代寫社會學dissertation范文

國內生產總值
 

國內生產總值(GDP)GDP的基礎是市場價格，它是一個國家地區的所有常駐單位在一定時期內生產的最終結果。GDP是國民經濟核算的核心指標,也是衡量一個國家或地區經濟發展水平的重要指標。[2]
 

表現形式
 

價值的形式、收入和實態產品的形式。從法律價值上看,它是所有常駐單位在一定時期內生產的全部貨物和服務。
 

國內生產總值(gdp)
 

國內生產總值是指同一時期的服務價值與全部商品和服務的固定資產投資的價值差異,使得所有常駐單位增加了價值;收入的形式是所有常駐單位在一定時期內創造并將收入以產品的形式初次分配給非居民和居民單位,并且它最終運用的貨物和服務要去除進口的貨物和服務。在實際核算中,國內生產總值(gdp)三種表達形式有三種計算方法,即生產法、收入法和支出法,三種方法從不同的方面反映了國內生產總值及其構成。

 

The Gross Domestic Product Economics Essay

 

DomesticGross domestic product gross domestic product GDP is based on the market prices of the GDP is referred to, it is a country region of all resident units during a given period of production to the final results. GDP is national economic accounting core indicators, but also to measure a country or region economy and the important index of the development level.[2]

 

Forms of expression

 

The form of value, income and morphologyProduct form. Look from law of value, it is all resident units during a certain period of time in the production of all goods kimono

 

Gross domestic product

 

Service value over the same period the investment of fixed assets of all goods and services of value difference, which all resident units increases value; the form of income, it's all resident units in a certain period of time created and assigned to the resident units and the non-resident units of the primary distribution of income in the form of products, and; it is the ultimate use of goods and services less imports of goods and services. In actual business accounting, gross domestic product three kinds of expression forms of three kinds of calculation methods, namely the production method, income and expenditure law act, three kinds of methods from different aspects reflect gross domestic product and its composition.

 

Are you thereEconomics, GDP and GNI (commonly usedGross national income, gross national Income) common to measure a country's or a region's economic development level. It is also present in various countries and regions are often used to measure means. GDP is macroscopical economy receives most attention in economic statistics, because it is considered a measure of national economy development is one of the most important indexes. GDP is reflected in the various departments of the national economy and the increase in the value of the total.

 

Concept analysis

 

The first, gross domestic product is the final product to measure, namely the final product in the period of the final sale value. According to the actual product use, can put the product into the intermediate and final products. The final product, is refers to in a certain period of production can be for people to direct consumption or use of goods and services. This product has reached the final stages of production, no longer as raw materials or semi-finished products into other products and services to the production process, such asConsumer goods,CapitalProducts such as. Intermediate product refers to the processing or sell for other products used in the production of goods and services, such as raw materials, fuels and other. GDP must according to the current end product calculation, intermediate products not included in, otherwise it will cause repeated calculation.

 

In second, gross domestic product is aMarketThe concept of value. Various end productsMarket valueAre in the market for achieving exchange value, is to use money to measure, through the market exchange reflected.A product of the market value of the final productUnit priceBy multiplying the output gain.

 

In third, gross domestic product generally refers only to the market to value. The non productive activities and underground trades, black market transactions not included in GDP, such as housework, provide for oneself production, gambling and illegal drug trade.

 

In fourth, GDP is the period of productionThe final productValue, so it is not the stock flow.

 

In fifth, GDP is not really in the circulation of wealth, it is only with the standard currency average value to indicate how much wealth. But what is produced can not completely into the circulation of wealth, this is not necessarily the.

 

GNP and GDP

 

Gross national product (GNP) is aNationalConcept, is refers to a country national have allFactor of productionIn a certain period of the production of the final product market value. Therefore, a working in Japan the United States citizen's income should be included in the United States of America GNP, excluding the United States GDP, and included in the Japanese GDP. Before 1991, the United States are using GNP as economyTotal outputBasic measurement indicators, and later because of most countries have adopted GDP, together with foreign net income of insufficient data, GDP relative to GNP is a measure of domestic employment potential better index, is easy to measure, so the United States to switch to GDP.

