

這并不能改變制藥行業賺取巨額利潤的事實。隨著流行病和疾病的蔓延，制藥行業正在蓬勃發展。與其他行業的產品相比，制藥的專利壽命相當長（約20年）。在某種藥物的專利期內，各自的公司享有壟斷地位。對制藥行業、其投資模式和利潤產生的認識至關重要。

Objectives of the Study 研究目標

To determine the difference between Generic and Innovator drugs.確定仿制藥和創新藥之間的區別。

Differentiate between drug, brand, and company.區分藥品、品牌和公司。

To understand patent protection laws.了解專利保護法。

To analyze the profit made by five highest grossing drugs in the world.分析世界上收入最高的五種藥物的利潤。

To observe the sale patterns during patent life and post patent life.觀察專利期和專利期后的銷售模式。

To understand the role of FDA in regulating the pharmaceutical industry.了解美國食品藥品監督管理局在監管制藥行業中的作用。

Pharmaceutical Industry 制藥工業

All the companies manufacturing medicines, injectable, inhalers, vaccines and core healthcare products come under the pharmaceutical industry.所有生產藥品、注射劑、吸入器、疫苗和核心醫療保健產品的公司都屬于制藥行業。

Pharmaceutical Companies are broadly classified into two types.制藥公司大致分為兩類

Innovator Companies 創新型公司

Generic Companies 仿制藥的公司

Innovator companies are those companies which do the tough job. They identify the disease, study the causing agent, develop a molecule, test the molecule, develop the drug, test it on animals, test it on humans, study the adverse effects, get the drug approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration), manufacture it and finally sell it in the market.

創新型公司是那些做艱苦工作的公司。他們識別疾病，研究病原體，開發分子，測試分子，開發藥物，在動物身上測試，在人體上測試，研究不良反應，獲得美國食品藥品監督管理局的批準，生產并最終在市場上銷售。

The above process of developing a totally new drug requires an investment of 10 to 20 years of time and $1 billion to $10 billion of capital. Apart from the above labor, FDA takes more 2 to 5 years to approve the drug. In return, the company gets a patent protection on the above product for around 20 years, if applied.

開發一種全新藥物的上述過程需要10至20年的時間和10億至100億美元的資本投資。除了上述工作外，美國食品藥品監督管理局還需要2到5年的時間才能批準該藥物。作為回報，如果申請，該公司將獲得上述產品的專利保護約20年。

The company enjoys a monopoly in the market as long as the patent of the product lasts. Of all the molecules developed, only 10% make to the market. The investment required in an innovator company is humongous.

只要產品的專利有效，該公司就享有市場壟斷權。在所有開發的分子中，只有10%進入市場。一家創新型公司所需的投資是巨大的。

Companies like Pfizer, Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly are Innovators.輝瑞、諾華、安進、阿斯利康和禮來等公司都是創新者。

Generic companies, on the other hand, play it safe. They don’t develop any molecule, instead, they develop the innovator’s drug at much lower cost. When the innovator drug’s patent expires, the generic companies flood the market with their drugs at a much lower price. Since generic companies don’t have a patent protection, they have to face competition from the other generic companies as well as the innovator itself.

另一方面，仿制藥的公司則謹慎行事。他們不開發任何產品，相反，他們以更低的成本開發創新者的藥物。當創新藥物的專利到期時，仿制藥公司會以更低的價格向市場推出大量藥物。由于仿制藥公司沒有專利保護，他們必須面對來自其他仿制藥公司以及創新者本身的競爭。

Almost all Indian pharmaceutical companies are generic in nature.幾乎所有的印度制藥公司本質上都是仿制藥的公司。

Companies like Sandoz, Ranbaxy, Cipla, and Teva are Generic.像Sandoz、Ranbaxy、Cipla和Teva這樣的公司都是仿制藥的公司。

Products 產品

There are 3 terms used while talking about pharmaceutical products are drug also known as a molecule or generic name, the brand name, and the company. I’ll differentiate between the 3 using the example of a common medicine called Crocin.

在談論醫藥產品時，有三個術語是藥物，也稱為分子或通用名稱、品牌名稱和公司。我將以一種名為Crocin的普通藥物為例來區分這三種藥物。

Drug/Molecule/Salt/Generic Name – It denotes the composition of the product, here medicine. Many medicines can have the same generic name but not the same brand name.

Example: Acetaminophen

藥物/分子/鹽/通用名稱–表示產品的成分，此處為藥物。許多藥物可以有相同的通用名稱，但不能有相同的品牌名稱。

例如：對乙酰氨基酚

Brand/ Brand Name – It is the unique name given by the company to its product. No two brand name can be the same.

Example: Crocin

品牌/品牌名稱–這是公司為其產品提供的唯一名稱。沒有兩個品牌名稱可以相同。

例如：Crocin

Company – It is the organization that manufactures the drug and sells it in the market.

