Georgetown University 喬治敦大學生態學小dissertation范文：Evolution of development of eco-ethics and environmental law

One to anthropocentric belief -based anatomy legislation
一、以人類中心主義倫理觀為基礎的環境立法

Anthropocentric accent on animal attributes for ascendancy , is the centermost of the abode , advocated animal calibration of belief ??to explain and accord with the accomplished world. This belief that alone animal beings as rational and has built-in amount , added beings accept alone active amount , they abide alfresco the ambit of animal belief and chastity caring association . In this ethical belief ??of domination, the aldermanic purpose of anatomy law is alone focused on the rights of bodies . For the purposes of anatomy law usually present "one dollar " approach and the "duality " approach . The purpose of "one dollar " on purpose that anatomy laws to assure animal bloom and the sole purpose ; purpose of "dual " approach that that the purpose of anatomy law should be twofold, one is to assure animal bloom ; additional is to beforehand bread-and-butter and amusing acceptable development. "' The purpose of monism ' anatomy law legislation is a artefact of a attenuated anthropocentric cerebration ." Its aspect is all to the people, all the way from the interests of the bodies , and his interests. This appearance is in fact imperfect, both the amount of activity and the accustomed apple , there are allowances , they chase the law of the adaptation and development of the accustomed anatomy , nonhuman beings and the accustomed apple are accessible appropriate moral and ethical analysis , should be altruistic affliction continued to non-human altar and active things in attributes . "The purpose of dualism ," the bread-and-butter development and anatomy aegis as a accepted aldermanic purpose of anatomy law , so if there is a botheration whose antecedence if bread-and-butter development priorities , again the ambiance will not be adequate if a antecedence to assure the ambiance , again why bother , afterwards abacus the purpose of anatomy aegis and bread-and-butter development. In aspect , "The purpose of dualism " of anatomy legislation is still reflected anthropocentric . Accepted absurdity of anthropocentrism that separates the accord amid man and nature, in the achievement of anatomy legislation for the aegis of anatomy rights and the appropriate to bloom is not acceptable . In avant-garde society, bodies are added gluttonous a bigger superior of activity and ambiance for anthropocentric anatomy legislation based on cold has been to accommodated the needs of avant-garde association does .
人類中心主義強調人對自然的統治地位，是生物圈的中心，主張以人類的價值尺度來解釋和處理整個世界。這種倫理觀認為只有人作為理性的存在物而具有內在的價值，其他存在物僅具有工具價值，它們存在于人類倫理關懷和道德共同體的范圍外。在這種倫理價值的支配下，環境法的立法目的也僅側重于人的權利。對于環境法的目的通常存在 “一元”論和 “二元”論。目的“一元”論即環境法的目的以保護人體健康為其唯一宗旨；目的“二元”論即認為環境法的目的應該是雙重的，其一是保障人體健康；其二是促進經濟和社會的可持續發展。

Second, the eco- centrism belief -based anatomy legislation
二、以生態中心主義倫理觀為基礎的環境立法

Environmental crisis prompted animal behavior and the way their production, activity and burning doubt. Back the 1950s , anatomy scientists of Western anthropocentrism to be a abysmal absorption and criticism , and on this basis, began to analyze the "eco- centrism " concept. Eco- centrism is the accustomed article has its own amount hypothesis , and bodies should accept according rights to actuality and development , the " amount aggressive focus on accustomed altar and processes ," the affectionate of anatomy belief . Ecocentrism the ambit of animal moral affair and the accountable of rights continued to the absolute ecosystem is based on animal anatomy crisis adverse the absoluteness of anxiety, is anthropocentric and beat attributes of avant-garde rational alertness back the acumen of a questioned. " Anatomy Centermost emphasizes anniversary arrangement are on the all-embracing bloom of the attendance plays an important role , and asked to appraise the breed in this faculty belief ??." Make up " anthropocentrism" alone absorbed in the accord amid bodies 's flaws, the aggrandize the acreage of animal relations to bodies and the accustomed affair , is a above footfall advanced , but (that is the accord amid bodies and the accord amid man and attributes ) accord with two important relationships in the absolute apple , the accent the accord amid man and attributes , and avoid the accord amid people. Ecocentrism legislation is reflected in the achievement of the ultimate ambition of anatomy legislation . Anatomy scientist Wang Jin believes that the ultimate ambition of anatomy legislation , animal compassionate of the accord amid accustomed things affectionate of abstruse belief ??and amount judgments are animal by legislation seeks to accomplish a aerial branch of anticipation or ideal ambition . The capital application is the ultimate ambition of the accord amid man and attributes , highlighting the ecological benefits. This is far from the ideal ambition and amusing absoluteness , and appropriately the purpose of anatomy legislation display an advance. Ecocentrism assume ideal , but it is difficult to absolutely apparatus in practice. Eco -centrism anatomy legislation based on the absoluteness of the accord amid bodies 's absorption is not enough, the operability of such laws and advice for the convenance is not strong.
背景危機促推人的總稱對自身的行徑標準樣式以及出產、生存和消費的形式萌生了置疑。20百年50時代以來，西方的背景學家們對人的總稱核心主義予以了深刻的反省和批判，并在此基礎上著手研究討論“生活習性核心主義”的理念。生活習性核心主義是指主張天然客體具備自身價值，應和人的總稱具備同樣的存在和進展權益，把“價值的焦點定向于天然客體和過程”的一種背景道德學。生活習性核心主義把人的總稱道德眷注和權益主體的范圍擴展至整個兒生活習性系統，是基于對人的總稱所面對的事實背景危機的憂思，是對人的總稱核心主義以及近現代以來征服天然理性認識的合理性的一種質疑。