 

Real GDP growth rate

 

Substance GDP and nominal GDP is usually different (only calculating real GDP fixed price base years are equal), the relationship between them is:#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Substance GDP= nominal GDP / GDP deflatorPrice index(refer to theBase period100 for the period), index

 

Nominal GDP= real GDPx GDP deflatorPrice index ;

 

As for the name GDPGrowth rateWith real GDP growth rate relationship, it is

 

Nominal GDP growth =[(1+ real GDP growth of X (1+) local adjustmentPrice indexIncreases in x100%]-1 )

 

Accounting method

 

GDP accounting has three methods, namely the production method, income and expenditure law act, three kinds of methods from different perspectives reflect the national economy production activities achievement. The production method is produced from the angles measured resident units in the accounting period to create new value of a method, namely from various sectors of the national economy in the accounting period production values, deduction process in intermediate product value, increase value. Calculation formula is: added value = total output - the intermediate input. Income approach is from the production process to create income, according to production factors in the production process the deserved income share reflects the final outcome of a accounting method. According to this accounting method, value added by the laborers' remuneration, net production tax, depreciation of fixed assets and operating surplus part four can be obtained by adding. Expenditure approach is from the end of accounting period using measured in terms of products and services to the final, including the final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation and the goods and services of net exports of three parts.[2]

 

One, use expenditure accounting approach GDP

 

Expenditure approachAccounting for GDP, is from the use of products, to within one year of purchase of theThe final productExpenditure total is calculated by the year of the final product market value. This method is also calledFinal product approach,Product flow method. From the expenditure approach, GDP includes a country (or area) of all resident units in a certain period of time for final consumption,Gross capital formationGoods and services, as well as the total net exports, it reflects this period of production the use of gross domestic product and composition.[3]

 

If you are using Q1, Q2...... Qn represents a variety ofThe final productYield, P1, P2...... Pn represents all the prices of final products, use theExpenditure approachThe formula is: accounting GDP

 

Q1P1+Q2P2+...... QnPn=GDP

 

In real life, products and services of last use, primarilyResidents consumption,Investment in Enterprise,Government purchaseAndExit. Therefore, useExpenditure approachAccounting is the accounting of GDP, a country or a region in a certain period of timeResidents consumption, business investment, government purchase andNet exportThese aspects of charge.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

1 Residents consumption(represented by the letter C), including the purchase of refrigerator,Color television, washing machine, smallAutoDurableConsumer goodsExpenditure, clothing, food and other non durable consumer goods spending and used for medical care, tourism, barber services spending. Residential construction spending does not belong to the consumer.

 

2 Investment in Enterprise(represented by the letter I), refers to add or updateCapitalAssets (including plant, machinery and equipment, residential andStockThe expenditure). Investment includesInvestment in fixed assetsAndStockInvestment of two categories.Investment in fixed assetsThe new plant, the purchase of new equipment, the construction of a new residential investment. WhyResidential buildingBelong to the investment not to the consumer? Because the house like the other fixed assets to be used for a long time, slowly consumed.StockInvestment is the enterprise master Inventory (or become a stock) increase or decrease. If the beginning of national enterprisesStockFor us $200000000000 and US $220000000000 at the end, the stock investment of US $20000000000.StockInvestment may be positive, may also be negative, because at the end of the year, inventory value may be greater or may be less than the beginning inventory. EnterpriseStockIs regarded as the investment, because it can produce income. From the perspective of national economy statistic, produced but did not sell products only as enterprisesStockInvestment treatment, that is from the angle of production statistics from GDP and expenditure statistics GDP consistent angle.

 

Included in the GDP investment meansTotal investment, i.e.Replacement investmentAndNet investmentAnd, to reset the investment also is depreciation.

 

Investment and consumption of the division is not absolute, specific classification depends on the actual statistic rules.

 

3 Government purchase(use the letters G to express), which means that all levels of government purchase goods and services spending, it includes the government purchase of arms, military and police services, government agencies office supplies and office facilities, such as roads and other public works, hold to open the school expenditures. The government paid government employeesWageBelong toGovernment purchase.Government purchaseIs a substantial expenditure, showing commodity, labor and money bi-directional motion, direct the formation of societyDemandGross domestic product, become part of.Government purchaseOnlyGovernment expenditurePart, government spending another portion of suchGovernment transfer payment,Government bondsInterestAre not included in GDP.Government transfer paymentIs the government is to achieve the annual production of goods and services as compensation expenses, including government in social welfare, social insurance, unemployment, poverty, old age security benefits, health care, the allowance to agriculture expenditures.Government transfer paymentIs the government through itsFunctionThe income in different social members were transferred and reassigned, to be a part of people's income is transferred to another part of the hands of people, its essence is a kind of wealthRedistribution. YesGovernment transfer paymentOccur, namely the government to pay these costs, not be what goods and services, the government transfer payment is a monetary expenditures, the general social income does not change. Therefore,Government transfer paymentNot included in GDP.
 

