How to make a descriptive essay「寫作方法」
How to write a descriptive essay about an object？The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe something—object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the student’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artistic freedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader).This article provides you with relevant writing descriptive essay tips, steps and examples for your reference.
一. what is a descriptive essay
In general terms, the descriptive essay definition implies a short written copy that provides information. This type of paper does not imply defending the author’s point of view or building a complex argument system. The purpose of any descriptive essay is to describe an object, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc., and clarify it to the reader. A descriptive essay only provides facts without any information processing. Simultaneously, this paper usually refers to five human senses, such as touch, smell, hearing, taste, and sight.
一般來說，描述性文章的定義意味著提供信息的簡短的書面文本。這種類型的論文并不意味著要捍衛(wèi)作者的觀點(diǎn)或建立一個(gè)復(fù)雜的論證體系。任何描述性文章的目的都是為了描述一個(gè)物體、地點(diǎn)、經(jīng)歷、情感、情境等，并向讀者闡明它。描述性文章只提供事實(shí)，沒有任何信息處理。同時(shí)，本文通常涉及人類的五種感官，如觸覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺和視覺。
When writing this type of academic paper, a student should know the difference between a simple description and a descriptive essay. The standard description can have one or several paragraphs without following academic requirements. The key point to write an excellent descriptive essay is to provide information on a fairly general topic based on available facts and a specific five-paragraph structure. Unlike narrative and expository essays, descriptive essays may not have any moral, lesson, or general conclusion.
二．how to make a descriptive essay
After you have decided what you will write about, think about how you want to do it. Some students like to describe objects, places, and people picturesquely. Others are inclined to analyze events, thirds love to write about personal impressions, and fourths prefer to criticize what they do not like. Depending on this, your descriptive essay can be subjective, analytical, reflective, critical, etc. Typically, there are two main approaches to writing a descriptive essay, namely:
在你決定了你要寫什么之后，想想你要怎么寫。有些學(xué)生喜歡生動(dòng)地描述物體、地點(diǎn)和人物。其他人傾向于分析事件，三分之一的人喜歡寫個(gè)人印象，四分之一的人喜歡批評(píng)他們不喜歡的東西。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，你的描述性文章可以是主觀的、分析的、反思的、批判的等等。一般來說，寫一篇描述性文章有兩種主要的方法，即:
1. Personalized Approach
In the descriptive essay with a personalized approach, you can focus on your experience, feelings, and reaction. Such a paper is more likely to awake compassion and empathy in your readers. However, this essay can turn to be imprecise and disorganized. Thus, you should try to focus only on those aspects that most fully convey your experience. If you want to write a good essay, do not deviate from creating a vivid and bright picture of the object, person, event, etc.
2. Formal Approach
In the descriptive essay with a formal approach, your primary goal is presenting a set of crucial points of something or somebody. You will have to write a paper according to a clear structure and mention as many details as possible. In this way, your copy will look like an argumentative essay. You can use specific information to provide the fullest possible picture of what you describe without focusing too much on your own experience. However, you can make your essay too formal and dull for reading.
在一篇采用正式方法的描述性文章中，你的主要目標(biāo)是呈現(xiàn)一組關(guān)于某事或某人的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。你要根據(jù)一個(gè)清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)寫一篇論文，并盡可能多地提到細(xì)節(jié)。這樣的話，你的稿子看起來就像一篇議論文。你可以使用特定的信息來提供你所描述的最完整的畫面，而不需要過多地關(guān)注你自己的經(jīng)歷。然而，你可以讓你的文章太正式和沉悶的閱讀。
三.descriptive writing essay examples
Prompt:The title of this essay is:The Peculiarities Of Endangered Languages. In the UAE, many schools going children do not perfect in the Arabic language due to the introduction of English in schools. In addition, social media, globalization, international studies, and international travels have greatly contributed to language endangerment. In the UAE, there are millions of workers from all over the world who speak diverse languages. Most of these are domestic workers entrusted with taking care of children; this has resulted in the development of the pickling Arabic dialect.
Introduction
A language is considered moribund or endangered if it is at risk of being forgotten due to the emergence of another language. language shift occurs when speakers change to a more widely spoken or a more social-economic powered language. Once this occurs, the language is passed to children by fewer native speakers than expected and with time, therefore, the kids are unable to speak the language leading to its extinction or ‘death of a language’. In this regard, Arabic is a language spoken by over 300million people in about 20 countries across the globe (Gharaibeh et al. 10). Nonetheless, the Arabic language has spread on several continents and extends to non-Arab people. On the other hand, language shift has been experienced across many Arab-speaking nations due to exposure to either English or French. Perhaps, not in the less advantaged sections of society where native Arabic still remains popular, but amongst professional people in the Arabic-speaking world from the middle classes and above are using less Arabic in their lives and more and more English and/or French.
