經(jīng)濟學Essay范文參考：Foreign Direct Investment in Sri Lanka
本文是經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)的Essay范例，題目是“Foreign Direct Investment in Sri Lanka（斯里蘭卡的外國直接投資）”，眾所周知，發(fā)展中國家實現(xiàn)快速經(jīng)濟增長和發(fā)展的一種必要模式是集中力量加強和改進其出口導向型增長政策。但是，認為促進出口是確保快速經(jīng)濟增長的唯一手段的假設是錯誤的，因為為了成功地增加一個國家的收入，還可以采取其他戰(zhàn)略。
It is a known fact that an imperative mode for a developing nation to achieve rapid economic growth and development is by focusing on enhancing and bettering their export-lead growth policies. However, it is of the wrong to assumption to perceive that promoting exports is the only means of ensuring a speedy economic growth as there are other strategies that could be adopted in order to successfully augment the income of a country.
Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy
I don’t agree with the statement that the only path for economic development in a developing country is through the promotion of exports. There are other means and options for growing the economy; a significant procedure involves the process of opening up the country to foreign direct investments (FDI). Foreign direct investments are seen as an effective means of fostering growth in developing countries. It is considered as an engine of growth in mainstream economics and it is recognized not only in terms of capital formation, but also for its spill over effects on trade and technological progress. In addition to the direct capital financing its supplies, FDI can help to jumpstart an economy due to the numerous benefits received by the host country by executing this policy. Such benefits include the transfer of technology and management known-how, creation of employment, increased domestic competition, introduction of new processes and employee training related to the manufacturing etc. Also, foreign investment can aid in bridging a host country’s foreign exchange gap. These benefits are very essential for developing countries to industrialize, develop and create jobs; there by attacking the poverty situation in their country. As noted by the World Bank (2002), quite a few recent studies concluded that FDI can promote the economic development of the host country profoundly by assisting to improve productivity growth.
Data & Proof of the Foreign Direct Investment in Sri Lanka斯里蘭卡外商直接投資的數(shù)據(jù)和證明
In the period of 1970s, international trade grew more speedily than FDI and thus international trade was by far more prominent than most other important international economic activities. This state of affairs altered radically in the middle of the 1980s, when world FDI began to increase sharply. In this period, the world FDI has amplified its importance by transferring technologies and establishing marketing and obtaining networks for proficient production and sales internationally (Shujiro Urata, 1998) . The share of developing countries in world FDI inflows and outflows has risen from 17.4% in 1985-90 to 26.1% during 1995-2000.
在1970年代，國際貿(mào)易的增長比外國直接投資快，因此國際貿(mào)易遠比大多數(shù)其他重要的國際經(jīng)濟活動更為突出。這種情況在1980年代中期發(fā)生了根本性的改變，當時世界外國直接投資開始急劇增加。在這一時期，世界外國直接投資擴大了其重要性，轉讓技術，建立營銷和獲得網(wǎng)絡的熟練生產(chǎn)和銷售國際(Shujiro Urata, 1998年)。發(fā)展中國家在世界外國直接投資流入和流出中的份額從1985-90年的17.4%上升到1995-2000年的26.1%。
The above figure shows that since 1980, the growth of world FDI outflows has overtaken the growth of world exports This swift expansion in FDI outflows was more pronounced during 1985-1990, when many host countries began to relax regulations to attract FDI, and 1995-2000, when companies undertook scores of mergers and acquisitions in the wake of the Asian financial crisis and privatization programs in Latin America.
FDI into the country has been mainly through 100 per cent foreign ownership rather than joint ventures. Between 1979 and 2000, wholly foreign owned enterprises accounted for about 60 per cent of estimated FDI by value and 45 per cent by number of projects. Privatization has been an important channel of FDI into Sri Lanka. The 11 largest privatization transactions between 1990 and 2000 accounted for $609 million of the $1,791 million in FDI during the period. Cumulative data for the period February 1990-June 2001 shows that a little more than two-thirds of privatization proceeds was raised from these foreign investors (Central Bank, 2002).