4 Net export(represented by the letter X-M, said X M said the export, import) refers to the balance of import and export. Import from their total purchase is subtracted because imports, said revenue stream to abroad, at the same time, nor for the purchase of their product costs;ExitIt should be added to their total purchases, because the export that income from foreign inflows, is used for the purchase of their product costs, therefore,Net exportShould be included in theTotal expenditure.Net exportMay be positive, may also be negative.

 

The above four items together, is to useExpenditure approachCalculation of GDP formula:

 

GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)

 

In statistical practice in china,Expenditure approachCalculation of gross domestic product is divided into final consumption,Gross capital formationAnd net exports of goods and services, it reflects this period of production the use of gross domestic product and composition.

 

Final consumptionDivided intoResidents consumptionAndGovernment consumption.Residents consumptionIn addition to the direct toCurrency formThe consumption of goods and services bought, also includes other access to goods and services consumption expenditure, the so-called virtual consumption expenditure. Residents of virtual consumption expenditure includes the following several types: units to in-kind remuneration and in-kind transfer form is provided to workers' goods and services;FinanceInstitutions to provide financial intermediation services; insurance companies to provide insurance services.

 

ThroughExpenditure approachCalculation of the GDP, we can calculate theRate of consumptionAnd the rate of investment. So-calledRate of consumptionYou 're quite rightFinal consumptionA share of GDP, the investment rate isGross capital formationShare of GDP. In accordance with the relevant statistical data, in recent years, ChinaRate of consumptionThere has been a marked decline in 2005, China's consumption rate is 52.1%, the investment rate is 43.4%. With world level in ChinaRate of consumptionApparent on the low side. Therefore, the current and future period,Macro economic controlOne of the important content is to adjust the relation between investment and consumption, enlarge consumptionDemandIsThe expansion of domestic demandA key.

 

Two, use theIncome approachAccounting GDP

 

Income approachAccounting for GDP, from income angle, putFactor of productionIn the production of the income summation to calculate GDP, namely labor obtainedWage, land owners getLand rent,CapitalTheInterestEntrepreneurs as well as can beProfitAddition to calculate GDP. This method is also calledPayment method, factor cost method.

 

In the absence of government's simple economy, enterprises increase the value of its gross domestic product produced, be equal toFactor incomePlus depreciation, but when the government mediated#p#分頁標題#e#

 

National GDP

 

After entering, the government often levyIndirect tax, then the GDP should also include indirect tax andBusiness transfer payments.Indirect taxThe sales tax, it includes goods tax, turnover tax. ThisTax revenueNominally levied on enterprises, but the enterprises can put it into the cost of production, and ultimately passed on to consumers, so it should be regarded as the cost. Similarly, there areBusiness transfer payments(i.e. enterprises for non-profit organization social charitable donations and consumer debt), it is not the factor of production creates income, but to pass the productTransfer priceTo the consumer, so it should be regarded as the cost.

 

CapitalDepreciation should also be included in the GDP. Because it is notFactor income, but included in theTotal investmentIn.

 

Also, the company's revenue should also be included in the GDP. Unincorporated business income of the owners, refers to the doctor, lawyer, little shop owners, farmers income. They use their ownCapital, self employed, theWage,Interest,RentDifficult as the company's accounts, into its own management wages,Its own fundsInterest, its own house, theWage,Interest,ProfitRent, often mixed together as a company's income.

 

Thus, according toIncome approachComputational formula is:

 

Gross domestic product.WageInterest.Profit+Rent+Indirect taxAndBusiness transfer payments+ depreciation

 

Can be regarded as GDP=Factor of productionIncome + non production factor income

 

Theoretically, use theIncome approachThe calculated GDP and useExpenditure approachThe calculated GDP in the volume are equal.

 

Three, use theProduction methodAccounting GDP

 

UseProduction methodAccounting for GDP, refers to provideMaterialProducts and services in all sectors of production value to calculate gdp.Production methodAlso called the Department of law. This method reflects the gross domestic product source.

 

Using this method, the production departments to use intermediate product value deduction, calculate the value added by. Commercial and service departments according to increment method to calculate. Health,Education, administration, family services and other departments can not be calculated value, according toWageTo calculate the value of the service income.

 

According toProduction methodBusiness accounting gross domestic product, can be divided into the following departments: Agriculture Forestry and fisheries; mining;Construction industry;Manufacturing industryTransportation.Post and TelecommunicationsAnd utilities; electricity, gas, water industry; wholesale,Retail business;Finance, insurance, real estate;Service industry; government services and government enterprises. The above production GDP total, with foreign elementsNet incomeAddition, considering the statistical error, can be usedProduction methodCalculation of the GDP.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Theoretically, according toExpenditure approach,Income approachAndProduction methodCalculation of the GDP in the volume are equal, but the actual accounting often error, thus to add the last statistical error item to carry on the adjustment, to achieve consistency. Actual count, generally in the national economic accounting systemExpenditure approachAs the basic method, namely with the expenditure method to calculate gross domestic product as the standard.

