當(dāng)下中職教育服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀及對策研究

With the rapid development of regional economy and further accelerate industrial upgrading, and economic relations as the most direct, most closely with vocational education is also bound to adapt to social and economic development. Based on the Jinhua City in vocational basic education services to local economic development of the investigation, analysis of the current vocational education services local economic situation, problems and their causes, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions.

隨著區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的進(jìn)一步加速，作為與經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系最為直接、最為密切的職業(yè)教育也必然要與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展相適應(yīng)。本文通過對金華市中職教育服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展基本情況的調(diào)查，分析當(dāng)前中職教育服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)狀、問題及成因，并提出了對策與建議。 

First, vocational education services regional economic development status

Jinhua City in vocational education in terms of size, quality has reached a certain level, but serve the local economy, and efficiency way remains to be studied. In this paper, employment, benefits and talent training mechanism has done a survey, vocational education services for local economic development and analysis of the current situation was assessed.

金華市中職教育在規(guī)模、質(zhì)量上已達(dá)到了一定水平，但服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的能力、方式和效率方面還有待研究。本文從就業(yè)、人才效益和培訓(xùn)機(jī)制方面作了調(diào)查，對中職教育服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀作了評估與分析。 

(A) Employment Status Survey

（一）就業(yè)狀況的調(diào)查分析 

1 highlights the "low-end jobs" features. Currently the city's industry concentration is low, pillar industries and key industries are relatively sparse, the slow pace of industrial cooperation within the region, the lack of industry concentration is high, http://ukthesis.org/jyx strong core competitiveness of large enterprises. Non-formal vocational graduates employment characteristics of the low-end is more obvious. Survey showed that most of the vocational students are employed in small and medium-sized private enterprises, of which 80.1 percent of graduates employed in private enterprises, 44.7 percent of graduates are employed in less than 100 small-scale enterprises; majority of students in vocational level jobs are not high, mainly in the first-line operatives based, technology not ask where the lowest level of employment in the enterprise - accounted for 65.7 percent operating level; majority of students in vocational technical level is not high, has become a technology leader or technical backbone relatively low, accounting for only 10.1%; most vocational students at a lower salary level, 63.9 percent of vocational students in post salary of 2,000 yuan.

1.凸顯“低端就業(yè)”特點(diǎn)。當(dāng)前全市產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度偏低，支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)分布相對分散，區(qū)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)合作步伐緩慢，缺乏產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度高、核心競爭力強(qiáng)的大型企業(yè)。中職畢業(yè)生的非正規(guī)低端就業(yè)特點(diǎn)較為明顯。調(diào)查表明，大部分中職學(xué)生就業(yè)于中小規(guī)模民營企業(yè)，其中80.1%的畢業(yè)生就業(yè)于民營企業(yè)，44.7%的畢業(yè)生就業(yè)于100人以下的小規(guī)模企業(yè)；大部分中職學(xué)生就業(yè)崗位層級不高，主要以一線操作工為主，技術(shù)要求不高，其中就業(yè)于企業(yè)最低層級——操作層的占65.7%；多數(shù)中職學(xué)生的技術(shù)層次還不高，已成為技術(shù)帶頭人或技術(shù)骨干的比例較低，僅占10.1%；多數(shù)中職學(xué)生的薪資處于較低水平，63.9%的在崗中職生月薪在2000元以下。 #p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

2 previews "multiple jobs" pattern. From employment channels, Jinhua City vocational students has exceeded the employment of a single pattern. Survey showed that from employment pathways, there through recruitment, school arrangements, family businesses work, social relationships and many other ways, in which students from seeking work, accounting for 67.1%. From employment patterns, showing the following situations: First, go up, which promoted vocational studies. Employment oriented policy under the control of the low percentage of studies in recent years, in 2008 the proportion of graduates in vocational studies was 15.1%, but because developed areas of high migration trends in vocational education and employment education "overpass" construction, the ratio was climb. Second goes out, that is outside the region of employment or employment outside the profession (non-counterparts employment). Survey showed that local employment rate was 54.6%, corresponding employment rate is not high, only 51.1%, of which finance, clothing and other majors counterparts in the lowest employment rate of less than 35%. Three are independent walking, that their own businesses. However, students who choose to start small, compared to just 4.5%.

