澳洲dissertation網-澳大利亞財政管理體制研究-The Australian financial management syste
The Australian financial management system and enlightenment
A general situation, Australia
Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, the land area of 768 square kilometers, is the sixth largest area of country, is the only one to cover the entire continent of national territory. Australia is a multi-cultural nation, a population of about 20 million, is the world's smallest country density, abundant resources, agriculture and service industry is developed. Its territory is divided into six states and two territory: new south wales, Victoria is respectively, Queensland, Australia, and South Asia Italian Italian Asia, tower in Asia and northern territory, magni, chief (i. e. the capital city of Canberra location, the population of about 320000).
Australia was living native, became a British colony in 1901, the Australian federal form, only 100 years of history of the founding. Due to these historic origin of factors, Australia similar Anglo-American model. Its political system in fact is the separation of the whole significance. Parliament is the national legislative institutions (including the senate and the house of representatives), be responsible for making the law, the Australian legal system is sound. The constitution of 83 regulation, without the authorization of the funding for legal, any funds are not from the federal spending in. From that state financial capital is by the control of congress. The governor is head of state, by the British queen appointed, issued by responsible for parliament passed legislation. The governor general no real power, but the appointment to the prime minister. Administrative organs of the prime minister and minister (namely the cabinet) is a member of the parliament, and from the house of Commons majority always party in elected. This follows the British constitution Australia responsible government mode. This model different from the United States, the President of the United States elected by the people, not members of congress. Also, the President's minister also from outside parliament appointed. From that, the administrative organs and the legislature is not completely separated, particularly in 2005 after 1 July, the liberal party leader to Howard for years first control the house and senate to cripple the independence of two rights. Australia's major parties have liberal, the labor, the kuomintang and greens. Judicial institutions including the police and the courts at all levels, they for the government is independent.
Second, the Australian financial management system
(a) the Australian government powers between the divided clear
The Australian public administrative management system mainly follow Anglo-American model. The state administrative management into federal, state (six states and two territories) and local (about 863) level 3. Each state has its own system, responsible for the management of the local government, have a lot of independence. And the government classification management ADAPTS, Australia a typical points tax, grading system of financial management, and through the standard the financial transfer payment system, as far as possible to enjoy equal citizens social and public services. Governments at all levels consistency between division is very clear.#p#分頁標題#e#
Levels duty capital source capital main use
The federal (1) state affairs, defence, trade, international relations, commercial, communication, social welfare personal and corporate income taxes, goods and services tax and consumption tax for metastatic state government spending, social welfare metastatic spending, national defence
(8) state/territory education, health, environment, roads, public transportation, public affairs, agricultural, fisheries, industrial relations, community service, the entertainment industry, public security, prisons, and emergency services the federal government's metastatic pay (general and special spending GSP), payroll tax, stamp duty health, education, public transportation, law and order
Local Local governments
(about 863) building and development planning, the local highway, the park, the library, the local environment and waste treatment and local community service to federal and state metastatic spending, land tax, service revenue
The national things involved by the federal responsible for, basically have: defense, diplomacy, and macroeconomic management, national tax, the interstate infrastructure, telecommunications, immigration, financial and social insurance; Involved in the state public product and the service provided by the state level, basically have education, police, public health, medical treatment and health care, traffic and state the social economic infrastructure; The local government is responsible only for some very localized things, such as community service and consumer affairs, social security, environmental services (garbage and sewage treatment, etc), urban planning, construction and infrastructure maintenance, etc. In recent years more focus on public administration management reform to public and community to provide more personalized service. According to the federal constitution transfer payments, and all those who are not under the jurisdiction of the federal government are responsible for access by the state.
(2) Australia's finance income
The Australian financial income including tax income, fee income, etc, the main source is the tax revenue. The 2003-2004 financial year (that is, July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004), the Australian national revenue $187.6 billion, including $175.1 billion in tax revenue accounts for 93%. Australia is a high tax countries, the federal government tax bureau shall be responsible for the revenue management. The local government is established according to law by the states, property is very small. Federal tax, tax points of the state tax two:
The federal tax include: the company and individual income tax (accounts for about 75% of federal income), employees FuLiShui, goods and services tax (GST), withholding tax, retirement fund deposit, tariffs, consumption tax, etc.