 

In statistical practice in china,Income approachCalculation of GDP is divided into four:

 

GDP=Workers compensation+Net production tax+ fixed assets depreciation + operating surplus

 

The first is Workers compensation. Refers to the workers who engaged in the production of obtained full compensation. Includes worker to obtain the various forms ofWage, bonus and allowances, including bothCurrency form, also includes the physical form; also includes workers enjoy free medical care and medical expenses, traffic subsidies and social insurance fee paid by the unit.

 

Second for Net production tax, referring to Production tax ReductionProduction subsidy After the balance.Production tax A government on units of production, sales and engaged in business activities, as well as engaged in production activities using a certain factor of production (such as fixed assets, land,The labor The collection of taxes), surcharge fee and planning.Production subsidy And production taxes instead, refers to the government on the production unit of the unilateral transfer of income, therefore viewed as negative production tax, including policyLossSubsidies, food system Price subsidies,Foreign trade enterpriseExitTax rebateAnd so on.

 

Third as the depreciation of fixed assets, a certain period of time to make up for the loss of fixed assets in accordance with approved fixed assets depreciation rate of fixed assets depreciation extraction. It reflects the fixed assets in the current production of the transfer of value.

 

Fourth for operating surplus, refers to the resident units to create added value deductionThe labor remuneration,Net production taxFixed assets and depreciation. It is equivalent to the businessProfitAddProduction subsidy.

 

Four, twoNational incomeAccounting system

 

The above is the introduction of the westernNational income accounting(SNA). This system is based on the western economic theory is a basis, think createMaterial productsAnd to provide the service activity is value creation activities, the gross domestic product (GDP) as accounting for nationalEconomic activityCore index. WesternNational income accountingIs present in most countries have taken an accounting method of national economy, it is a reasonable andScienceAccounting system.

 

 

First of all, in the worldEconomic globalization, integration,MarketTrend of informatization, strengthen ceaselessly today, information, knowledge, technology, service sector in economic life plays a more and more important role,Third industryCreate value in the modern economic life in the proportion of more and more big, and material production in the entire economic life status has declined relative to. Therefore, in theNational income accountingShould the immaterial production services included, all paid labor market value through GDP is necessary. Secondly, according to the SNA accounting national income can avoid repeated calculation, distinguish between the nominal GDP and real GDP also have rationality. Of course, this kind of system with GDP to measure the national economyTotal outputThe level of economic development degree, measure, measure standard of living is also defective. For example, non market transaction activities (such as household, provide for oneself production) is not reflected, unable to explain people's leisure enjoyment and safety, can reflect a country's level of environmental contamination, which will inevitably have some repeated calculation, etc.. In nineteen ninties until the end of the cold war, there is a system of national economic accounting namelyCentrally planned economyAll countriesMaterial productsBalance system (MPS), as the former Soviet union,Eastern EuropeAnd China by. This system is based on theMarxReproductionTheory as the basis, will beTotal product of societyAnd national income as the reflection of economic activity total achievement basic index. The accounting system and the centralizedPlanning management systemTo adapt, once played an important role, but with the worldMarket economic systemReform and development, its shortcomings have become increasingly prominent. For example, it can not reflect the information, servicesImmaterial production branchDevelopment, is not conducive to reflectComprehensive national strengthAnd the reasonable adjustmentIndustrial structureIt can reflect the social system;CapitalMotion, not conducive to the national macro management and control; cannot reflect the national economy circulates the panorama and between each link joins the case of adverse state, the economic operation of the integrated balance. Therefore, Eastern Europe, Russia and other economicCountries in transitionAnd China also gradually adopted the westernNational economyAccounting system. China since 1985, formally adopted GDP index as evaluation of national economic development and to develop goal of strategy of development of economy main index. At present, China has been calculated and published GDP digital, but has not been calculated and publishedNet domestic product, national income,Personal incomeAndDisposable personal incomeIndex number.

 

Accounting scope

 

Production range

 

GDP accounting production scope includes the following three parts: first, producers to provide or prepare for other units in the production of goods and services; second, producers for their final consumption and capital formation of all goods self-sufficient sex production; third, private housing owners for their final consumption to provide housing services, as well as the self-sufficient sex production by the family service. Production range does not include the payment of the self-sufficient sex family service, no units to control the activities of nature (such as wild, without bred forest, fruit or wild berry natural growth, the high seas fish population natural growth).#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Geographic range

 

GDP accounting principles included in China's economy the territory has center of economic interest of all resident units of the economic activities. This report quarterly GDP data by the State Statistics Bureau is responsible for the accounting of national data, not including Hongkong, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province's GDP data.

