如何成功的海外投資

戰略調查項目的例子
 

國家的大小和增長前景：通常會假設如果這個國家的市場很廣，從經濟角度來看它可以快速增長，得出的結論是，投資者將能夠充分利用他們的投資。
 

人力資源的可用性和質量：一個國家的人力資源狀況也有助于吸引海外直接投資。有一些國家，例如中國，對提高工人的素質有很積極的興趣。
 

自然資源的可用性：如果某一個國家有著豐富的自然資源，那么它總會找到投資者愿意將他們的錢投進去。沙特阿拉伯和其他石油豐富的國家就是一個很好的例子，它們有海外的公司投資，用以開發無限的石油資源。
 

經濟規模：跨國企業進入新的市場，目標是了解經濟規模的好處。
 

新的需求：當國內增長有限，公司渴望額外的增長，可以通過外商直接投資的形式投資。

 

Example Answers to a Strategic Investigation Project
 

Size and growth prospects of the country: It is normally assumed that if the country has a big market, it can grow quickly from an economic point of view and it is concluded that the investors would be able to make the most of their investments in that country.
 

Availability and quality of human resources: The status of the human resources in a country is also instrumental in attracting direct investment from overseas. There are certain countries like China that have taken an active interest in increasing the quality of their workers
.

Availability of natural resources: If a particular country has plenty of natural resources it always finds investrs woilling to put their money in them. A good example would be Saudi Arabia and other oil rich countries that have had overseas companies investing in them in order to tap the unlimited oil resources at their disposal.
 

Economies of Scale: MNCs enter the new markets with the objective to realize the full benefits of economies of scale.
 

New sources of demand: When there is a limited growth in home country, the companies which aspires for additional growth, can invest in the form of FDI.
 

Proposed proposals for market development in is very simple.  In number of markets, already minimum necessary requirement of construction has been met out and only a small addition or change will take place.  In other cases markets would come up in a reasonable time.  Therefore, it has been assumed that three-years period will be sufficient for completion of the proposed construction to make the new market yard fully operational.  The full revenue in the form of ground rent is expected to flow after a gestation period of three years only. #p#分頁標題#e#

Discuss the aim, scope and objectives of the project
 

The aim of the Projects:
 

systematic and comprehensive review of the economic, environment, financial, social, technical and other such aspects of a project to determine if it will meet its objectives. It is a process of selecting best alternatives out of various other alternatives of investment which results in optimum profits.
 

The scope of the projects:
 

Sol:Fostering a conducive climate: A conducive climate should be created to harness the creativity of people and entrepreneurial qualities. This kind of climate helps the employees in contributing new ideas to the organization and emerging out with the new business.
 

The objectives of the projects:

The firm should come out with the objectives such as:
 

Cost reduction
 

Productivity improvement
 

Increase in capacity utilizationss
 

Improvement in contribution margin
 

Expansion into promising fields
 

To promote the smooth operation of payment systems
 

Justify the topic of investigation and its aim, scope and objectives
 

Sol: The firm requires investigating in order to eliminate the ideas which are not promising and fruitful. The following are some of the factors which can be considered for investigation of project are:
 

Compatibility with the promoter
 

Availability of inputs
 

Consistency with governmental priorities
 

Adequacy of the market
 

Reasonableness of cost
 

Acceptability of risk level
 

Compatibility with the promoter:
 

The idea developed must be compatible with the interest and resources of the entrepreneur. A real opportunity is the one which the personality of the entrepreneur and squares with his abilities, training and proclivities; it is easily accessible to him; it offers him the prospect of rapid growth and high return on the invested capital.
 

Consistency with governmental priorities:
 

The ideas must be feasible with the national goal and governmental regulations. It not be against the national and government goal and priorities should not cause environmental effects. The project should able to get the license easily.
 