進入中國的外國直接投資主要是通過100%的外資持股，而非合資企業(yè)。從1979年到2000年，外商獨資企業(yè)約占外國直接投資價值的60%，占項目數(shù)量的45%。私有化一直是外國直接投資進入斯里蘭卡的一個重要渠道。1990年至2000年期間11項最大的私有化交易占該期間外國直接投資17.91億美元中的6.09億美元。1990年2月至2001年6月期間的累積數(shù)據(jù)顯示，私有化收益的三分之二多一點來自這些外國投資者(中央銀行，2002年)。
Benefits & Advantages Received by Sri Lanka’s Economy as a result of FDI
Several of the new wave of foreign investors in Sri Lanka since the 1990s, brought with them many benefits that contributed to the enhancing of the national competitiveness and ultimately having a positive impact on the growth of the economy.
Technology and skills- The transfer of technology & skills is apparent as one of the major benefits of FDI. Sri Lanka is in a good place to benefit from such transfer owing to the potential of its workforce. The foreign investor was able to achieve skills transfer to such an extent that almost all the workers in a highly technical industry were localized (through the through the introduction of equipment and training).
技術和技能-技術和技能的轉讓顯然是外國直接投資的主要好處之一。由于其勞動力的潛力，斯里蘭卡處于從這種轉移中受益的良好位置。外國投資者能夠實現(xiàn)技術轉讓，以至于在一個高度技術工業(yè)中的幾乎所有工人都是本地化的(通過引進設備和培訓)。
Also, the system of engagement of Sri Lankan doctors as consultants and the training of Sri Lankan nationals as nurses by Apollo Hospital (Colombo) may lead to substantial transfer of health care technology to other hospitals as and when these doctors or nurses take up employment else where . Moreover, Domestic firms in the porcelain and cement industry have also benefited considerably from the examples of pioneering foreign investors. Unilever, which is a wholly owned foreign enterprise in Sri Lanka, appears to have made substantial contributions to the transfer of management and marketing technologies.
An example of fast localization: Lanka Bell一個快速本土化的例子:Lanka Bell
Lanka Bell is the largest green field foreign investor in Sri Lanka. It is almost a wholly foreign-owned company with less than 1 per cent of its shares held by Sri Lankan individuals. The company provides telecommunications services, including fixed-line and data services. It began operations in 1997 with an initial investment of about $110 million.
斯里蘭卡貝爾是斯里蘭卡最大的綠地外國投資者。它幾乎是一家外資獨資公司，斯里蘭卡個人持有的股份不到1%。該公司提供電信服務，包括固定電話和數(shù)據(jù)服務。它于1997年開始運營，最初的投資約為1.1億美元。
The company employed some 40 expatriate professionals at the time it started operations. By 1999 – that is, within two years of start-up – all expatriate professionals but one had been replaced by Sri Lankan personnel. At present only the managing director is an expatriate.
The company has continuing internal training programmes for its employees, and it sometimes brings in foreign consultants to conduct training. It is thus contributing to technology transfer to Sri Lankan nationals.
The company believes that the competition generated by Lanka Bell has contributed to improvements in telecommunications services to customers. For example, Sri Lanka Telecom, which used to take a week or more for a repair job, now takes less than a day. The backlog of pending applications for new telephone connections has been eliminated. Lanka Bell has already opened several Internet cafes and hopes to raise the number to 40 or 50 within the next three to six months.
該公司認為，斯里蘭卡貝爾公司帶來的競爭促進了對客戶的電信服務的改善。例如，斯里蘭卡電信(Sri Lanka Telecom)過去需要一周或更長時間才能完成一項維修工作，現(xiàn)在只需不到一天。尚未處理的新電話連接申請的積壓已經(jīng)消除。斯里蘭卡貝爾已經(jīng)開了幾家網(wǎng)吧，并希望在未來三到六個月內(nèi)將網(wǎng)吧數(shù)量增加到40或50家。
Employment and linkages- In terms of employment, FDI has made a noteworthy contribution in Sri Lanka. As of end 2000, it is estimated that foreign affiliates employed close to around 200,000 people, in contrast with total private-sector employment of 2,707,000. Thus, the proportion of private-sector employment accounted for by foreign affiliates is about 7.4 per cent. This understates the total contribution of FDI because it does not take into account the employment created in activities linked to affiliates’ outputs, including procurement, transportation, and the like.