 

Calculation process

 

National Bureau of StatisticsPublished annuallyGross domestic productData need to go through the following process: preliminary estimation process, preliminary verification process and final verification process. Preliminary estimation process generally at the end of each year and the next year the beginning of the year. It is the annual GDP data is only a preliminary count, the data needs to be obtained sufficient information after verification. Preliminary verification process in the following year the second quarter. A preliminary verification of the obtained GDP data more accurately, but still lack the GDP accounting required for many important information, so the corresponding data still need further verification. The final verification process generally in the following articleThe four seasonsDegree. At this time, GDP accounting need and can collect various statistics, accounting information andAdministrative managementData ready. With the previous steps compared, it uses a more comprehensive, more detailed information, so the GDP data is even more accurate.

 

In addition, GDP data also need to go through a historical data adjustment process, i.e. when the find or create a new data source, a new classification method, a more accurate calculation method or more reasonable accounting principles, to historical data adjustment, in order to make the annual GDP comparable, it isInternational practice. As of the United States of America in the 1929 to 1999 there have been 11 history data adjustment.

 

In short, every time the published GDP has its specific stages of the meaning and particular value, not because of differences in time according to data of different, but doubt statistics problems. Of course, China in the calculation of GDP system also has some defects, such as long-term use of native Chinese of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries accounting system, look from actual condition, many places have lagged behind the development of the times.

 

Note appended.

 

The 1 period is emphasized in the period of "new" increasing end products and providing services, the period of not. For exampleUsed car,The second-hand houseIs not this year's GDP;

 

The 2 intermediate product can be thought of as a raw material, is used for the production ofThe final productUse, that is to say the year it produced in the year to continue even after processing production; if it were placed to the price of direct sales, purchased by consumers and directly used, that is a different matter, as a special case, included or not included in gross, ;#p#分頁標題#e#

 

3 this is aFlow rateThe concept of the stock, rather than conceptual, not this year figures are from the founding to the present volume, this is wrong, it refers only to the period of new production out of something;

 

4Market valueMeans is the use of money as a unit to count the amount of money because of formation, type of merchandise is too much, t, a, a, table and so on the unit and total, so the annual monetary unit to count and total. Called the annual monetary unit refers to the commodity this year prices.

 

Index analysis

 

A country's GDP growth, reflect the booming economy, national income increases, consumptive ability also increases. In this case, the central bank will raise interest rates, monetary supply, national economic performance is good and the rise in interest rates will increase theHome productsMoney attraction. Conversely, if a country's GDPNegative growth, show the country economy in recession, consumption reduction. At this time, the central bank will cut interest rates to stimulate the economy may be growing again, falling interest rates and economic performance is depressed, the currency's appeal will reduce the. Therefore, in general, highEconomic growth rateWill promote the countryCurrency exchange rateRise, and low economic growth rate will cause the country's currency exchange rate down. For example, 1995--1999 year, the United States GDP average annual growth rate of 4.1%, while the 11 euro-zone countries exceptIreland(9%) high, law, morality, Italy and other countries of the GDP growth

 

GDP structure

 

Rate of only 2.2%, 1.5% and 1.2%, significantly lower than the United States of America level. This promptedEuroSince January 1, 1999 since the start, against the U.S. dollar exchange rate continued to decline, in less than two years.Depreciation30%. But in fact, the economic growth rate differences onExchange rate fluctuationThe influence in many aspects:

 

A is one country economic growth rate, mean income increase, domesticDemandLevel, will increase the country's imports, leading toRegular projectTrade deficit, then, will make its currency fall.

 

Two if the economy is to ExitOriented, economic growth is to produce more products for export, the export growth will make imports increase, slow down their currencies down pressure.

 

Three is one country economic growth rate, meanLabour productivityImprove quickly, reduce the cost, thus improving theirProductCompetitive position and has the added benefit ofExitInhibitionImported; and high economic growth rate because of the country's currency in the foreign exchange market is valued, and thus the countryCurrency exchange rateThere will be upward trend.

 

In the United States, the gross domestic product by the Ministry of commerce is responsible for statistical analysis, practice is the quarterly estimate and statistics a. Every time the published initially estimated data (the preliminary estimates), there will be two revision (the first revision published & the final; Revision), is published every third weeks. Gross domestic product is usually used with the same period last year for comparison, such as increased, on behalf of the economy, is beneficial to theAppreciation; such as reducing, said a slowing economy, the currency is devalued pressure. In the United States, GDP will have 3% growth, that isIdealLevel, show Economic developmentIs healthy, above this level expressedInflation pressure; less than 1.5% growth, show the economic slowdown and recession signs.