Literature Review
The Arabic language is having been widely used in the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe since the 7th century. According to (Beeston et al. 16) the Arabic language is more of a written than spoken. This is because the languages proficiency requires more time as compared to European languages. The shift in Arabic use, therefore, has been a topic of interest leading to the great emphasis put in place by the language and Human Development Authority (KHDA) of Dubai (Al-Issa 11). Nonetheless, globalization, an influx of foreign workers in Arabian speaking countries, use of English in social media as well as replacement of classical Arabic by local dialect are among the factors endangering Arabic language (Below et al. 110). Review of scholarly work indicates that Spoken Arabic dialect is becoming more widespread, but classical Arabic is at risk as it fails to modernize (Sadek and Gihane 21). Nonetheless, the huge numbers of expatriate workers in the Caribbean Gulf mean that English, Tamil Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, and Tagalog directly mirrors the in use when compared to Arabic (Toth 160). This paper sheds light on the reasons behind shifting in the use of Arabic language, why Arabic is an endangered linguistic and provides ways in which this can be mitigated.
自7世紀(jì)以來，阿拉伯語在中東、北非和歐洲廣泛使用。根據(jù)(Beeston et al. 16)，阿拉伯語更多的是書面語言而不是口語。這是因?yàn)榕c歐洲語言相比，掌握一門語言需要更多的時(shí)間。因此，阿拉伯語使用的轉(zhuǎn)變一直是人們感興趣的話題，迪拜語言和人類發(fā)展局(KHDA)對(duì)此予以了高度重視(Al-Issa 11)。然而，全球化、阿拉伯語國家外國工人的涌入、社交媒體中使用英語以及當(dāng)?shù)胤窖匀〈诺浒⒗Z都是危害阿拉伯語的因素(Below et al. 110)。對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)工作的回顧表明，阿拉伯語口語方言正在變得更加廣泛，但古典阿拉伯語正處于危險(xiǎn)之中，因?yàn)樗茨軐?shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化(Sadek和Gihane 21)。盡管如此，加勒比海地區(qū)大量的外派工人意味著英語、泰米爾-印度-烏爾都語、孟加拉語和他加路語與阿拉伯語(Toth 160)相比直接反映了使用情況。本文闡明了阿拉伯語使用轉(zhuǎn)變背后的原因，為什么阿拉伯語是一種瀕危語言，并提供了可以減輕這種情況的方法。
Research Methodology
Due to the nature of the study, a qualitative research methodology was applied. The basis of this technique is to describe the current status of the Arabic language in UAE as well as provide insight into the dynamics surrounding the situation (Harding 66). The study involved a questionnaire and interview on two key targets; primary targets that involve school going children of the ages 4-11 and a secondary target involving adults in the age bracket 16-24 years. This ensures that the research focuses on the general public specifically the younger generation (Harding 22). Additionally, a focus group was selected in which participation and observation methodologies were applied (Al Hussein and Christina 100). This is crucial in order to collect raw data on the actual field work. Nonetheless, scholarly work on endangered linguistics was reviewed to check on similarities and emerging issues in regard to research objectives.
Data Analysis
The research topic revolves around the linguistic field of anthropology, this allowed use of structuralism anthropological theory in data analysis. The theory stipulates that one may understand human culture based on a structure modeled on a language (Wolfreys et al. 16). This theory gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s when its use became widespread across many disciplines. Social change is a general concept, however, by using the structuralism theory, it is easy to pinpoint and analyze the observable and unobservable human expressions and their effects on human behavior, culture, and society (Wolfreys et al. 16). The data collected via observation and participation easily fits in structural linguistics bringing up the cultural shifts especially in language. The data also indicates that Arabic language use is declining sharply especially based on the fact that fewer children can frequently use the dialect. Based on the results, the young adults had a better understanding of Arabic by over 11% as compared to school going children.
Other methods integrated to analyze questionnaire data involves; the use of the SPSS software which is considered appropriate due to the use of the structured questionnaire hence presenting an easy way to analyze the data (Harding 11). Descriptive statistics analyses comply with research done by Sadek and Gihane on endangered language (20). Finally, editing, coding, classification, and tabulation, clearly indicates that the Arabic language could be in the brink of distinction if appropriate measures are not taken.