State tax mainly has: property tax, payroll taxes on, land tax, stamp duty, and betting duty, etc. State capital source is mainly the federal transfer payments (40%, 60%) and state taxes.#p#分頁標題#e#
(3) Australia's financial expenditure
The Australian government at all levels spending main basis clear consistency of division, the federal level is mainly, national defense spending administrative at the corresponding level, and to the state government of general transfer spending and social welfare special payments, they spending accounts for about 60% of spending federal level. State government health, education, and mainly expenditures for the environment. In Australia, education management function through the state is financial transfer payment to implementation, specific education affairs of state and local government is responsible for. The federal government's burden for the majority of the country's public education funding, the purpose is to ensure that the government at all levels in the public education services can achieve the same level. The local government is mainly community services localization spending. The 2003-2004 financial year, the national financial expenditure $181.2 billion, the social security spending about 40% or so. From expenditure structure can see, Australia is not only a high tax countries, is also a gao fuli countries.
(4) between the Australian government transfer payment system
When the federal, state and local government money and spending the task is not coordinate and appear longitudinal financial imbalances, the federal government to state and local government in longitudinal financial transfer payment, transfer payment principle is horizontal fiscal balance, that is, if the state government tax revenue in by an average the degree of efforts, in government management efficiency by an average level, is the state government has the right to obtain financial ability to provide the average national level of public service. Pay the income tax for citizens also should enjoy the equal access to public service level. The Australian financial transfer payment goal mainly is to promote unity and order the formation of the domestic market, promote the economic, cultural, social and other undertakings in the coordinated development. This transfer payments, including the general transfer payments and specific transfer payment. Fiscal revenue in recent years, the federal income is more than seventy percent, state, about twenty percent, the local government is less than ten percent. In fiscal spending, the federal government's spending accounts for about 70% of the total, which used in federal spending at the corresponding level general only about 30%, other 40% is mainly used for the national social insurance and to state and local government's transfer payment.
1, transfer payments to basically have two kinds of types
General financial transfer payment. General financial transfer payment shall not be designated spending USES, state and local government spending can be independently determine.
It is Goods and Services Tax transfer payments (GST- Goods and Services Tax). Goods and services tax transfer, accounts for about 50% of the total amount of transfer payments or above. The 1998 tax reform, promote the goods and services tax, imposing a 10% for goods and services of the consumption tax, according to the principle of equal access to the federal states between the distribution to balance the state income gap, a federal left. This is the Australian federal and state financial relationship between an important change. This not only to prevent tax, tax loophole, increased the government tax revenue, and through the GST transfer payments to states, strengthens the states' fiscal federal to control ability. 2003-2004 annual Australia goods and services tax the actual transfer money for $33.22 billion.#p#分頁標題#e#
Second, the government has to balance the budget, countries compile the competition policy), income and paid to compile the specific local government local government financial grant. The 2003-2004 financial year such transfer payments for a $2.46 billion, about 10% or so.
2, specific transfer payment
One is the specific engineering or project subsidy. In order to ensure that state and local government education, public health and other specific function realization, designated by the federal government, in a particular project or program subsidies. About of the annual to national revenue 40% the left and right sides, the general transfer payments to the federal or the national certain targets, according to the project, item by item, signed an agreement. Article 96 of the constitution to Australia made specific provision, through specific transfer payment, the federal government will be part of its management rights transfer to state and local governments. In the 2003-2004 year, specific transfer payments to $22.94 billion.