 

The concept of GDP is derived fromExchangeProducing wealth principle. This principle is the basic conditions: one is the exchange must be voluntary, two is the exchange must not hinder third people, three is the exchange must be two clear property right main body between real happen. If do not accord with these three conditions, then the derived GDP numerical accuracy would have to sell at a discount greatly, or GDP data will be flawed. Such as compulsory transaction GDP, interfere with others' GDP,ExitThe creation of GDP, GDP, investment consumption GDP etc will affect the GDP of the total effective accumulation.

 

Index value

 

(a) GDP accounting system in GDP is an important comprehensive statisticsIndex, also be China NewNational economic accounting systemIn the core index. It reflects a country (or area) economic strength and the size of the market.

 

The economy of a country or area is in after allGrowthOr the decline stage, from thisDigitalChanges can be observed. For.Gross domestic productPublish

 

2011GDP

 

Form of no more than two, with total and percentage calculation unit. When GDP growth figures in a positive, displays theRegion economyIn the expansion phase; conversely, if a is negative, that the region's economy into a recession. Gross domestic product is a certainTimeIn the production ofCommodityAnd services total multiplied by the "currency price" or"Market price"The numbers, i.e.Nominal GDPGross domestic product, nominalGrowth rateBe equal toReal GDPGrowth rate andInflation rateThe and. Therefore, even ifTotal outputNo increase, onlyPrice levelRise, nominal GDP is still will rise. In the case of higher prices, GDP rose is an illusion, has a substantial influence or changes in real GDP rate, so the use of GDP this indicator, also must passThe GDP deflator, the nominal GDP adjusted, thereby accurately reflect the actual change in output. Therefore, a quarter of GDP deflator increases, it is sufficient to show that when the seasonInflationStatus. If the GDP deflator increases substantially, will have a negative impact on the economy, but also moneySupplyCrunch,Interest rateRise, and foreign exchangeExchange rateThe rise of.

 

(two) gross domestic product is to reflect the resident units of production activity indicators.The resident unitsRefers to a countryEconomic territoryWithEconomic interestsThe center of economic units.Economic territoryIs defined by the control of a government or with the geography of the territory, which is in its geographical scope on the basis of, should also include the country's embassies and consulates, scientific research station and aid agencies, and deduct the foreign in our country the mechanism (international institutions that do not belong to anyCountryThe resident units, but its employees belong to the countryPermanent residents).Economic interestsThe center is a unit or individual in a state ofEconomic territoryWith a certain activities, engaged in production andConsumptionActivities, and continued to operate or lived for more than a year of units or individuals, an institution or individual with only oneEconomic interestsCenter. General institutions (unit), regardless of their assets and management ownership which state control, just meet the above criteria, the institutions in the host country hasEconomic interestsCenter. As an individual, regardless of their nationality which belong to the state, as long as with the above criteria, the residents in the country where it isEconomic interestsCenter. Because the resident unitConceptStrict rule a countryEconomic entityRange, so to determine the caliber of computation of gross domestic product, domestic and foreign accounting clear boundaries and all sorts of trading amount range have important significance.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Knowledge links

GDP accounting mainly to corporate units as the accounting unit, in the accounting basis of corporate units mainly engaged in activities will be divided into different industries, were calculated in various sectors of the increase in value, then the industry increases a value aggregated GDP.[2]

 

Calculation of frequency

 

Accounting frequency for the quarter, China beginning in the 1 quarter of 1992 accounting quarter GDP. At present, quarterly accounting adopt cumulative accounting methods, which were calculated for each year of the 1 quarter, 1-2 quarter quarter quarter, 1-3 and 1-4 GDP data.

 

Beginning in the 1 quarter of 2011, the National Bureau of statistics released officially the quarter GDP growth rate.[2]

 

Laws and regulations

 

GDP accounting strictly abide by the "PRC Statistics Law" provisions. At present, Chinese GDP is in accordance with the "China national economic accounting system" (2002) (CSNA) requirements for measurement, this system adopted the United Nations in 1993 "national economic accounting system" (SNA) the basic accounting principles, contents and methods. Recently, national statistic bureau is on the UN and other international organizations revised 2008 SNA research, and gradually to GDP of China accounting system for revision.[2]

 

Confidentiality

 

In accordance with the "people's Republic of China Statistics" the first chapter of the provisions of article ninth, the statistic institutions and statistical personnel known in statistical work of state secrets, business secrets and personal information, shall keep confidential.

