會計paper范文：Accounting for General Long-Term Liabilities and Debt Service
本文是會計專業的paper范例，題目是“Accounting for General Long-Term Liabilities and Debt Service（一般長期負債和償債的會計處理）”，這些債務的使用是國家財政政策的一部分，特別是為購買一般資本資產融資。資本項目基金報告的經營性報表增加和減少可花費的資源(Ruppel, 2015)。一般來說，長期負債是指一年以上到期的財務債務。政府一旦決定設立資本項目基金，就會決定需要多少資本項目基金。
Introduction介紹
The use of these debts is part of the fiscal policy of state, specifically for financing the acquisition of general capital assets. The operating statement of the capital projects fund reports increases and decreases in spendable resources (Ruppel, 2015). In general terms, long-term liabilities are financial obligations that become due over one year. Once a government determines to establish capital projects funds, then it decides how many capital projects fund needs.
As a governmental fund type, capital projects funds use the modified accrual basis of accounting. The acquisitions of general capital assets cannot be financed from general funds when there is considerable amount of money. Years ago governmental issues of long-term debt used to mature in total on a given date which resulted in a large “balloon” payment. Most cases, governments are permitted, but not required, to establish capital projects funds to be used for major acquisition and construction of assets.
作為一種政府基金類型，資本項目基金使用修改后的權責發生制會計基礎。一般資本資產的收購，在資金數額較大的情況下，不能從一般資金中獲得資金。幾年前，政府發行的長期債券通常會在給定的日期到期，導致大量的“氣球”付款。在大多數情況下，政府被允許(但不是必須)設立資本項目基金，用于重大資產的收購和建設。
Long-term debt and other obligations are normally not reported in the governmental funds. In other words, capital assets accounted for in the proprietary funds (trust funds) are considered capital assets used in governmental activities. Long-lived assets used by activities financed by the general fund or other governmental funds are called general capital assets (Reck, 2016). There is a distinction between general capital assets and capital assets and that is they are associated with activities financed by fiduciary funds and by proprietary. The extent to which debt may overlap depends on the number of governments represented within an area authorized to incur long-term indebtedness (Reck, 2016).
Accounting for General Capital Assets and Capital Projects一般資本資產和資本項目的會計核算
Long-lived assets used by activities financed by the General Fund or other governmental funds are called general capital assets (Reck, 2016). There is a distinction between general capital assets and capital assets and that is they are associated with activities financed by fiduciary funds and by proprietary. Due to the nature of governmental financial reporting and operations, capital assets are reported in the government-wide statement of net position but are not reported in the fund financial statements. On other words, capital assets accounted for in the proprietary funds (trust funds) are considered capital assets used in governmental activities.
由普通基金或其他政府基金資助的活動使用的長壽命資產被稱為普通資本資產(Reck, 2016)。一般資本資產和資本資產之間有一個區別，即它們與由信托基金和自營基金資助的活動有關。由于政府財務報告和運作的性質，資本資產在全政府凈頭寸表中報告，而不在基金財務報表中報告。換句話說，占專有基金(信托基金)的資本資產被認為是用于政府活動的資本資產。
The acquisitions of general capital assets cannot be financed from general funds when there is a considerable amount of money. Thus, the most common way to finance them is through the issue of long-term debt to be repaid from tax revenues, transfers from other funds, capital leases, grants from other governments, or a combination of several of these sources.
General capital assets follow the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) reporting net of accumulated depreciation wide-level, capitalizing activities account at the government wide-level and debiting to expenditures in the appropriate governmental fund.
Governments often use the capital projects fund type to account for and report major capital acquisition and construction activities (Ruppel, 2015). If money is restricted and received from activities such as gifts from individuals or organizations, capital leases, transfers from other funds, etc, it is recommended the use of capital projects fund because are related to long-term debt and can be recorded in the governmental activities at the government-wide level.
政府經常使用資本項目基金類型來核算和報告主要的資本收購和建設活動(Ruppel, 2015)。如果錢是限制和接收從個人或組織活動,如禮物,資本租賃,轉讓從其他基金,等,建議使用資本項目基金因為長期債務,可以記錄在相關政府活動在政府層面。
As a governmental fund type, capital projects funds use the modified accrual basis of accounting. Revenues are recorded when they are become measurable and available; expenditures are recorded when the liability is incurred. Although, they are some exceptions to recognize the expenditure such as inventories, claims, prepaid items, etc. The operating statement of the capital projects fund reports increases and decreases in spendable resources (Ruppel, 2015).
Most cases, governments are permitted, but not required, to establish capital projects funds to be used for major acquisition and construction of assets. It is possible to use one or more capital projects funds for these activities, also are used for special revenues that relate to capital projects and for capital improvements financed by special assessments. Once a government determines to establish capital projects funds, then it decides how many capital projects fund needs.
在大多數情況下，政府被允許(但不是必須)設立資本項目基金，用于重大資產的收購和建設。可以為這些活動使用一個或多個基本建設項目資金，也可以用于與基本建設項目有關的特別收入和由特別評估供資的基本建設改進。政府一旦決定設立資本項目基金，就會決定需要多少資本項目基金。
Neither the capital assets acquired nor any long-term debt incurred is recorded in capital projects funds; they should be recorded in the governmental activities at the government-wide level (Reck, 2016).
Accounting for General Long-Term Liabilities and Debt Service
Long-term debt and other obligations are normally not reported in the governmental funds. They are reported as liabilities on the government-wide statement of net position or as liabilities of proprietary funds (Ruppel, 2015). The use of these debts is part of the fiscal policy of state, specifically for financing the acquisition of general capital assets. In general terms, long-term liabilities are financial obligations that become due over one year.