Example: GlaxoSmithKline

公司——是生產藥物并在市場上銷售的組織。

例如：葛蘭素史克

Patent and Intellectual Property 專利和知識產權

A Patent is a commitment by the Government and WTO (World Trade Organization), ensuring the owner monopoly of a certain entity for a particular period of time. Any person or organization must take permission from the patent owner to reproduce a part or whole of his patented entity, failing which the patent owner holds the power to sue the certain individual or the organization in the court of law.

專利是政府和世貿組織（世界貿易組織）的承諾，確保所有者在特定時期內壟斷某一實體。任何個人或組織復制其專利實體的一部分或全部必須獲得專利權人的許可，否則專利權人有權向法院起訴特定個人或組織。

The number of patents issued in the pharmaceutical industry far exceeds the number of patents issued in any other industry. There are 2 types of patents.制藥行業的專利數量遠遠超過任何其他行業的專利。專利有兩種類型。

Design Patents 外觀設計專利

Utility Patents 實用新型專利

In the pharmaceutical industry even the process can be patented calling it a process a patent. All countries which have signed the charter with WTO are obliged to respect the charter. There are 3 ways to sell the patented entity within its patent life.

在制藥行業，甚至這種工藝也可以獲得專利，稱之為專利。所有與世貿組織簽署《憲章》的國家都有義務遵守《憲章》。在專利有效期內出售專利實體有三種方式。

Receive permission from the current patent owner.獲得當前專利所有者的許可。

Purchase the patent rights from the owner.從所有者處購買專利權。

Bypass the patent, develop a different process to develop an entity from the one patented.繞過專利，開發不同于專利的實體開發過程。

Top 5 Highest Grossing Drugs 產量最高的前5種藥物

Lipitor by Pfizer 輝瑞立普妥

Plavix by Sanofi and Bristol – Myers 賽諾菲和百時美的Plavix

Humira by AbbVie AbbVie的Humira

Seretide by GlaxoSmithKline 葛蘭素史克Seretide

Enbrel by Amgen 安進Enbrel

Brand: Lipitor 品牌：立普妥

Drug: Atorvastatin 藥物：阿托伐他汀

Company: Pfizer 公司：輝瑞

Lipitor was launched by Pfizer in 1997 and it has been the highest grossing drug of all time. It made sales of around $120 billion until its patent expired in 2011. Now Lipitor sales have declined due to facing competition by generic industries.

立普妥由輝瑞公司于1997年推出，一直是有史以來票房最高的藥物。在2011年專利到期之前，該公司的銷售額約為1200億美元。由于面臨仿制藥行業的競爭，立普妥的銷量已經下降。

The above graph shows that Lipitor sales were at its peak between 2006 and 2009. After the expiry of the patent in 2011, its sales have considerably declined.

上圖顯示立普妥的銷售額在2006年至2009年期間達到峰值。2011年專利到期后，其銷量大幅下降。

Lipitor was used to reduce cholesterol in the blood. Due to the birth of junk food in early 2000, the cholesterol level in the majority of the population increased, owing to high sales of Lipitor during that period.

立普妥被用來降低血液中的膽固醇。由于2000年初垃圾食品的誕生，由于立普妥在這段時間的高銷量，大多數人的膽固醇水平都有所上升。

Pfizer had a golden time during the patent tenure of Lipitor. Even today, Pfizer is the largest innovator company in the world.

輝瑞在立普妥的專利期內度過了一段黃金時期。即使在今天，輝瑞仍然是世界上最大的創新公司。

Brand: Plavix 品牌：Plavix

Drug: Clopidogrel 藥物：氯吡格雷

Company: Bristol – Myers & Sanofi 公司：百時美施貴寶和賽諾菲

The above graph depicts the annual sales of Plavix during its patent life. Plavix was launched in 1998 as a joint effort by Sanofi Aventis and Bristol Myers. Plavix patent will expire by 2016. It is the second bestselling drug in the world after Lipitor.

上圖顯示了Plavix在其專利期內的年銷售額。Plavix于1998年由賽諾菲-安萬特和百時美施貴寶聯合推出。Plavix專利將于2016年到期。它是繼立普妥之后世界上第二暢銷的藥物。

Plavix is used to prevent and avoid heart attacks in patients. Plavix has an all-time sale of $ 87 Billion.

Plavix用于預防和避免患者心臟病發作。Plavix的歷史銷售額為870億美元。

Brand: Humira 品牌：Humira

Drug: Adalimumab 藥物：阿達木單抗

Company: AbbVie 公司：AbbVie

Humira was launched by AbbVie in 2003. It is one of the most best-selling drugs of the 21st century. It was developed for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Its patent is still intact. The graph below denotes the sale of Humira.

Humira由AbbVie于2003年推出。它是21世紀最暢銷的藥物之一。它是為治療類風濕性關節炎而開發的。它的專利仍然完好無損。下圖表示Humira的銷售情況。

From 2003, when Humira was launched, its sales have increased exponentially and it still has patent protection. If this trend continues, it might rival Lipitor.