 

National economic accounting personnel in accounting for the use of GDP without overt professional statistical data and administrative data strictly confidential, in GDP accounting data before the release of the current GDP data is strictly confidential.[2]

 

User needs

 

Quarterly GDP data of domestic users is the main government departments, research institutes, University, industry associations, the media and the public. In addition, the National Bureau of statistics report regularly to the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the organization for economic cooperation and development, the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations to provide Chinese quarter GDP data.[2]

 

Quarter GDP accounting method

 

With reference to "classification of national economic industries" (GB/T 4754-2002) and the actual situation in China, quarter GDP accounting industry division with three grade classification.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

The first level classification directly by the National Bureau of statistics made on 2003 "three industrial classification regulation", divided into the first industry, the second industry and the tertiary industry in the tertiary industry, but eliminating the international part.

 

Second level classification basically uses the classification of national economic industries category, divided into Agriculture Forestry Animal Husbandry and fishery, industrial, construction, transport, storage and post services, wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and catering industry, financial industry, real estate industry, service industry and other 9 industries. Among them industrial including mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water production and supply industry 3 industry categories; other services include information transmission, computer service and software industry, leasing and business services, scientific research, technical services and geological prospecting, water conservancy, environment and public facility management, resident services and other services, education, health, social security and social welfare, culture, sports and entertainment, public administration and social organizations such as the 9 categories of industry.[2]

 

Third classes in grade second classification on the basis of the tertiary industry, the Chinese people economy industry classification part class, divided into category.

 

Data source

 

In the quarter of GDP business accounting, all can be obtained when applied in accounting, economic survey data for GDP accounting. Data sources mainly includes two parts:

 

It is a country statistic to investigate a data, defined by the national statistical system statistical survey to obtain the various statistics, such as aricultural herd fishery, industry, bldg., wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and catering industry, real estate and other statistical data, the sampling survey of the service trade data, population and labor wage statistics, price statistics data.

 

The two was an administrative administrative records, including: the Ministry of finance, people's Bank of China, the State Administration of Taxation, insurance, securities and other administrative departments and related data, such as the people's Bank of China's financial institutions and foreign currency credit balance, the State Administration of Taxation Branch industry tax information.[2]

 

Accounting method

 

Price increases method of value business accounting

 

According to the data sources, quarter value-added accounting mainly uses the value added rate method, related index of magnitude of value calculation method, calculation method of using the constant current.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

(1) the value added rate method

 

Value added rate method is to calculate the current output, according to the annual report last year data and current production situation to determine the value-added rate, then the two calculated by multiplying the value added, a calculation formula for the:[2]

 

Added value at current price = current output x value-added rate

 

(2) related to the value quantity index speed calculation method

 

Relative value indicators speed calculation method is using the related index of magnitude of value of market growth rate calculate value-added growth rate over the same period last year, and then multiplied by the calculated value-added value-added growth rate that current price increase value, calculated as:

 

Added value at current price = year value-added of X (1+ value-added growth rate )

 

Wherein, value-added growth rate, according to the relative value indicators present growth rate, as well as the previous year value-added growth rate and related index of magnitude of value of market growth rate relationship between the number of identified.[2]

 

(3) the calculation method of changeless price price

 

The first use of quantity index and the push method of changeless price increase in value, according to the relative price index calculation of added value at current price. Computational formula is:

 

Added value at current price = changeless price increase value x price index

 

Changeless price increases method of value business accounting

 

Constant value added is put at current prices increase value conversion according to a fixed period (base) price calculation value, thereby eliminating the price change factors, so that the value can be compared in different periods. Constant value added by a fixed base method, now replaced every 5 years base, base is now 2010.[2]

 

Quarterly constant value added accounting mainly uses the price index cut method and relative quantity index extrapolation.

 

(1) the price index reduction method

 

Using the relevant price index reduction value-added, computational changeless price increase value, calculated as:

 

Changeless price increases value = value-added / price index

 

(2) volume index extrapolation

 

Volume index of extrapolation is related to the use of volume index growth speed of changeless price increases the growth rate of the value, and then use the same period last year changeless price increase is calculated and multiplied by the value of changeless price increases a value to grow speed to reach the current constant value added, the formula is:#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Changeless price increases value = year changeless price increases the value of X (1+ changeless price increases a value to grow speed )

 

Wherein, changeless price added value growth rate, according to the relative volume index growth rate, as well as the previous year changeless price increases a value to grow speed and volume index growth rate relationship between the number of identified.[2]

 

Seasonal adjustment

 

