英國蘭卡斯特大學(xué)旅游管理dissertation (Lancaster University)：簡述京都文化旅游行業(yè)中的外部環(huán)境與可持續(xù)性發(fā)展

SUMMARY
摘要

This chapter has addressed the problem of understanding culture tourist motives, especially as they stimulate travel, and the related topic of behaviour at cultural-related motives. Increased theoretical knowledge and market research in these areas will undoubtedly aid tourist organizations to better cater to the needs and preferences of their target audiences, and should improve the tourism attractiveness of culture and historic sector. Further discussions about this matter will be explored in the chapter of Discussions and Recommendations.

本章已經(jīng)解決了了解文化旅游動機(jī)的問題，尤其是當(dāng)他們刺激旅游，文化相關(guān)的動機(jī)和相關(guān)主題的行為。提高理論知識和市場在這些領(lǐng)域的研究無疑將有助于旅游組織，以更好地滿足他們的目標(biāo)受眾的需求和喜好，并應(yīng)提高旅游吸引力，文化和歷史悠久的部門。有關(guān)此事的進(jìn)一步討論將探討的章節(jié)中討論和建議。

External Environment with Sustainable Development
外部環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展

Introduction
介紹

This section will critically evaluate some of the external environmental factors that profoundly influence the cultural tourism and cultural destination in Kyoto, including globalization and international economics, social, culture, and environmental impacts.
本節(jié)將審慎評估一些外部環(huán)境因素，這些因素的深刻影響京都的文化旅游和文化的目的地，包括全球化和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會，文化和環(huán)境的影響。

In recent decades, environmental issues has been concern than ever, the status of tourism as essentially a resource-dependent industry is often highlighted, a new imperative for the tourism industry to achieve a sustainable position in terms of its interaction with the natural,http://ukthesis.org/lvgl/  cultural and human-made environments. The concept of sustainable tourism is now focused worldwide and its implementation and how to establish effective measures have become a global theme, an integrated approach to development is either in place or being put into place. Tourism industry has being the high valuable industry of Kyoto, realization of sustainable tourism is especially urgent, since ecological vulnerability is high in tourism city such as Kyoto. Natural environment, society, and culture are always easily affected by the impact of tourism related activities.
近幾十年來，環(huán)境問題比以往任何時候都一直在關(guān)注，本質(zhì)上是一個資源依賴型產(chǎn)業(yè)，旅游業(yè)的地位是經(jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)，自然，文化和旅游業(yè)實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的位置在其互動的一個新的當(dāng)務(wù)之急人為的環(huán)境。現(xiàn)在正專注全球可持續(xù)旅游的概念及其實施，以及如何建立有效的措施，已成為一個全球性的主題，綜合發(fā)展無論是在地方或投入到位。旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)成為京都的高價值產(chǎn)業(yè)，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)的旅游業(yè)尤其是很急的，因為生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱性高的旅游城市如京都。總是容易受到自然環(huán)境，社會和文化旅游相關(guān)活動的影響。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
 

Sustainable tourism can be defined as tourism that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Faulkner, 2000). Sustainable development is integrated by economic, environmental and social outcomes together. The tourism industry has been recognized as a resource industry, which mean its products and developments are utterly dependent on nature and society’s heritage. On the other hand, “tourism is an economic activity, which must be capable of making a profit in order to survive and benefit the community.” (Theobald, 2005, p.178)
可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)可以被定義為旅游，以滿足當(dāng)前一代的需求，又不損害后代的能力，以滿足自己的需求（福克納，2000年）。可持續(xù)發(fā)展是經(jīng)濟(jì)，環(huán)境和社會的成果集成在一起。旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到作為資源行業(yè)，這意味著其產(chǎn)品和發(fā)展完全依賴于自然和社會的文化遺產(chǎn)。另一方面，“旅游是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，它必須是能夠賺取利潤，為了生存，造福于社會。”（Theobald，2005年，第178頁）

Not only is the hedonistic philosophy still apparent in large numbers of tourists but that the combined pressures of demand and scarce resources also act as significant barriers to the eventual implementation of sustainable tourism. Since sustainable tourism in particular is associated with the characteristics of tourism activities (e.g. adjust and conform with the sustainability of resources, or to place-specific natural and socio-cultural characteristics), the use of resources or tourism consumption patterns (e.g. those that take into consideration and promote the cultural-educational character of tourism experience) and the modes of tourism development (e.g. local participation and involvement in the tourism development process is encouraged). Destination development is largely dependent upon a systematic and structured analysis of the broad environmental factors affecting tourism demand as an essential part. A number of issues have been and will increasingly affect the development of cultural and heritage attractions.