其他綜合分析問卷數(shù)據(jù)的方法包括:使用SPSS軟件被認(rèn)為是合適的，因?yàn)槭褂昧私Y(jié)構(gòu)化問卷，因此提供了一種簡單的方法來分析數(shù)據(jù)(哈丁11)。描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析符合Sadek和Gihane對(duì)瀕危語言的研究(20)。最后，編輯、編碼、分類和制表清楚地表明，如果不采取適當(dāng)措施，阿拉伯文可能會(huì)瀕臨被區(qū)分。
Discussion
Endangered languages result from the shift in cultural activities and social beliefs of a group of people. Surprisingly, despite the importance placed by the international society on native languages, language shift is dynamically causing the death of various dialects across the world (Al Hussein and Christina 100). This is attributed to globalization and the dynamics in the social-economic settings in global perception. Endangered language does not only lead to the death of a language but also causes changes in a certain culture which if not mitigated could lead to the total shift in traditional beliefs, culture and moral values of a community (Sadek and Gihane16). Cultural and economic marginalization is also to blame on the witnessed Arabic language endangerment. This is caused by the education structure that calls for consistent use of English. Cultural hegemony may also arise due to contact with a more spoken language as compared to one’s native language (Thomason). Based on this, it is hard for people especially the youths to realize that they are endangering their native dialect (Wolfreys et al. 17).
Urbanization, intermarriages as well as globalization allow people to interact widely which necessitate the use of a common language (Beeston et al. 7). When a community loses their language, they lose their cultural aspects such as a sense of identity which is caused by replacing social values and traditions with new ones. Language revitalization may lead to loss of traditional practices such as medicine, dances, and ceremonies. On the other hand, grammatical or phonological complexities of the Arabic language are likely to change. Logically, communities adopt new languages in order to fit the new economies as well as gain international acceptance (Al Hussein and Christina 109). Technological advancement calls for a more harmonized language. However, linguistics considers language loss as an ethical issue and postulates that people would prefer to maintain a native language if it were to be possible. In contrast, this remains a dominant problem especially in regard to globalization. Currently, we see university students lacking command on the Arabic language; therefore, its usage among students is minimum.
Measure Taken to Protect the Arabic Language
Following its decline in use, various measures have been put in place to ensure that Arabic language use is upheld especially in schools. Following this, the Continuing Education Center at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) together with the Society whose mandate is to protect the Arabic Language (Beeston et al. 77). In Dubai, the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA), responsible for the growth, direction, and quality of private education and learning has put great emphasis on the Arabic language (Kurzweil 27). These mitigation procedures are meant to enhance Arabic use. Currently, Arabic is mandatory in all schools in the UAE, the government has also ensured that government departments and instructions frequently use Arabic in a day to day activities. This has been embraced by local authorities in UAE Nonetheless, the emphasis placed by the UAE on the use of Arabic language in schools as well as in the global economy cannot go unnoticed (Beeston et al. 17). Other measures involve surprising use of pidgin Arabic which is emerging due to foreign dominance in Arabia. Teaching children in Arabic and ensuring perfection could also be advantageous to the Arabic language.
Conclusion
Language endangerment remains a topic of interest especially with many native languages at risk of endangerment. The Arabic language is widely used in the Muslim religion and the main language used in the Quran. However, despite having over 300 million users, the language is slowly being replaced by new dialect in schools and the global market economy. This has led to cultural changes and loss of social-cultural values in Arabic counties.
The study’s hypothesis is true and valid since based on the research conducted, the young UAE youths are continuously embracing new languages. Interestingly, the youths do not understand the impact of language shift and do not seem to notice their contributions in Arabic language engagement. Additionally, the local authorities have put in place various measures to protect the Arabic language including emphasize on the use of Arabic language in government departments and in all schools across UAE. This proves the chosen hypothesis to be right and calls for further regulations based on protecting the Arabic language. Ultimately, language endangerment remains a topic of interest amongst many scholars especially in social anthropology.
Don't forget that your descriptive topic reflexes the main reason why you decided to write your essay. You should convey your individual feelings and describe this main point to your readers. Follow the structure, use your ideas and everything will be alright with your future essay.
不要忘記你的描述性主題反映了你決定寫這篇文章的主要原因。你應(yīng)該表達(dá)你個(gè)人的感受，并向你的讀者描述這個(gè)要點(diǎn)。按照這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，運(yùn)用你的想法，你未來的文章就會(huì)一切順利。
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