Diversification of output and exports- FDI has made a significant contribution to Sri Lanka’s exports. During the years 1996-2000, exports by foreign affiliates were constantly in the range of one-third of the country’s total export. Furthermore, FDI has been imperative in expanding and diversifying Sri Lanka’s export base. The share of exports of manufactures in total exports, which was 15 per cent in 1978, had risen to more than 75 per cent by the mid-1990s. Garments represented the leading sector of this industrial export growth, accounting for more than half of the country’s export earnings by the mid-1990s. FDI in garments has led the country’s diversification in this manufacturing sector. The sector’s growth was in response to the programmers, quota opportunities under the Multi-Fiber Agreement, the availability of cheap and educated labor, and convenient geographical location in international transportation networks.
產(chǎn)出和出口多樣化- -外國直接投資對斯里蘭卡的出口作出了重大貢獻。在1996-2000年期間，外國附屬公司的出口一直占該國出口總額的三分之一。此外，外國直接投資對于擴大斯里蘭卡的出口基礎和使其多樣化是必不可少的。制成品出口在總出口中所占的份額在1978年為15%，到1990年代中期已上升到75%以上。服裝是中國工業(yè)出口增長的主導部門，到上世紀90年代中期，服裝占中國出口收入的一半以上。服裝領域的外國直接投資引領了該國制造業(yè)的多元化。該行業(yè)的增長是對程序員、多光纖協(xié)議下的配額機會、廉價和受過教育的勞動力的可用性以及國際交通網(wǎng)絡中便利的地理位置的回應。
Therefore, it is made evident that the benefits received by the country through FDI are extremely valuable and it did make a significant impact on the growth of the countries economy.
Other Means Of Gaining Rapid Economic Development- The Strengthening of the Service Sector
At present the service sector is the leading factor for the total economic growth rate in Sri Lanka. This sector has contributed 72.7 percent for the economic growth rate in the third quarter of 2009. Sri Lanka has generated 234,000 service sector jobs in the third quarter of 2009. Tourism, banking, finance, and retail trade are the major components of the service sector. Furthermore, many harbors are being built in the island in order to be of service to passing shipping vessels by providing them with facilities to reload on fuel and bunker in the country to refill its essential supplies. Many Asian countries in the past and present, amass massive wealth and revenue into the country by this means. Furthermore, tourism is a vital aspect of the service sector which brings in foreign exchange into the country and plays a massive role in the development and growth of the economy. Moreover, if a country puts in place favorable strategies in order to flourish the tourism sector, it will create thousands of indirect and direct job opportunities there by raising the standard of living and provide growth.
Therefore it is evident that by strengthening the service sector, it will provide significant contribution to the overall economic growth of a country.
Conclusion結論
A country cannot achieve economic development by focusing on developing its export industry alone simply because less than 8% of the countries in the world possess the invaluable natural resources (diamonds, crude oil etc) which would enable them to sustain and grow the economy by the exporting of the resources/finished goods alone. Due to this reason, it is of the wrong assumption to presume that the only path for a developing country to achieve economic development is through exports. Although the promotion of exports is without doubt an excellent way for a developing country to grow their economy, it is not the only way. For a country to achieve substantial growth, a series of strategies and policies need to put in place. There strategies and policies should include the promotion of exports, the promotion of FDI as well as the promotion of the service sector. By following and promoting all three of these methods, a country will surely be able to achieve a rapid economic growth and development. Therefore, I would like to conclude by stating that it is entirely wrong to presume that the only path for economic development is through the promotion of exports and economic growth cannot be achieved by focusing on promoting the export industry alone.
一個國家不能實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展單靠專注于發(fā)展其出口產(chǎn)業(yè),因為世界上只有不到8%的國家擁有寶貴的自然資源(鉆石、原油等)使其能夠保持和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的出口資源/成品。因此，認為發(fā)展中國家實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的唯一途徑是出口是錯誤的假設。雖然促進出口無疑是發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的一個極好的途徑，但它不是唯一的途徑。一個國家要實現(xiàn)實質性增長，需要實施一系列戰(zhàn)略和政策。這些戰(zhàn)略和政策應包括促進出口、促進外國直接投資以及促進服務部門。遵循和推廣這三種方法，一個國家就一定能夠實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟的快速增長和發(fā)展。因此，我想在總結時指出，認為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的唯一途徑是通過促進出口是完全錯誤的，經(jīng)濟增長不可能只靠促進出口工業(yè)來實現(xiàn)。
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