市場營銷學留學生dissertation代寫：解析鋼琴制造商的市場格局
09-03, 2014
法國普萊耶爾PLEYEL鋼琴生存了已經近兩個世紀了，李斯特和德彪西等客戶都是它忠實的消費者，并且也得到了他們的好評。然而最近該企業卻對外宣布在本月之內將會關閉最后一家工廠。在遠東國家，同等價格且品質低廉的鋼琴業競爭了近幾十年，即使該公司擁有世界鋼琴家的認可，但還是最終面臨被淘汰的危機。
歐洲的鋼琴制造業中的制造商們悲劇并不僅僅只有遠東而己，只是這普萊耶爾PLEYEL事件較人們所熟悉而己。在二十世紀上半段時間之內，據不完全統計有著近三百家的鋼琴制造商，但是現在只有近九家。組裝一架普萊耶爾PLEYEL的三角鋼琴需要500-1500個小時，在市場上的平均售價為十萬歐元（約合十三點五萬美金）。而亞洲批量生產一架立式鋼琴只需要二千歐元，電子琴也只是賣到一百歐元。
中國批量生產的廉價鋼琴占據了大半個市場，據統計到二零一二年全世界所生產的近四十九點三萬架鋼琴有近五分之四來自于中國市場。世界上最大的鋼琴制造商就來自于珠江，他們每年可產近十萬架鋼琴。
PLEYEL, in business for over two centuries, was Chopin’s favourite and counted Stravinsky, Liszt and Debussy among its customers. But the French piano-maker recently said that its last workshop will close this month. The endorsement of august musicians has not saved it after decades of struggling to compete with less pricey pianos from the Far East.
The sad leitmotif of Europe’s piano-makers is a familiar one. Only nine remain out of around 300 that were in business in the first half of the 20th century. A grand piano, of the sort Pleyel is known for, takes between 500 and 1,500 hours to construct and sells for around €100,000 ($135,000). Tinkling the ivories of a mass-produced, Asian-made upright will cost a pianist as little as €2,000. And half-decent electronic keyboards start at only €100.
Cheap pianos from China dominate the market. Of 493,000 pianos made worldwide in 2012, nearly four-fifths were manufactured there. More than 100,000 were produced by Pearl River, the world’s biggest piano-maker. It exports to 100 countries, including Germany, where it uses the renowned Ritmuller name, which it acquired in 1999.
Most Asian pianos are budget models, but some manufacturers have moved upmarket by luring skilled craftsmen from fading European workshops, and by entering partnerships with well-known brands. Pearl River now produces cheaper models with Steinway & Sons, a concert-hall favourite. Last year Bechstein of Germany teamed up with Hailun, based in Ningbo, to produce an affordable range in China.
Having come to dominate the market for cheap pianos the Chinese may hope to strike the same note with accomplished pianists as Japanese rivals have. Yamaha bought Austria’s upmarket Bösendorfer in 2007 but kept production in Europe. It is increasingly represented in reputable concert halls. Kawai, also from Japan, found favour with music conservatoires after developing technology that made its pianos more durable and in less need of frequent tuning.
Many music lovers will lament the decline of traditional workshops where craft was nurtured and passed down through generations. Happily for them, some traditional makers have come up with creative ways to stay competitive. Steinway, which was sold in August to a Paulson & Co, a private-equity firm, offers piano-playing crash courses to the super-wealthy of the Persian Gulf, in an attempt to market its instruments as status symbols.
Petrof, Europe’s biggest piano-maker, decided to exploit Chinese demand for products with a pedigree, and focus solely on selling high-end instruments there after nearly going bust in 2004. It has paid off, and the firm is now growing by 5% a year. For Europe’s surviving piano-makers, it’s a case of changing their tune or facing the music.
The port of Rotterdam is divided into seven area, a total of 100 square kilometers, the port water area of 277.1 square kilometers, the depth of 6.7 ~ 21 meters, channel no brake, maximum mooring 544000 ton supertanker, is the biggest port in the world.Ports and related auxiliary industrial output value accounted for 12% of national GDP, accounting for 40% of GDP, local city is the main body of the city.The port of Rotterdam is the world's most advanced ECT, container terminals, annual volume of 6.4 million teu, fourth in the world.
Through the perfect logistics facilities to strengthen local location advantages.Now the port of Rotterdam and at the same time for more than 600, one thousand tons of ship and more than 30 vessels, inland river ships in throughput about 300 million tons of goods.Port of Rotterdam, high standards of deepwater channel and modern port infrastructure provide a platform for the development of port logistics, improve the transportation condition of the port and other economic regions, expanding economic hinterland of port.