長期債務和其他債務通常不報告在政府基金中。它們在政府范圍內的凈頭寸聲明中被報告為負債，或作為專有基金的負債(Ruppel, 2015)。這些債務的使用是國家財政政策的一部分，特別是為購買一般資本資產融資。一般來說，長期負債是指一年以上到期的財務債務。
Examples of long-term liabilities related to operating activities include pensions and other postemployment benefits, obligations related to landfills and pollution remediation, claims and judgments, compensated absences (Reck, 2016). Reporting liabilities within the government-wide statement of internet position needs new each of the following:
The amount due in one year (current portion)
The amount due in more than one year (non-current portion)
It is common for new debt issues to schedule detailing changes through long-term liabilities disclosures. According to the GASB, need to provide detail about the beginning of the period – regardless of whether prior year data are presented on the government-wide financial statements -, additions to and reductions made them, ending liabilities, and the portion of the liabilities payable in one year.
Debt limit, known also as the debt ceiling is a limit that Congress imposes on how much debt the federal government can carry at any given time (Amadeo, 2019). When the ceiling is reached, the U.S. Treasury Department cannot issue any longer Treasury bills, bonds, or notes. It can only pay bills as it receives tax revenues. If the revenue is not enough, the Treasury Secretary should choose from paying federal worker salaries, Social Security benefits, or the interest on the debt.
Congress imposes the debt on the statutory debt ceiling. That’s the outstanding debt in U.S. Treasury notes after adjustments. The changes embrace unamortized discounts, old debt, and secure debt. There are two types of U.S. debt. The first is what the government owes to itself. Most of that is the Social Security monetary fund and federal worker retirement funds. The debt that is owed to everybody else is the public debt. It’s 70% of the total debt. The importance of raising the debt ceiling happens when the President and Congress cannot agree on fiscal policy to protect property owners from confiscation taxation.
國會將債務強加于法定債務上限之上。這是調整后的美國國債余額。這些變化包括未攤銷折扣、舊債務和安全債務。美國國債有兩種類型。首先是政府對自己的虧欠。其中大部分是社會保障貨幣基金和聯邦工人退休基金。欠其他所有人的債務就是公共債務。這是總債務的70%提高債務上限的重要性體現在總統和國會不能就財政政策達成一致，以保護財產所有者免受沒收稅收。
Also, there is a debt margin or borrowing power, which is the difference between the amount of the debt limit and the net amount of outstanding indebtedness subject to the limitation (Reck, 2016). All those debts authorized but not issued at the end of the fiscal year should be disclosed under debt margin due to may be sold at any time. Debt information disclosed, in terms of governmental financial statements, is monitored closely.
Each separate governmental entity affected by the laws has debt limitation laws that may not be exceeded. This means the county may incur indebtedness to the legal limit, a township may do the same within that county, and a city also may become do likewise because of debt already owed by a territory in which is located. When this situation happens it is called overlapping debt. In other words, Overlapping debt refers to the financial obligations of one political jurisdiction that also falls partly on a nearby jurisdiction (Chen, 2018). Overlapping debt is very common in most states because they are divided into many jurisdictions for different tax purposes; for instance, the project of construction for a new building or a new public school. Two government bodies may incur in overlapping jurisdictions, like a state and a city or a city and county.
受該法律影響的每個獨立政府實體都有債務限制法律，但不得超過該法律。這意味著該縣可能在法定限度內發生債務，鄉鎮可能在該縣內發生債務，城市也可能因其所在地區已發生債務而發生債務。當這種情況發生時，它被稱為重疊債務。換句話說，重疊債務指的是一個政治管轄區的財政義務也部分落在附近的管轄區(陳，2018)。債務重疊在大多數州都很常見，因為它們因不同的稅收目的而被劃分為許多管轄區;例如，建設一座新建筑或一所新的公立學校的項目。兩個政府機構可能會發生管轄權重疊的情況，比如一個州和一個市或一個市和一個縣。
Years ago governmental issues of long-term debt used to mature in total on a given date which resulted in a large “balloon” payment. Nowadays, bond issues are serial bond which the principal matures in installments (Reck, 2016). A serial bond is structured by a portion of the outstanding bond matures gradually at regular periods and they are used to finance projects provide income for bond repayment.
Conclusion結論
If money is restricted and received from activities such as gifts from individuals or organizations, capital leases, transfers from other funds, etc, it is recommended the use of capital projects fund because related to long-term debt and can be recorded in the governmental activities at the government-wide level.
如果錢是限制和接收從個人或組織活動,如禮物,資本租賃,轉讓從其他基金,等等,建議相關資本項目基金的使用,因為長期債務,可以記錄在政府活動在政府層面。
The more common classes used to categorize capital assets by governments are: land, buildings, equipment, improvements other than buildings, construction in progress, intangible assets, infrastructure assets (Ruppel, 2015). Neither the capital assets acquired nor any long-term debt incurred is recorded in capital projects funds, they should be recorded in the governmental activities at the government-wide level (Reck, 2016). It is possible to use one or more capital projects funds for these activities, also are used for special revenues that relate to capital projects and for capital improvements financed by special assessments. Once a government determines to establish capital projects funds, then it decides how many capital projects fund needs.
General capital assets follow the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) reporting net of accumulated depreciation wide-level, capitalizing activities account at the government wide-level and debiting to expenditures in the appropriate governmental fund.
一般資本資產遵循政府會計準則委員會(GASB)廣泛的累計折舊凈額報告，資本化活動賬戶在政府廣泛的水平和借記到適當的政府基金的支出。
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