Third, the belief of acceptable development based on anatomy legislation
三、以可持續發展倫理觀為基礎的環境立法http://www.mythingswp7.com/Assignment_Writing/

Sustainable animal development abstraction stems from unsustainable development has continued been anticipation of assay and reflection. Acceptable development is a activating development. "Our Accepted Future", the analogue of acceptable development is : . " Acceptable development is development that meets the needs of bodies , not on the adeptness of approaching ancestors to accommodated their own needs affectation a blackmail ," but we now accept "sustainable development " fabricated ??a actual estimation : " Acceptable development is to beforehand accord amid man and nature, to accomplish bread-and-butter development and citizenry , assets and ambiance in accord , and attach to the development of assembly , flush activity and complete eco alley of affable development , to ensure bearing admission to bearing and acceptable development . " association of acceptable development as one of the accurate abstraction of development , will be absolutely implemented and implemented in the UK.

Sustainable development requires that we should accord with development issues in the afterward three attempt : First , sustainability, development of animal association has maintained a abiding action and the accompaniment , is a amount assumption of acceptable development. This assumption is about declared as ecological sustainability, three aspects of sustainability and amusing sustainability of the abridgement . Additional , fairness, that emphasizes animal needs and the admiration to accommodated the capital ambition of development should accord anybody an according befalling to apprehend their aspirations had a bigger activity . Here 's fair has two meanings : the aforementioned accumbent disinterestedness amid ancestors and intergenerational candor amid the longitudinal . Third , systemic , that the adaptation of flesh and the planet as a people-centered , with the accustomed ambiance -based arrangement , the arrangement of accustomed , economic, amusing and political factors are interrelated. Acceptable development of the arrangement depends on the adeptness to ascendancy the citizenry accustomed accommodation of resources, self-purification accommodation of the ambiance , adeptness to abound the abridgement , the appeal for the adeptness of association to advance the administration of the authoritative accommodation , as able-bodied as allocation of assorted accommodation building. The abstraction of acceptable development is to accompany the development of adapted relations amid man and attributes , and amid bodies . Acceptable development, including ecological sustainability , bread-and-butter sustainability , amusing sustainability , it has adapted basis arrangement . It includes not alone the economy, association , including the ecological environment; cover not alone concrete , abstruse aspects , but aswell the akin of institutional and cultural belief ??. Acceptable development and anthropocentric belief is about altered , because acceptable development belief accustomed by added organisms, breed , accustomed and ecological systems accept built-in amount . Progressive acceptation compared with the eco -centrism is to accent the position of the animal physique , in the analysis of the botheration of the accord amid bodies and acceptable development of belief in the action acicular out the hidden amid man and attributes is the bodies abaft asperity is the could cause of today's built-in causes of the ecological crisis , this is added eco- centrism belief alone .

Sustainable development belief of anatomy law has a ample , extensive appulse . The abstraction of acceptable development abstraction of anatomy law aloft to a new akin , with the adored attributes of animal acquaintance in the affiliation action acquired , is to advance the all-embracing ecological allowances , to accomplish anatomy amends and body a adapted ecosystem approach of sublimation .