To optimize industrial park construction, professional services, to improve the port city of the economy.Rotterdam has to provide commodity storage and distribution services Eemhsven logistics center, to provide oil and chemical products professional delivery service park Msasvlakte Botlek logistics center, and modernization, the logistics center has a special transportation channel between the terminal and, provide logistics operation of the necessary equipment, adopts the most advanced information technology, and provide value-added services, and the scene of the customs office services.These professional specialization for port logistics park construction services provided.
Port logistics industrial development platform, form the logistics industry chain, improve the port city of industrialized.Rotterdam port logistics mainly provide container loading, storage, packaging, assembling, labeling, sorting, again test, customs declaration, container depot repair as well as to Europe's receiving point distribution services, make full use of the function of port logistics system, to provide integrated services, formed a complete industrial chain logistics.
Antwerp is the second largest industrial center, the Belgian port area with a total area of 106.33 million square meters, the water area of 13.15 million square meters, port coastline of 99 km, in port when high water depth of 18.5 meters, is the world's fourth largest.Cargo throughput of about 80 million tons, 70% of the Belgian maritime trade through the port.
Through the development of port logistics, promote the development of the port industry.Antwerp port industry is highly concentrated, owning a car, steel, coal, fruits, grain, timber, fertilizer, paper, container terminals, equipped with all kinds of warehouses and special equipment, with industrial development zone.According to the statistics, the port of Antwerp HaiYunLiang about a quarter from the port industry, if the port industry caused a variety of ways of traffic statistics, more than 115 million tons a year.
Through the improvement of the port logistics infrastructure, form a transportation network, expanding economic hinterland.Antwerp port developed various modes of transport, railway line nearly 4 km, has more than 300 liner routes connected with more than 800 ports in the world, with more than 100 countries and regions in the world to establish the business relationship.Water transportation and intensive highway, railway, the core of land transportation links up, form a complete transportation network, guarantee smooth transport of goods.
Through the port logistics development, reduce logistics cost, provide port city industrial development platform.Port of Antwerp as one of Europe's industrial and logistics center, give full play to the advantages of port can effectively reduce logistics cost.Currently, Antwerp port area of the whole industrial development zone, covers an area of about 36.74 square kilometers, about 31% of the total area of port, has become the center of Europe's largest, the world's second largest petrochemical industry.Port logistics for lingang industrial development has brought the convenience, the development of industry brought lasting power for the development of the port.
Port logistics is the way of gathering port resources and port is the resource cluster nodes.Logistics park construction of port logistics resources provide a bearing point, gather for the port and the port city of port city with its economic hinterland, interactive offer more favorable conditions.Port of Rotterdam, pay attention to construction of logistics park, the establishment of distribution park ", "distribution center" and other functions of logistics park, logistics industry chain, increase logistics value-added space, driving the development of regional economy.
Port logistics can give full play to the advantages of reducing logistics cost, promote the development of port industry.Antwerp port, have professional dock, equipped with all kinds of warehouses and special equipment, oil refining, chemical industry, petrochemical, automotive equipment and ship repair industry development zone, provide conditions for the development of port industry.
Makes the development of inland container shipping to enter the logistics system for inland city towards opening, cooperation between region and region, resources configuration have very good effect.Rotterdam with road, rail, barge, such as container transport, Europe's largest container terminal, its loading and unloading process control completely with computer.The inland water container transportation has low freight (10% lower than the railway, roads that are lower than 30%), the advantages of goods delivery time is accurate.
The port of Rotterdam and Antwerp highway, waterway and railway transportation system more perfect.The port of Rotterdam can shipping the goods within 24 hours, through the comprehensive transportation system arrived in France, Germany, Britain and Belgium and other major European countries.Port of Antwerp, Belgium and Europe of inland water transport network is linked together, each year about 52000 ships inland barge traffic, port more than 90% of the total cost of the goods belong to international transshipment cargo, has become a truly international cargo warehousing and distribution centres.
Since Adam Smith, the economic growth theory have great development, economists have been, to explore the causes of economic growth will be the development of specialization and division of labor, the progress of production technology and the expansion of the resulting market are used to explain the economic growth, it also provides a theoretical basis for the economic development of all countries.Modern economic growth theory begins with the Keynesian revolution, such as the 1940 s Harold sodom build the model of economic growth theory, then based on the fixed structure of solo a swan model, and then to the mid - 80 - s produced by Paul, romer and Lucas represented by the new growth theory, economic growth theory by exogenous growth theory to the transformation of endogenous growth.Although no more unified model of contemporary theories of economic growth, but without exception, will be capital investment as a key factor of economic growth the title papers.