GDP growth rate is a quarter of the last quarter of the increase in value and added value of data comparison results. When calculate, to exclude the seasonality in a time series, by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS-SA) software version of seasonal adjustment of time series seasonal adjustment. NBS-SA is present in the international comparison of commonly used seasonally adjusted based on the software, considering Chinese peculiar seasonal factors developed by. This software added processing Chinese peculiar seasonal factors of the new module, effectively rejecting the Chinese peculiar seasonal factors, including the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and other holiday factor, mobile work week days from 6 days to 5 days, holidays shift factor changes and the changes brought about by the factors such as the rest.[2]

 

Necessity of amendment

 

Quarter GDP preliminary accounting on timeliness strong, generally in the season 15 days after the announcement, then, GDP accounting required basic data cannot be obtained, therefore the quarter GDP preliminary accounting professional use of statistical data and relevant indexes derived schedule. After that, along with the available data increases ceaselessly and perfect, will use more complete basic data, for example, professional statistics annual, industry financial data and sample survey data and financial statement data to GDP data is revised, making it more accurately reflect the actual situation of economic development.[2]

 

Revision program

 

According to "National Bureau of statistics of China quarterly GDP accounting and data distribution procedures", and "GDP in China Accounting and data issuance system reform" provisions, China quarterly GDP accounting for preliminary business accounting, preliminary verification and final verify three steps. Usually, the annual GDP preliminary verification and final verification, to the quarterly data revision, called routine revision; in the development of national economic census, found on the GDP data has a greater impact on the new basic data, or calculation method and classification standard changes of annual GDP history data is revised, also want to on the quarter GDP historical data to corresponding revision, called the comprehensive revision.[2]#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Cumulative data revision

 

China quarterly GDP data revision method is proportional convergence method, namely the use of the annual benchmark value and the year four quarters of the total rate adjusted quarterly data method. Percentage of articulation method basic approach is: first to national economy each industry current and constant value added articulation, GDP, three industrial added value is the connection of industry value added summary. That is, after the connection of Agriculture Forestry Animal Husbandry and fishery quarter for the first quarter of value-added of industry value-added; linking the industrial and construction industries quarter value-added of total, convergence is obtained after the second industrial added value at current price will converge; after the tertiary industry the industry value-added of total, convergence is obtained after the third industrial added value at current price will converge; after the three industrial added value at current price total, convergence is obtained after the quarter price GDP. Constant GDP and changeless price three industrial added value and present the same connection method.

 

Chain data revision

 

Due to the seasonal adjustment is the subject of time series data, therefore, when the time sequence in any quarter of data changes, will affect the seasonal adjustment results; in the time series of the new season's data, also can make the previous quarter data link or more or less change, this model automatic correction results. According to seasonal adjustment principle, in general, the latest data from more recent times, the data affected larger; from the latest data time distant period, data are less affected by. For the convenience of users, published in current data link at the same time, through the website of the National Bureau of statistics released the revised the previous quarter data link.[2]

 

On the basis of data evaluation

 

For GDP accounting used by each professional statistic data and administrative data, the relevant departments will be its quality inspection, ensure the data reasonably reflect the actual situation of economic development. When the GDP accounting departments are the basic data, once again in the data integrity and accuracy of inspection, to ensure that these data are consistent with the GDP accounting concepts and requirements.[2]

 

On the accounting methods of assessment

 

In the GDP calculation, GDP accounting department will be based on the continuous development of China's economic situation, on the basis of continuous improvement of national economic accounting standards, the China quarterly GDP accounting method is revised, in order to ensure the rationality of calculation method. At present, are working on the "China national economic accounting system (2002 revision)".[2]#p#分頁標題#e#

 

On the accounting of the results of assessment

 

In quarter GDP accounting results, to GDP the project data, GDP data and related professional, departmental statistical data as well as the macro data coordination of inspection, ensuring GDP data and other data coordination and matching. Is to establish a national economic accounting as the core framework, the professional and departmental statistical data evaluation system based.[2]

 

Comparability of data

 

"China's national economic accounting system (2002)" adopted the United Nations in 1993 "national economic accounting system" (SNA) the basic accounting principles, contents and methods, thus the GDP data internationally comparable.[2]

 

In the development of national economic census or calculation method and classification standard change later on quarter GDP historical data were revised, so since the 1 quarter of 1992 quarter GDP time sequence comparability.[2]

Release time

 

Quarter GDP preliminary business accounting numbers in general about 15 days after the season finished; quarter GDP preliminary verified at the annual GDP initial nuclear real release after 45 days; quarter final at the annual GDP GDP real final nuclear real release after 45 days. The main statistical indicators of publishing, the National Bureau of statistics will be issued at the beginning of the "economic statistics information publishing schedule" that the release date, GDP data will be released on time schedule.[2]