自2003年推出Humira以來，其銷售額呈指數級增長，至今仍有專利保護。如果這種趨勢持續下去，它可能會與立普妥競爭。

Brand: Seretide 品牌：Seretide

Drug: Salmeterol and Fluticasone 藥物：沙美特羅和氟替卡松

Company: GlaxoSmithKline 公司：葛蘭素史克

Seretide was first launched in Europe in 1999. Seretide was sold along with an inhaler. It was developed to prevent people from dying from an asthma attack. The use an inhaler to absorb medicine was a revolutionary concept in the late 1990s.

Seretide于1999年首次在歐洲推出。Seretide與吸入器一起出售。它是為了防止人們死于哮喘發作而開發的。使用吸入器吸收藥物在20世紀90年代末是一個革命性的概念。

Many generic alternatives of Seretide are available in the market today, due to the patent expiry of Seretide. Seretide was one of the highest grossing medicine of all time.

由于賽瑞德的專利到期，目前市場上有許多賽瑞德的通用替代品。Seretide是有史以來收入最高的藥物之一。

The graph below depicts sale patterns of Seretide through different years.下圖描繪了Seretide在不同年份的銷售模式。

Brand: Enbrel 品牌：Enbrel

Drug: Etanercept 藥物：依那西普

Company: Amgen 公司：安進

The graph below depicts the sales pattern of Enbrel.下圖描繪了Enbrel的銷售模式。

Enbrel was launched in 2005 by Amgen. It was a bio pharmaceutical, only one of its kind. It was developed as a cure for rheumatoid arthritis and became one of the most bestselling bio drugs in the world. The Enbrel sale is on the rise.

Enbrel由安進于2005年推出。這是一種生物藥物，只是同類藥物中的一種。它被開發用于治療類風濕性關節炎，并成為世界上最暢銷的生物藥物之一。Enbrel的銷售額正在上升。

Food and Drug Administration 美國食品藥品監督管理局

Also known as FDA, it is a government body which is responsible for regulating the pharmaceutical industry. No company can sell a product as long as it is not approved by FDA.

它也被稱為美國食品藥品監督管理局，是一個負責監管制藥行業的政府機構。只要產品未經美國食品藥品監督管理局批準，任何公司都不能銷售。

FDA spends billions of dollars on testing and approving a drug. The entry barrier for pharmaceutical industries is quite high due to which only quality companies can survive.

美國食品藥品監督管理局在測試和批準一種藥物上花費了數十億美元。制藥行業的進入壁壘相當高，因此只有高質量的公司才能生存。

FDA holds the right to make organization withdraw their product from the market. Even generic drugs need an FDA approval before they make to the market.

美國食品藥品監督管理局有權要求該機構將其產品撤出市場。即使是仿制藥在上市前也需要獲得美國食品藥品監督管理局的批準。

FDA discourages consumers to consume food supplements which are sold online, as selling a product online doesn’t require an FDA approval. FDA has the final word in the entire pharmaceutical industry.

美國食品藥品監督管理局不鼓勵消費者食用在線銷售的食品補充劑，因為在線銷售產品不需要美國食品藥品管理局的批準。美國食品藥品監督管理局對整個制藥行業擁有最終決定權。

Results 結果

It is clear that the sales of a certain product rise and reach a peak point during the tenure of its patent life. The sales of the products sharply decline after the expiry of the patent. In other words, the sales of a certain product during its patent life form a rough parabola.

很明顯，某一產品的銷售額在其專利有效期內上升并達到峰值。專利期滿后，這些產品的銷售量急劇下降。換句話說，某一產品在其專利期內的銷售額形成了一條粗略的拋物線。

The revenues earned by the brands in their patent life decrease in the following order.這些品牌在專利期內獲得的收入按以下順序減少。

Lipitor – $125 Billion 立普妥–1250億美元

Plavix – $ 87 Billion Plavix–870億美元

Humira – $ 11.8 Billion and Ongoing, Patent Intact Humira——118億美元，正在進行中，專利完整

Seretide – $ 18 Billion Seretide–180億美元

Enbrel – $ 8.7 Billion and Ongoing, Patent Intact Enbrel–87億美元，正在進行中，專利完整

Conclusion 結論

Having compared the highest grossing products of the pharmaceutical industry, it is now evident that although the investment in pharmaceutical industry is enormous, the return on investment is even great. Patent and Intellectual property laws play a huge part in regulating the pharmaceutical; 

在比較了制藥行業收入最高的產品后，現在很明顯，盡管制藥行業的投資巨大，但投資回報甚至很大。專利法和知識產權法在藥品監管方面發揮著重要作用；

It is recommended that every country should sign the WTO charter and respect intellectual property laws as their own legal system. Many companies have started developing both innovator and generic drugs to survive the competition. With time as pathogens evolve, we’ll need stronger and better drugs to ensure the sustenance of the human race.

Essay作者建議每個國家都應簽署世貿組織章程，并尊重知識產權法作為自己的法律體系。為了在競爭中生存下來，許多公司已經開始開發創新藥物和仿制藥。隨著病原體的進化，我們需要更強更好的藥物來確保人類的生存。本站提供各國各專業Essay范文，Essay代寫以及Essay寫作輔導，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。