Availability of inputs:
 

The inputs required for the projects should be easily available. The inputs should be available preferable at the lower cost. So of the major inputs are technical knowhow, raw material, power, labour etc.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Adequacy of the market:
 

The size of the market must give space for adequate sales volume. Further there should be enough potential for growth and reasonable return. Some of the factors to be considered to judge the adequacy of the market are:
 

Competitor and their market share
 

Export opportunities
 

Barriers to the entry and exit
 

Sales and distribution system
 

Economic, social and demographic trends
 

Present domestic market
 

Expected increase in consumption
 

Reasonableness of cost:
 

The cost of the project should come within the budget of the firm. The firm should be able to have minimal expenditure and investment. Some of the aspects to be considered in this regard are:
 

Cost of material input
 

Ladour cost
 

Factory overheads
 

General administration expenses
 

Selling and distribution cost
 

Economies of scale
 

Acceptability of risk level:
 

The level of the risk in the project should also be analyzed. The amount of risk which the firm is ready to accept and the amount of return which the firm should also be considered. Some of the aspects under this are:
 

Technological changes
 

Competition
 

Government control over prices
 

Competition for substitutes
 

Cyclical variation in business
 

1.4 Evaluate the project research methodology, including the project structure and research base
 

Sol:A suitable and realistic research method is required to appraise the corporate strengths and weakness. This help in exploiting the investment opportunities, the important aspects to be considered for corporate appraisal are:
 

Marketing and distributions
 

Production and operation
 

Research and development
 

Corporate resources and personnel
 

Finance and accounting
 

Marketing and distributions:
 

Various aspects of appraisal under this head are:
 

Structure of market
 

Quality of product
 

Information of market in product
 

Cost of advertisement and distribution
 

Satisfaction of customer#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Design of product line
 

Production and operation:
 

Various aspects of appraisal under this head are:
 

High condition and good quality of plant and machinery
 

Availability of labour
 

Supply of raw material
 

Proper location
 

Cost structure
 

Research and development:
 

Various aspects of appraisal under this head are:
 

Keep on new information product development
 

Laboratories and testing facilities
 

Market corporate and association
 

Coordination between research and operations
 

Corporate resources and personnel:
 

Various aspects of appraisal under this head are:
 

Competence and commitment of employees
 

State of industrial relations
 

Corporate image
 

Clout with government and regulatory agencies
 

Dynamism of top management
 

Finance and accounting:
 

Various aspects of appraisal under this head are:
 

Financial support
 

Capital on project cost
 

Government Tax condition
 

Proper relation partners share holders and creditors
 

Accounting and auditing system
 

Cash flows and liquidity.
 

LO2: Conduct research, using sources, and synthesise data and options
 

Assessment Criteria
 

2.1 Identify sources of data and information that will support the aim of the project
 

Sol:The sources of data and information that will support the aim of the project from the point of view of marketing, technical, financial, economic, managerial aspects. The relative criteria with respect to such appraisal are as follow:
 

Market aspects
 

Technical aspects
 

Financial aspects
 

Economic aspects
 

Managerial aspects
 

Market aspects:
 

The importance of marketing in the potential marketing and developing the marketing strategy is one of the important activities. Some of the aspects in this regard are:
 

Demand projections
 

Judge the knowledge, experience and competence of the key marketing personnel#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Assessing the adequacy of marketing infrastructure in terms of promotional effort,stock levels, transport facilities etc.
 

Technical aspects:
 

The technical review done by the financial institution focuses mainly on the following aspects:

 

Capacity

Building

Location and site
 

Raw material and consumables.
 

Breakeven point
 

Financial aspects:
 

The aspects considered in financial appraisal are:
 

Reasonable estimate of cost of capital
 

Reasonable estimate of working results
 

Adequacy of return
 

Appropriateness of financing pattern.
 

Economic aspects:
 

Economic analysis looks the project from the point of social cost benefit analysis. It looks for the economic indicators such as effective rate of production, economics of scale, rate of protection, domestic resource resource cost ect.
 