As the world's largest developing country in our country, also face a problem of capital accumulation.With the deepening of reform, China's economic system from the single public ownership to public ownership as the main body, a variety of ownership develop together, the planned economy gradually transition to a market economy.Compared with most other late-development country, Chinese contemporary capital accumulation in a short period of time to get the rapid growth of China and foreign countries on China's economic miracle has given the full affirmation, but many of the high-speed economic growth has disguised capital accumulation in the problem, cause the transition in the economy and the social contradictions, it is also worth thinking about.
歐洲的鋼琴制造業中的制造商們悲劇并不僅僅只有遠東而己，只是這普萊耶爾PLEYEL事件較人們所熟悉而己。在二十世紀上半段時間之內，據不完全統計有著近三百家的鋼琴制造商，但是現在只有近九家。組裝一架普萊耶爾PLEYEL的三角鋼琴需要500-1500個小時，在市場上的平均售價為十萬歐元（約合十三點五萬美金）。而亞洲批量生產一架立式鋼琴只需要二千歐元，電子琴也只是賣到一百歐元。
中國批量生產的廉價鋼琴占據了大半個市場，據統計到二零一二年全世界所生產的近四十九點三萬架鋼琴有近五分之四來自于中國市場。世界上最大的鋼琴制造商就來自于珠江，他們每年可產近十萬架鋼琴。
PLEYEL, in business for over two centuries, was Chopin’s favourite and counted Stravinsky, Liszt and Debussy among its customers. But the French piano-maker recently said that its last workshop will close this month. The endorsement of august musicians has not saved it after decades of struggling to compete with less pricey pianos from the Far East.
The sad leitmotif of Europe’s piano-makers is a familiar one. Only nine remain out of around 300 that were in business in the first half of the 20th century. A grand piano, of the sort Pleyel is known for, takes between 500 and 1,500 hours to construct and sells for around €100,000 ($135,000). Tinkling the ivories of a mass-produced, Asian-made upright will cost a pianist as little as €2,000. And half-decent electronic keyboards start at only €100.
Cheap pianos from China dominate the market. Of 493,000 pianos made worldwide in 2012, nearly four-fifths were manufactured there. More than 100,000 were produced by Pearl River, the world’s biggest piano-maker. It exports to 100 countries, including Germany, where it uses the renowned Ritmuller name, which it acquired in 1999.
Most Asian pianos are budget models, but some manufacturers have moved upmarket by luring skilled craftsmen from fading European workshops, and by entering partnerships with well-known brands. Pearl River now produces cheaper models with Steinway & Sons, a concert-hall favourite. Last year Bechstein of Germany teamed up with Hailun, based in Ningbo, to produce an affordable range in China.
Having come to dominate the market for cheap pianos the Chinese may hope to strike the same note with accomplished pianists as Japanese rivals have. Yamaha bought Austria’s upmarket Bösendorfer in 2007 but kept production in Europe. It is increasingly represented in reputable concert halls. Kawai, also from Japan, found favour with music conservatoires after developing technology that made its pianos more durable and in less need of frequent tuning.
Many music lovers will lament the decline of traditional workshops where craft was nurtured and passed down through generations. Happily for them, some traditional makers have come up with creative ways to stay competitive. Steinway, which was sold in August to a Paulson & Co, a private-equity firm, offers piano-playing crash courses to the super-wealthy of the Persian Gulf, in an attempt to market its instruments as status symbols.
Petrof, Europe’s biggest piano-maker, decided to exploit Chinese demand for products with a pedigree, and focus solely on selling high-end instruments there after nearly going bust in 2004. It has paid off, and the firm is now growing by 5% a year. For Europe’s surviving piano-makers, it’s a case of changing their tune or facing the music.
The port of Rotterdam is divided into seven area, a total of 100 square kilometers, the port water area of 277.1 square kilometers, the depth of 6.7 ~ 21 meters, channel no brake, maximum mooring 544000 ton supertanker, is the biggest port in the world.Ports and related auxiliary industrial output value accounted for 12% of national GDP, accounting for 40% of GDP, local city is the main body of the city.The port of Rotterdam is the world's most advanced ECT, container terminals, annual volume of 6.4 million teu, fourth in the world.
Through the perfect logistics facilities to strengthen local location advantages.Now the port of Rotterdam and at the same time for more than 600, one thousand tons of ship and more than 30 vessels, inland river ships in throughput about 300 million tons of goods.Port of Rotterdam, high standards of deepwater channel and modern port infrastructure provide a platform for the development of port logistics, improve the transportation condition of the port and other economic regions, expanding economic hinterland of port.
To optimize industrial park construction, professional services, to improve the port city of the economy.Rotterdam has to provide commodity storage and distribution services Eemhsven logistics center, to provide oil and chemical products professional delivery service park Msasvlakte Botlek logistics center, and modernization, the logistics center has a special transportation channel between the terminal and, provide logistics operation of the necessary equipment, adopts the most advanced information technology, and provide value-added services, and the scene of the customs office services.These professional specialization for port logistics park construction services provided.