Two is to transfer payment institutions and amount determination. Australia has special transfer payment institutions, namely the federal appropriations committee (Commonwealth Grants top, it is a very high independent government consulting department. In the federal appropriations committee has a set of considering many factors of extremely complex model to calculate the states share of the GST grant amount. Formula design is rational and scientific, and transparent operation, in general distribution is very fair, and also for the states trust. Each fiscal year of the area calculation states transfer payment amount per capita is the condition of each state standard calculation standard income and expenditure, which is the average level of public service and the average income for the degree of efforts as a base. The federal appropriations committee every five years in a state financial calculation per capita income level and spending levels the relative to the financial capacity, as the basis of tax distribution commodity services. In the received financial aid, a state or region to achieve the standardized if budget result, will need to provide standardization of periodic, circulation service, according to the tax rate of tax and fees for standardization, in the service and organization income has two levels of the average level of efficiency.
(5) the Australian financial system enlightenment
1, further define the powers and responsibilities transfer payment goal
The aim of the equal access to the Australian implementation transfer payment, is to alleviate the financial capacity differences between regions and guarantee of the public service backward area to a basic level the important means. In the states such as population characteristics, geographical environment, economic structure as the big differences existed, but from the per capita income level of the region is to see, and not the gap of the gap between rich and poor situation, each area people all can enjoy to the level of the same or similar public products and services (such as education, health, social security, etc.), this is mainly thanks to an effective federal transfer payment system.#p#分頁標題#e#
Thus, contact to China's financial transfer payment system, China's regional financial ability is very obvious differences, but our current transfer payment in narrowing the regional differences effect is not big. Only by Beijing yanqing county as an introduction. Located in northwestern Beijing yanqing county, environmental factors on the capital development and the people's living have significant influence in the Beijing planning as the national ecosystem will be development. For ecological conservation, not only has a lot of business cooperation project can't settled in, and need will be limited resources into the environmental cause, and is located in remote, traffic inconvenience, even if the county government attempts are the same, and other area county financial gap is very big still. This needs financial system transfer payment clear goal, and further intensify efforts to transfer payments, to enjoy the equal access to the level of public service. Australia increasing investment in environment in recent years, the fiscal lever to economic growth not one-sided as the guidance, the stress on economic development and growth must be limited within the ecological holding capacity, the corresponding requirements, adjust and optimize financial expenditure structure, strengthen and ecological balance of payments associated, this practice of be worth our using for reference.
2, Australia money transfer payment system more scientific and stability
Australia's financial transfer payment equal access to the special organizations (federal appropriations committee) operation, a sound legal system to safeguard, the process procedure, amount formulation, the scientific way is to the Australian government subsidies transfer payment system of the core. Use objective variables (such as population, environment, etc) formula can reduce or avoid transfer payment and the blindness and capriciousness, increased transparency. The federal appropriations committee every five years measuring standard adjustment, with relative stability, set by the local governments to the long-term period of plan. This is worth us in transfer payment system reform in reference.
Three, Australia budget reform-performance budgeting
(a) budget reform in the paper
In the 1970 s before, Australia is "spending type" budget, don't value performance. In the 80 s to the 90 s, Australia by introducing spending review committee program, release four years budget outlook, improve the budget transparency and accountability degree; By introducing the accrual accounting system and implement a financial management improvement plan and business evaluation plan, will performance evaluation results into budget decisions; By setting the budget honest charter and financial management and accountability act "and so on the budget law and financial management regulations, financial management responsibility will be handed over to the agencies. In 1999 in 2004 to in, Australia by introducing financial institutions, further down the permission, and in all the agencies into the budget evaluation performance target system, and finished the spending budgets to the transformation of the performance budgeting.#p#分頁標題#e#
(2) financial management organization
1976 years later, in order to avoid rights is too centralized and strengthen restrict each other, the two departments responsible for federal financial management: one is GuoKuBu, one is financial and management department. GuoKuBu specific responsible for economic forecast analysis, fiscal revenue budgeting, tax policy, tax collection and administration, national debt is issued, formulate fiscal policy, etc. Financial and management department is mainly responsible for the budget enforcement daily work, including budget defray, make quotas, financial capital fund, and offer detailed financial funds to pay for use of the accurate information (final accounts) and relevant Suggestions. The Australian public financial management features a independent of each department the auditing and supervision of the department. The federal audit agency independent of other departments, auditor-general governor appointed by the federal directly, the audit results to parliament public accounting directly with the audit joint committee report. Australia is through the department of between independent, trip over each other, in order to achieve the balance of power, supervise each other purpose. Our audit departments are also exploring financial expenditure performance audit, but because of its affiliated with the government, and difficult to maintain a fully independent and impartial status, so lead to supervision strength is not enough.