3 no longer adhere to the "single-mindedness." Vocational students the flexibility and variability of employment increasingly obvious, the overall stability of employment is lower. For 2008 graduates survey showed no change units within two years only 37.7% of the students. Meanwhile, at the time of employment also showed some modifications of, no go "after graduation employment" fixed program, many students before graduation signed a contract with the employer, these students accounted for 71.9%.

(Two) personnel benefits Investigation and Analysis

1 vocational students of the "number of benefits." The current level of the city's industrial structure is not high, the number of low-skilled jobs are mostly students in vocational skills is supposed to be the main force in the enterprise. But the survey situation, surveyed 96 companies with a total workforce of 43,401 people, including local vocational (secondary) students as 9028 people, accounting for only 20.8%; while migrant workers are more foreign employees ( Jinhua cities outside) accounted for 54.0%. Underdeveloped regions of the flow of migrant workers in the city to become the region's main business line operatives, and vocational school students in the region of large enterprises to large cities showed a tendency to outflow. Market economy to promote inter-regional flow of a large number of skilled personnel, vocational student services regional economy "effective amount" is not high, and there is uncertainty.

2 vocational students' quality and efficiency. " The survey chose morality, work attitude, the level of business and other nine indicators, focusing on "business-to evaluate the quality of vocational students" and "business-to-staff quality requirements" to investigate. Survey shows that business-to-the-job vocational students' quality of the overall evaluation of the general, overall satisfaction is not high, mostly concentrated in the "satisfactory" and "General" option, where the highest satisfaction is working attitude and business level, satisfaction was 25.0% and 21.1%, the highest degree of dissatisfaction is the psychological quality, the ratio was 6.3% (see Figure 1). The quality of corporate employees are the most valued elements of the work attitude and moral cultivation, these two important Staff identified as the first corporate rates were 45.7% and 40.0% (see 16 in Figure 2).

But "enterprise quality evaluation vocational students" and "enterprise quality requirements for employees' comparison, the consistency between the two is not good enough. Take the former "satisfied" items and the latter's "first major" item comparative analysis that enterprises in the post graduate work attitude, morality and actual demand recognition of a larger difference between the level of business, etc. permitted levels of quality beyond the actual needs of enterprises level (see Figure 3).

The survey also found that, for the first-line workers, companies hired favorite groups are vocational students, but most business line worker education levels are lower secondary or below education, accounting for 58.2 percent, corporate technical backbone of most of the vocational education level or equivalent degree or above, accounting for 86.1%.

Visible, companies recognized for the quality of vocational students and business elements of the qualities desired consistency between the elements is not enough, and the desired enterprise-level vocational education personnel in the enterprise in the post proportion is not high, vocational students The "quality and efficiency" is difficult to perceive.

Second, the main problems and difficulties

Currently, vocational schools and enterprises parochialism let them stand on their own stance accustomed to decision-making, despite their common interests is clear, but the lack of a mechanism to coordinate beyond their difficult real break between schools and businesses communication barriers, problems and difficulties resulting mainly in the following aspects.

(A) vocational schools professional structure and industrial structure is difficult to match

1 unequal size. The traditional concept of cultural inertia and employment impact in the short term can not change the general problem of vocational enrollment Enthusiasm, and this year, Zhejiang Province, on the general requirements of vocational enrollment ratio of 1:1 appeared loose from the policy level, Jinhua City in vocational facing an unprecedented scale shrinking vocational education services from the scale to reach the level of the local economy. Since the middle of Zhejiang Jinhua municipal more developed regions, the majority of students do not meet the minimum employment levels in corporate jobs, own businesses, to the first-tier cities for employment or to high-level positions in the flow tends to operate local frontline workers but the proportion of migrant workers is higher, the emergence of regional talent cross-flow phenomena, vocational education services of the local economy functions are weakened to some extent.