Managerial aspects:
 

Under this, the various aspects considered are:
 

Resourcefulness of the promoters
 

Sound understanding of the project by the promoters
 

Commitment of the promoters
 

Managerial ability of the promoters
 

2.2 Synthesise the data and information for options or alternatives that support the project aims
 

Sol:The firm has to analyze various environment factors in order to find out the various data and information for options or alternatives that support the project aims are:
 

Economic environment
 

Government environment
 

Technological environment
 

Social-demographic environment
 

Competitive environment
 

Supply environment
 

The factors to be considered are:
 

The fundamentals of the country such as country specific, economy specific and company specific
 

The growth prospects of the country
 

The economic cycle of the company such as boom, recession etc.
 

The policies of the host country government
 

Past performance of the country and company
 

Volatility, liquidity and other related features of the security
 

2.3 Determine an option or alternative that supports the project aims#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Sol:For this purpose, business environment can be studied under six heads:
 

Economic environment
 

Government environment
 

Technological environment
 

Social-demographic environment
 

Competitive environment
 

Supply environment
 

Economic environment:
 

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

State of the economy
 

Linkage with world economy
 

Growth rate of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
 

Overall growth rate
 

Balance of payment situation
 

Trade surplus/deficits
 

Cyclical fluctuations
 

Government environment:
 

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

Import and export policies
 

Tax frame work
 

Financing norms
 

Lending condition of banks and financial institution
 

Industrial policies
 

Government programmers and projects
 

Subsidies, incentives and concessions

 

Techonological environment:

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

Emergence of new technologies
 

Receptiveness on the part of industry
 

Access to technical knowhow, foreign as well as indigenous
 

Social-demographic environment:
 

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

Education level
 

Employment
 

Population trends
 

Income distributions
 

Age shifts in population
 

Attitudes towards consumption and investment
 

Competitive environment:
 

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

Number of firms in the industry and the market share
 

Entry barriers
 

Degree of homogeneity and differentiation among the products
 

Marketing practices and policies
 

Comparison with substitutes in terms of quality, price appeal and functional performance
 

Supply environment:#p#分頁標題#e#
 

This environment includes the study of the factors such as:
 

Availability and cost of money
 

Availability and cost of raw material and sub-assemblies
 

LO3: Draw conclusions and make recommendations that achieve the project aim
 

Assessment Criteria
 

3.1 Evaluate the research analysis to enable conclusions to be made
 

Sol: The firm has to analysis the key criteria which enable conclusions to be made are:

 

Environment analysis
 

Internal analysis
 

SWOT analysis
 

Environment analysis:
 

Environment analysis consists of following aspects:
 

Customers
 

Competitors
 

Suppliers
 

Regulation
 

Infrastructure
 

Social/political environment:
 

Internal analysis:
 

Internal analysis consists of following factors:
 

Technical know how
 

Manufacturing capacity
 

Marketing and distribution capacity
 

Logistics
 

Financial resources
 

SWOT analysis:
 

Swot analysis should be done to find out internal strength and weakness and external opportunities and threats. It consists of following aspects:
 

Strength
 

Weakness
 

Opportunities
 

Threats
 

3.2 Recommend a course of action that achieves the project aim
 

Sol: Time and cost over are very common in most of the projects. In order to avoid such problems and make the projects successful, the following aspects have to be considered.
 

Adequate formulation
 

Sound project organization
 

Proper implementation of planning
 

Advance action
 

Timely availability of funds
 

Judicious equipment tendering and procurement
 

Better contract management
 

Effective monitoring
 

3.3 Analyse the impact of the recommendations
 

Sol: The impact of the recommendations is:
 

The success or failure of any project is highly depends upon its employees.
 #p#分頁標題#e#

Attracting the new investors towards the products is not an easy task.
 

Effective marketing of the product is very much necessary.
 

Implementing aggressive business development plans & achieves profitability levels.
 

Manage customer/ investor relationship.
 

Planning & developing the branches in a cost efficient way.
 

Client acquisition
 

Client retention
 

Managing term
 

Revenue generation
 

Reporting to managing director
 

Responsible for developing of business.
 

Provide research based recommendation
 

Arranging for limit/safe guarding client
 

Acts as support system.s
 

We must work cohesively with our colleagues across the Group and with our customers and partners around the world, building strong relationships based on tolerance, understanding and mutual cooperation.
 