(3) budgeting process
Australia's budget year across a two-year, each year from 1 July to end on 30 June. Budgeting from every October to the following year began on May congressional approval, lasted about 8 months time, such as the preparation for and the time, then for 11 months. The main program of its budget plan for:
7, 8, 9 month: GuoKuBu next year economic situation to carry on the forecast, determine the total annual fiscal income scale. Each department last year to check the budget, and for the next fiscal year budgeting for preparation.
October: by the financial and administrative department according to the financial revenues of the GuoKuBu estimates the total scale, puts forward the principle of annual budget and imagine report federal prime minister, then prime minister issued by the federal departments for comments, and each department with the development of this department planning department budget (mainly department provides output (outputs), including the new project, the output of the output change projects and the output of the ductility, this project budget proposals, including general expenditure budget, the capital project budget and the future three years of budget assumptions and optional program, and then submit the financial and administrative department;
11-12 months: each department budget proposals and Treasury assembly government spending budget submitted to the spending review committee (ERC). At the same time, senior minister review committee (SMR) held a meeting to ensure financial strategy and budget priorities, review each department budget proposal, discussed the main goal of the consultation departments results (outcomes).#p#分頁標題#e#
1-2 month: prime minister jointly with the financial department to determine output and target achievement research Framework (Outcomes and Outputs Framework), Performance evaluation index (Performance Measurement), the New Policy proposal (New Policy Proposals, NPPs), forming the government expenditures Budget Draft (Budget Draft).
3-4 month: spending review committee (ERC) research audit department budget proposals and Treasury assembly government spending budget, review performance evaluation index and to meet the goals of government and achievements in the allocation of resources and, forms Green budget report the (Green Briefs). At the same time, GuoKuBu will income and expenses budget ShenZhaWei member will through the government spending budget review into the cabinet together.
May: cabinet will the government budget documents (including all kinds of budget document reports, the department budget report and budget materials such as funding bill) submitted to congress.
Congress in June 30 formally approved before the annual budget.
The implementation of the budget in the middle, to cope with the changes of income and expenses of the early do not consider the factors, and some unexpected events must be new spending and so on, will be in November each year to congress added the draft budget (Additional Estimate Bills), the house of representatives and the senate in the review process of the all the meeting, and that the public can participate in court. Parliament passed and then becomes the budget implementation of adjustment is an important basis.
From the above budgeting process can see, Australia as a federal, state, the parliament in his government management in the center position, in the budget management system is playing a decisive role, and GuoKuBu and the ministry of finance in the budgeting process respectively in a different function, and played the role that restricts each other, which reflects the budgeting and the transparency and fairness. In addition, the Australian budgeting a 5 years GunDongZhi, very emphasis on annual financial revenue and expenditure plan and long-term financial economic plan organically, it has focused on financial income analysis, pay more attention to output and ultimate goal achievement evaluation, which reflect performance idea in the actual operation of the application.