(2) structure is not docking. Currently, enrollment in vocational schools, because of difficulties can only cater to students or parents strong demand for professional, ignoring the status of the local industrial structure analysis. Units from the city's employment structure and the structure of vocational education major scale comparative situation, manufacturing, construction and professional employment in larger scale though, but there are obvious structural negative deviation is expected to highlight the "shortage" of talent supply and demand ; and financial services, computer services and other industries there is a large positive deviation from the structural, vocational graduates "oversupply" is inevitable. (As shown in Table)

3 levels do not correspond. Vocational school level upward professional structure there are two main ways: First, ascend vocational studies to improve education levels; two technical schools or technician is transferred to college, get a higher level of skill jobs. Jinhua mechanic class school is relatively small, with train qualified technician or senior technician only two, more senior workers annually transported quality skills students about 900 people. Meanwhile, the structure of vocational schools professional level can also extend downwardly facing unemployed youth, rural labor and other unemployed persons to carry out short-term vocational training, and this aspect of a late start, a very limited number of annual training. Professional structure of vocational school level downward, the scale of training for disadvantaged groups is not enough; rather focus on extending upward vocational education qualifications to enhance the relatively large size, but raise the level of skills of craftsmen for education class size can also be expanded.

(Two) the structure and quality of graduates is difficult to match the desired quality of talent structure

1 Elements inconsistent. Since the basic vocational schools also use the term "three-stage" curriculum model, the quality of students training to individual skills, professional knowledge and cultural knowledge elements, enterprise practical ability, industry standards, professional ethics, such as relatively weak, especially stamina , frustration, etc. Willpower and social responsibility, there are still inadequate. From the survey situation, the business-to-Staff elements in order of importance, the top three followed by work attitude, moral quality, professional level. Visible, enterprise quality required elements and the quality of vocational students have quite different elements.

2 level does not correspond. With the development of technology and increased automation, machining, mechatronics, and many other traditional technologies have been gradually replaced by intelligent machines, action-based skills, getting lower and lower levels, while increasing intelligence components, coupled with some enterprises to export trade , financial and commercial based, greater demand for managers, do not form a sufficient need for technical jobs. However, the current is still large-scale labor-intensive enterprises, many technologies have been refined as part of a single operation, skills undemanding job demand and larger front-line operations. This technique level polarization, so that jobs presented "dumbbell" gap. It is therefore suitable employment and vocational school students are not many jobs in the hierarchy, one is "high fragmentation" in the current selection mode, the intellectual skills of students in vocational relatively weak, unable to cope with high-tech intellectual skills; another On the one hand is the "low quality" as a major source of employment group general operatives, skill requirements are very low, labor-intensive, low wages, with a certain professional skills and career aspirations of students in vocational and unwilling.

(Three) the traditional concept of employment and market-oriented employment system is difficult to reconcile

1 single values ??exacerbated talent supply and demand. In the market economy, people's traditional concept of the "fame and fortune", "Stand Out" thinking has been gradually strengthened, read in the post is still no choice. Insufficient scale of vocational education, services, local economic capacity will be restricted. Even chose vocational education, professional choices, there are also more serious "light traditional heavy when new" tendency. This single value is bound to cause excessive cold professional talent supply and demand contradiction.