Port logistics industrial development platform, form the logistics industry chain, improve the port city of industrialized.Rotterdam port logistics mainly provide container loading, storage, packaging, assembling, labeling, sorting, again test, customs declaration, container depot repair as well as to Europe's receiving point distribution services, make full use of the function of port logistics system, to provide integrated services, formed a complete industrial chain logistics.
Antwerp is the second largest industrial center, the Belgian port area with a total area of 106.33 million square meters, the water area of 13.15 million square meters, port coastline of 99 km, in port when high water depth of 18.5 meters, is the world's fourth largest.Cargo throughput of about 80 million tons, 70% of the Belgian maritime trade through the port.
Through the development of port logistics, promote the development of the port industry.Antwerp port industry is highly concentrated, owning a car, steel, coal, fruits, grain, timber, fertilizer, paper, container terminals, equipped with all kinds of warehouses and special equipment, with industrial development zone.According to the statistics, the port of Antwerp HaiYunLiang about a quarter from the port industry, if the port industry caused a variety of ways of traffic statistics, more than 115 million tons a year.
Through the improvement of the port logistics infrastructure, form a transportation network, expanding economic hinterland.Antwerp port developed various modes of transport, railway line nearly 4 km, has more than 300 liner routes connected with more than 800 ports in the world, with more than 100 countries and regions in the world to establish the business relationship.Water transportation and intensive highway, railway, the core of land transportation links up, form a complete transportation network, guarantee smooth transport of goods.
Through the port logistics development, reduce logistics cost, provide port city industrial development platform.Port of Antwerp as one of Europe's industrial and logistics center, give full play to the advantages of port can effectively reduce logistics cost.Currently, Antwerp port area of the whole industrial development zone, covers an area of about 36.74 square kilometers, about 31% of the total area of port, has become the center of Europe's largest, the world's second largest petrochemical industry.Port logistics for lingang industrial development has brought the convenience, the development of industry brought lasting power for the development of the port.
Port logistics is the way of gathering port resources and port is the resource cluster nodes.Logistics park construction of port logistics resources provide a bearing point, gather for the port and the port city of port city with its economic hinterland, interactive offer more favorable conditions.Port of Rotterdam, pay attention to construction of logistics park, the establishment of distribution park ", "distribution center" and other functions of logistics park, logistics industry chain, increase logistics value-added space, driving the development of regional economy.
Port logistics can give full play to the advantages of reducing logistics cost, promote the development of port industry.Antwerp port, have professional dock, equipped with all kinds of warehouses and special equipment, oil refining, chemical industry, petrochemical, automotive equipment and ship repair industry development zone, provide conditions for the development of port industry.
Makes the development of inland container shipping to enter the logistics system for inland city towards opening, cooperation between region and region, resources configuration have very good effect.Rotterdam with road, rail, barge, such as container transport, Europe's largest container terminal, its loading and unloading process control completely with computer.The inland water container transportation has low freight (10% lower than the railway, roads that are lower than 30%), the advantages of goods delivery time is accurate.
The port of Rotterdam and Antwerp highway, waterway and railway transportation system more perfect.The port of Rotterdam can shipping the goods within 24 hours, through the comprehensive transportation system arrived in France, Germany, Britain and Belgium and other major European countries.Port of Antwerp, Belgium and Europe of inland water transport network is linked together, each year about 52000 ships inland barge traffic, port more than 90% of the total cost of the goods belong to international transshipment cargo, has become a truly international cargo warehousing and distribution centres.
Since Adam Smith, the economic growth theory have great development, economists have been, to explore the causes of economic growth will be the development of specialization and division of labor, the progress of production technology and the expansion of the resulting market are used to explain the economic growth, it also provides a theoretical basis for the economic development of all countries.Modern economic growth theory begins with the Keynesian revolution, such as the 1940 s Harold sodom build the model of economic growth theory, then based on the fixed structure of solo a swan model, and then to the mid - 80 - s produced by Paul, romer and Lucas represented by the new growth theory, economic growth theory by exogenous growth theory to the transformation of endogenous growth.Although no more unified model of contemporary theories of economic growth, but without exception, will be capital investment as a key factor of economic growth the title papers.
As the world's largest developing country in our country, also face a problem of capital accumulation.With the deepening of reform, China's economic system from the single public ownership to public ownership as the main body, a variety of ownership develop together, the planned economy gradually transition to a market economy.Compared with most other late-development country, Chinese contemporary capital accumulation in a short period of time to get the rapid growth of China and foreign countries on China's economic miracle has given the full affirmation, but many of the high-speed economic growth has disguised capital accumulation in the problem, cause the transition in the economy and the social contradictions, it is also worth thinking about.
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