budget
cabinet
Parliament (especially the senate)
Coordination organization
-the prime minister's office
-GuoKuBu
-the ministry of finance
Spending review
committee
The government agency
(4) performance budget reform revelation
1, performance budget is under market economy conditions the government management model developed to a certain stage, further strengthen public expenditure management, improve the effectiveness of the objective of financial capital choice. Performance budget is not only a kind of innovation budget method, and the government is the concept of management a revolution. Performance budget will the government budget based on measurable performance basis, the emphasis is the "result oriented", or emphasize that the responsibility and efficiency, increase the budget resource allocation and government departments of the relationship between the performance, which helps to improve the effectiveness of fiscal expenditure. For the government, the public government provide public services quality and cost attention, will promote the government decision-making procedures of standardization and democratization; Performance goals, performance evaluation of the execution and performance of the evaluation results open, helps to strengthen the government departments of responsibility; Performance budget given department more budget of executive power, help to make the government department cost effectiveness in accordance with the principle of configuration optimization resources, and improve the effectiveness of fiscal funds. For financial department, performance budget reform to help finance management mode innovation and transformation, which helps to improve the effectiveness of fiscal funds.#p#分頁標題#e#
2, the core of the performance budgeting is to build up a set of government public activities can reflect the efficiency of index system, the evaluation standards and measurement methods. In the measure of financial expenditure performance, both must consider spending economic and social benefits, also want to consider the short-term effects of spending and long-term effects, direct and indirect effect of effect. Therefore, it is necessary to establish qualitative and quantitative phase "set, unity index and professional index of combining the multi-level performance evaluation system, and to a large number of effective sample as the foundation, measure of evaluation index of standard sample, in accordance with the scientific measurement method, the results are measured and budgetary performance evaluation. In making the performance index system, to fully heed the experts and the social public opinion, to avoid performance indicators to be assessed produces reverse incentive effect.
3, Australia's the accrual government accounting and budget reforms, true, complete, fully reflect the government performance. The accrual of government accounting system and can be fully and accurately reflect some long-term projects and/or debt information, help to increase the integrity of the budget information, credibility and transparency, strengthening the budget cost measurement and government performance evaluation. At present, New Zealand and England, Sweden, the U.S. and other countries have also used in the government budget accounting accrual, or part adopts the accrual. For true and complete to reflect costs and performance of government activities, should be in government accounting and budget in introducing the accrual, more accurate and fully reflect the government's real performance.
(5) innovation budgeting method and the editing process, introduced gradually performance evaluation content, establish performance evaluation result and budgeting tightly integrated budget constraint mechanism. Establish the new budget allocation and evaluation mechanism, first of all, to build up strategic planning department reflect rolling budget system, enhance the budget prospective and continuity, for making the department budget and implementation of performance evaluation create conditions. Second, establish reflect department annual performance plan of the department budget system, put forward specific performance target, and will be placed in the annual budget of the restriction of rolling budget, form a truly the annual budget plan rolling points budget implementation. Finally, by using performance index of the annual budget to conduct the performance evaluation, and according to the evaluation results, arrange and adjust the next annual budget, strengthen the performance evaluation results of the budget constraints. In addition, promote performance budget reform, but also needs to be in the legal system and professional personnel, accounting basis and technological preparation.
Four, Australia social security system#p#分頁標題#e#
(a) Australia's social security situation
Australia is high taxes, gao fuli country, it is the world of social welfare system of the earliest one of the countries (as early as 1910 social security system has started to build), and it is also the best one of the social welfare state, a fairly perfect social welfare network cover all over the country. Social security content including old-age security, medicare, relief aid, to family about the subsidies, covers all aspects, from childhood to old age, and death is the whole life of process is the welfare system of care. Social security project mainly have three forms: annuity (pension), subsidies (allowance), allowance (benifit). Specific have:
It is birth allowance, encourage the family planning policy, all expenses are children by finance to assume, each have a child is lump-sum award $1000;
2 it is the child sponsorship fees, a child's family year income no more than a $65000 will get every two weeks about 50-a $300 / person, amount depends on the child's age, quantity and family of gross income and property.
Three is education, from grade 1 to grade three high school, a public school education on are free of charge. The university, Australia citizen can enjoy the government provide interest-free loans to the letter, and after graduation, to repay the loan.
Four is dole, every two weeks about a $330 / person, can guarantee the unemployed and family life. Conditions need to be income and assets evaluation (single below $2500, married less than a $5000). Of course, the government's social security department will often according to the unemployed and skills, recommend new jobs.
Five is annuities, enjoy pension of at least 65 years old men and women at least 60. How much will the annuities according to personal income and asset and calm, and to meet the requirements of the living conditions.
Six is very good health care, and enjoy the public hospital of free treatment, usually, the practitioner and hospital and a unified government checkout, only the patient and not have to pay credit card.