(2) social relations affect employment equity. Graduates to participate in competition for jobs, relying on two kinds of capital, namely human capital, mainly its own innate endowment plus schooling obtained; Second, social capital, through the family, the family and friends and other social relationships, mobility, social domination and control resources, especially the formation of public resources. Since China is a human society, but the job market is not yet mature, social networks are to some extent a substitute for human capital determines the part of the job-seekers with jobs matching possible. Employers hiring personnel decisions remain with the non-institutionalized or semi-institutionalized, a certain lack of openness, normative. Survey showed that the city's number of people employed through social relationships accounted for 65.8%. Complex social relations talent supply and demand matching distorted relationship natural selection, human resources are not maximize, affecting the ability of the local economy education services.

Third, the main countermeasures and suggestions

Vocational education is the regional economic and social development of the important soft power, to improve vocational education services local economy, should the concept, systems and other aspects of a multi-pronged approach. Vocational education for the city's present situation and problems, should focus on the following aspects.

(A) of the ACC, the establishment of a regional vocational education management and service system

A government-led, to establish school-enterprise cooperation management system. Vocational education services local economy depends largely on the effectiveness of school-enterprise cooperation tightness. Therefore, we must get the government's macroeconomic policy coordination and support for the establishment of government-led school-enterprise cooperation management system. First, the development of school-enterprise cooperation policies and regulations. Improve vocational education in various laws and regulations, with the rigid constraints of the legal framework of mechanisms to ensure that the legal status of school-enterprise cooperation. Local governments should introduce appropriate local laws and regulations, school-enterprise cooperation in determining the responsibilities and functions of the government, a clear legal responsibility of both schools and enterprises and due obligations, and to all relevant organizations have been able to fulfill their respective responsibilities and obligations. Second, to establish school-enterprise cooperation operation mechanism. School-enterprise cooperation management system required for the operation costs, financial security, you must establish public financial management system for school-enterprise cooperation input mechanism, so that a reasonable allocation; functionally matches, a talent demand forecasting and early warning mechanism for regional skilled personnel resources and the demand dynamics of scientific statistics and forecasts on the government to grasp the macro economic development and the development of skilled personnel matching, improve the level of school-enterprise cooperation and horizontal; distribution of benefits, establish a reasonable business interests compensation mechanism, to give tax relief related enterprises and positive media publicity, encourage enterprises to participate in vocational education initiative. Third, the establishment of school-enterprise cooperation evaluation system. Should establish government-led school-enterprise cooperation evaluation system, develop a scientific evaluation criteria, set rigorous evaluation procedures, regular school-enterprise cooperation and comprehensive evaluation and summary. Meanwhile, in order to evaluate the results, based on a positive incentive mechanism to stimulate both schools and enterprises, especially enterprises to participate in cooperative initiative.

2 Relying on social organization, to build vocational education system of regulatory services. With the rapid development of market economy, the government gradually fade in function of socio-economic development on the scale control, steering supervision and services, which requires the introduction of a new management forces - society organizations, working with the Government to capture the overall needs of the community and socio-economic trends, coordinate local economic and vocational education. (A) To give full play to the role of industry associations feature that allows industry associations to become vocational education system, the core strength of regulatory services. On the one hand, the government should be given certain powers industry associations to enhance the regulatory standards of vocational education; the other hand, industry associations to strengthen intermediary services, build vocational education service system. First, information services, to carry out research and the industry statistics, forecasts demand for regional talent, the implementation of information collection and release system, build a set of admissible complaints, comprehensive supervision, coordination and command and systematic reviews in one of the vocational education of public information management platform ; Second, the policy service, participate in the development of the industry of all types of vocational qualification standards, qualification standards for the development of training institutions and practitioners eligibility criteria to participate in the state vocational school education assessment and related management work; Third, training services, the development of vocational education and training planning, organizing and directing the vocational education and training. (2) to establish vocational education steering committee. Commission by schools, businesses and industry co-sponsored, absorption of vocational education and industry experts, excellent skilled personnel and front-line teachers to participate, to develop specific vocational training objectives, curriculum programs, teaching programs, guiding the implementation of school-enterprise cooperation, coordination cooperation in solving problems.