Globalization and International Economics
全球化與國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

Globalization is a progress of international free trading movements, and “is a fundamental consideration for all tourism businesses.” (Cooper and Hall, 2008, p.274) It is a challenge but more importantly, it is an opportunity that tourism industry facing. People could get instant and large amounts of information from a wide range of sources such as the Internet and mass media, high technology, and faster transport which have given people the ability to travel abroad. The development of mass media also assists the destination to attract a global audience. The visitor will be more knowledge and have much more idea about the destination they are going to which will create their expectations. The destination needs to fully prepare to ensure that visitors’ expectations are satisfacted.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
全球化是一個國際自由貿(mào)易運動的進(jìn)展，所有旅游業(yè)務(wù)“是一個基本的考慮因素。”（Cooper和霍爾，2008，p.274）這是一個挑戰(zhàn)，但更重要的是，這是旅游業(yè)面臨的一個機(jī)會。從廣泛的來源，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和大眾媒體，科技含量高，能更快地傳輸給了人們出國旅行的能力，人們可以得到即時和大量的信息。大眾傳播媒介的發(fā)展，也有助于吸引了全球觀眾的目標(biāo)。游客將更多的知識和更知道他們打算將創(chuàng)建自己的期望目標(biāo)。目標(biāo)，需要做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，以確保游客的期望令人滿意。

On the other hand, globalization means a crisis which occurs in one nation will rapidly spread all around the world, as we experience, the financial crisis which is cause by the American credit crunch and has already badly effected the global economy, the stock market is in slump since 2007. Pressures of a global economic slowdown or even a recession in many nations, has severely damaged many of the world’s major industries, the tourism industry in particular, has to cope to survive at this crucial time, as Cooper et al. (2005, p.665) point out that “Tourism is vulnerable to natural and man-made crises, unexpected events that affect traveler confidence in a destination.”

Kyoto, as a historic destination, cultures are resources for tourism, it may not generate much tourist revenue directly, but they are packaged into products that draw people to a place. Culture tourism products benefit other sectors in the tourism industry. Ten percent of Kyoto's economy is based on tourism and it is one of the biggest employers in city. The cultural tourism in Kyoto has been badly affected by this economical turmoil. From August to October this year, the number of oversea visitors has continually decreased, it was –2.0% in August, -6.9% in September and –5.9% in October. (Japan National Tourist Organization, 2008) Such setbacks have seldom or never happened before in Kyoto tourism history. In recent years, the Japanese currency exchange rate has kept rising dramatically, in March 2008, it was 220 JPY: 1 GBP, now it is 130.36 JPY: 1 GBP (XE, Live rates at 31.8.2010) as well as with all other major currencies.
京都，作為一個歷史悠久的目的地，文化旅游資源，它可能不會直接產(chǎn)生大量的旅游收入，但它們被打包成產(chǎn)品，吸引人們到一個地方。文化旅游產(chǎn)品，有利于旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的其他行業(yè)。百分之十的“京都議定書”的經(jīng)濟(jì)以旅游業(yè)，它是在城市最大的雇主之一。京都文化旅游這場經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)暴已嚴(yán)重影響。從8月到今年10月，海外觀眾數(shù)量的不斷減少，這是8月的-2.0％，-6.9％，9月和10月份的-5.9％。 （日本國家旅游局，2008）很少或從來沒有發(fā)生過這樣的挫折，以前在京都觀光景點的歷史。近年來，日本的貨幣匯率急劇上升，在2008年3月，一直是220日元：1英鎊，現(xiàn)在是130.36日圓：1英鎊（XE，活率在2010年8月31日），以及與所有其他主要貨幣。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

In one hand, the tourist destination were “conserved and valued because they had avoided the depredations of modernist forms of development” (Meethan, 2001, p.36); on another hand, there is no evidence that the globalization will stop or slowdown; the international economy will continuously impact in the tourism market in many ways. The destination needs to take speedy action, and adjust management manners such as marketing strategies and destination branding to get over it, later, author will explore some discussion about this issues in the Chapter of DISSCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Buhalis and Costa (2006a, p.138) point out:

“Globalization in relation to tourism is pervasive in that it involves demand, supply and mediation aspects. Tourism in the twenty-first century needs organizations and managers who understand how to operate on a global stage. It implies managers who open their minds and coordinate processes to overcome local differences and forge a global operational management standard for sustainable, high quality results.”
“旅游業(yè)的全球化是很普遍的，因為它涉及的需求，供給和調(diào)解方面。在二十一世紀(jì)的旅游需要了解如何在全球舞臺上的組織和管理。這意味著經(jīng)理們打開他們的頭腦和協(xié)調(diào)流程，以克服地方的差異，建立全球運營管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可持續(xù)，高品質(zhì)的成果。“