In addition, still study allowance, diseases and disability subsidy, disaster allowances, regional allowances and subsidies remote widow, and care allowance, spouse allowance, telephone allowance, the rent allowances, allowances, childcare subsidies, etc.
(2) Australia old-age security system reform
In the global aging tendency, the traditional public pension plan is sustainable become one of the most important issues, and most countries in the world, Australia also face the aging of the population problem. In 1986, Australia is seven on-the-job personnel to support a retiree, at present this ratio had fallen to 6:1202 0 years will decline to 3:1. If do not establish funds in other ways, the Australian government is more and more unbearable heavy burden, then, old-age security system reform is imperative. The establishment of the system of occupational pension, greatly ease this contradiction. Through 10 years of exploration in reform, Australia preliminary build with three pillars as the basic characteristics of the national unity government legislation, administrative supervision, special organizations supervision, fund market operation, community integrated services endowment insurance system. Now it looks, the reform of the basic principles and main measures for most people already accepted, the new system running basic stable. Reform show the following features:#p#分頁標題#e#
1, from the only three feet never lean to the pillar
1986 years ago, the Australian endowment insurance executes a government pension system, by tax to raise money, mainly used to pay the government employees, big company managers pension poor and elderly relief. Most basic worker no endowment insurance. This kind of coverage, narrow paygo, only the feet of never lean endowment insurance system, for elderly population growth and the financing channels of a single, the government increased burden and unsustainable.
Australia endowment insurance system reform is the focus of the compulsory employer for their employees provide a percentage of occupational pension, and by the private sector operations, has the characteristics of high market. After ten years of reform, Australia is preliminary already set up "three pillar" as the basic characteristics of the endowment insurance system, clarify the responsibilities of all parties. The first pillar is minimum social safety net. By the federal Treasury pay, "low level and wider coverage government pension. Age for men to 65 years old, female 61 years (in the future will gradually unified for 65 years); Replacement rate for male week 25% of salary; Every two weeks to pay a (about $400); This pillar is the country's traditional endowment insurance system to continue. The second pillar for occupational pension. This is 1986 years later perfected gradually up to individual account, the basis of professional annuity that compulsive deposit by employers in a certain proportion of the mandatory pay cost system (1992 "super annuity guarantee fee act stipulates the employers to their employees qualified professional pension funds to pay the cost of the lowest standard and is currently 9% of the employee salary). Also take a series of preferential tax policy, the employers offered to employees pay endowment insurance can obtain a certain proportion of the tax breaks. Occupational pension covers most of Australia working population, has become an important pillar. The third pillar for voluntary savings. The government is encouraging employees freewill pay cost, and investment saving for the future, and more on their own security life after retirement. So people who retire Australia also can get social average wage is equivalent to 60-65% of pension, and old people enjoy the various social welfare, can maintain a dignified life.
2, from the government responsibility to social responsibility
By a pillar to the three pillars, not only is the endowment insurance system transformation, but also embodies the government responsibility to social responsibility of change, especially personal responsibility increased. In the past, organizations and individuals as a taxpayer, as long as pay taxes went, endowment insurance is the government. In Australia, a long-term high taxes, social and economic policies of the gao fuli, people don't have the habit of saving. Wage income tax in addition to outside, almost all used in instant consumption, even deficit spending. A super annuity plan, is actually forced people for future savings, and at the same time, the individual account, taxes, encourage investment and other measures, the endowment insurance from pure government responsibility gradually turned to social responsibility, greatly add to the individual to his old age security concern.#p#分頁標題#e#
3, from administrative management to community service
Is the government investment Australia endowment insurance system reform, in order to strengthen the social services, 1997 has set up the "central connecting structure" (hereinafter referred to as "vanda", English name for Centre Link, set up a non-profit institutions), Australia campaigners call it "the government and people of the bridge between service". The agency and the departments of the government keep in touch, undertake the various service projects, by family and community service annuities is entrusted by the one of the main tasks. The agency paid each year by $$60 billion. Vanda agencies all over Australia in the community has more than 1000 outlets, more than 22000 employees, so the government from multifarious specific affairs freed, formed a from the central to local, from the city to the country, from the community to family convenient, fast and efficient social services network system.