It is very important that appraisal and reward systems support the types of behaviours the organization desires from employees. Project links compensation to actual job performance through merit rating system.
 

We must continue to be responsible, sensitive to the countries, communities and environment in which we work, always ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to the people many times over.
 

To conduct the business fairly, with honesty and transparency. Everything the company does must stand the test of public scrutiny. Prospecting, Recruiting Interviewing, Training, Formulating company policies, Staffing, Computation of staff planning, Evaluation & reporting to higher authority.
 

LO4: Review the results of the investigative project
 

Assessment Criteria
 

4.1 Produce the results of the investigative project
 

Sol: The results of the investigative project are:
 

Strategies of the investigative project
 

Project Structure
 

System which leads the project
 

Influencing people towards the project
 

Staffing for the project
 

Skills required accomplishing the project
 

Strategies of the investigative project:
 

Strategy is the course of actions through which organization relates to itself with its environment so as to attain its objectives.
 

Project Structure:
 

Structure is an additional to the organizational tool kit. It is comparable with the super structure of an organization, which indicates to what extent the activities are specialized, and the ways in which the organizational tasks are integrated and coordinated. It can also be defined as the way in which organization's unit relates to each other.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

System which leads the project:
 

A system is not merely the totality of parts and sub-parts but their arrangement is more important. The whole becomes greater than the total of individual parts, because of the type of arrangement made in these parts and sub-parts. Thus, a system is an interdependent framework in which various parts are arranged.
 

Influencing people towards the project:
 

It is another variable, which may determine the effectiveness of the project. It tries to explain the culture and style of work of the project. It also explains about the behavior and attitude of key person or manager in achieving the project goals. It is the process of influencing people so that they will contribute to the project and at the same time in achieving its goals.
 

Staffing for the project:
 

Staffing is the process of acquiring, developing, employing, appraising, remunerating, and retaining people so that right type of people are available at right positions and at right time in the project. It is clear that staffing must be closely linked to organizing, that is, the setting up of intentional structures of roles and positions.
 

Skills required to accomplish the project:
 

Skill refers to distinctive competence; which reflects the dominant skills of an organization and may consist of competence in terms of customer services, quality commitments, market potentiality and so on. Skills refer to expertness, practical ability or facility in an action or doing something. It is also the capacity of doing or performing something individually, independently, or in a group so as to attain some pre-determined goals.
 

4.2 Evaluate the impact of the investigative project
 

Sol: The impact of the investigative project
 

INTEGRITY: To conduct the business fairly, with honesty and transparency. Everything the company does must stand the test of public scrutiny.
 

UNDERSTANDING: Must be caring, show respect, compassion and humanity towards colleagues and customers around the work, and always work for the benefit of the communities we serve.
 

EXCELLENCE: Must constantly strive to achieve the highest possible standards in our day to day work & in the quality of the goods and services we provide.
 

UNITY: We must work cohesively with our colleagues across the Group and with our customers and partners around the world, building strong relationships based on tolerance, understanding and mutual cooperation.
 

RESPONSIBILITY: We must continue to be responsible, sensitive to the countries, communities and environment in which we work, always ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to the people many times over.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Rules, regulations and procedures constitute System can be described as the procedures, process, and routines that characterize all the important work is to be done. A system is an assemblage of things connected or interrelated so as to form a complete unity; a whole composed of parts and sub-parts in orderly arrangement accordingly to some scheme or plan.

A system is not merely the totality of parts and sub-parts but their arrangement is more important. The whole becomes greater than the total of individual parts, because of the type of arrangement made in these parts and sub-parts. Thus, a system is an interdependent framework in which various parts are arranged.
 

The analysis and action that provides a structure with which to consider a company as a whole, so that the organization problems may be diagnosed and a strategy may be developed and implemented. It is very important that appraisal and reward systems support the types of behaviours the organization desires from employees. Project links compensation to actual job performance through merit rating system.

 

 

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