(3) of China's social security of the cause of the enlightenment
Australia is an economy more developed capitalist countries, has a perfect legal system and the mature financial capital market. As a typical models, and Australia's pension system in the system construction, operation mechanism, regulation arrangement has the characteristics of its own, and can provide us with many enlightenment.
1 and complete legal system, and maintaining social security system is the basic conditions.
Australia with other western countries, the social security system is built on and in accordance with law, management, and on the basis of barriers, standard management. Australia are able to in not the long time set up so perfect social security system, with complete legislation is not divided. The Australian federal make the social security act ", to provide for the aged, unemployed and other basic social security problems make provision. In contrast, our country social security legislation work quite lag, many still have some legal blank. Therefore, as soon as possible to come on stage the social security act ", the acceleration of China's social security legislation process.
2, adjust and optimize expenditure structure, make sure social security business development.
The social security system is "stabilizer" of market economy, the world governments to establish a social security system as a market economy important pillar, and from the financial resource and policy guidance. With the situation of China to establish and perfect the social security system, national finance should also be in the form of social security funds budget management. The Australian federal financial used for social security spending accounts for the proportion of the total financial expenditure is about 40%, most developed countries the rate mostly in 30% above, and our country is less than 10%. This shows that our social security career development to implement. We shall, in accordance with the requirements of public finance, belong to the social public need social security spending in part by the financial bear up.#p#分頁標題#e#
3, development multi-layer old-age security system.
Contrast Australia, China's endowment problems more prominent and sharp. First, China's aging of the speed, high degree. Old age security problems affect social stability itself is one of the important factors, and family planning policy has led to the population structure in the great changes in the short term, which breaks the aging of the more rapidly. Second, China's aging population in the economy to modern industrialization is in the process of change happened, like Australia such developed countries is "after the actual old", and we are "not rich old before", and therefore more sharp contradiction with outstanding. Third, China's aging population and economic system transition synchronization carry on, in this process, the original rapid disintegration of the social security system, the new system and the establishment of the more pressing. Traditional pay-as-you-go system of endogenous implicit debt and arduous enterprise reform intertwined, lead to high transition costs, the government is faced with serious in pension funds pressure, financial burden is more and more big. How to construct a and the level of economic development to adapt, health, sustainable endowment security system can be decided to China's economic and social harmonious development, market reforms can smoothly on one of the key factors.
http://www.mythingswp7.com/dissertation_writing/Finance/2012/0322/1097.html Australia pension system reform experience tell us, mutiple level endowment assurance system is the world the inevitable trend of the pension system reform. In addition to the government provide old-age security outside, should be given special support and focus on the development of the second pillar is as professional pension system. First of all in the legal protection has the super annuity guarantee fee act; On taxes, through in the pay cost, investment, and other links tax arrangements for the professional development of the pension encouraged. Above all it is worth our using for reference. After the reform and opening up, China's personal income level increased significantly, but the assets structure is unreasonable, pension funds obviously deficiencies. If the government can reasonable guide each unit will be used to extend to the staff and workers of all kinds of benefits and subsidies in the form of part of the pension in worker individual account, and give the tax breaks, not only can slow inflation pressure from rising wages, and on capital market and steady economic growth in China has certain role. If we will enterprise annuity as the whole endowment system in a indispensable important support to development, some measures for the motivation is very necessary, at present the voluntary pension system is especially mode.
4, with China's national conditions, actively explore a new type of rural social security. China's population, economic foundation is weak, the rural population greater proportion of the population of the situation, is impossible to copy the practice of Australia. China's social security and social insurance system establishment and implementation, must from the actual situation, and actively explore the new rural cooperative medical treatment and the safeguard of the aged, adhere to the different between urban and rural areas, low level covers, ensure the basic life of the basic principle, must want to and the country's productive forces development level and each respect bear ability to adapt. #p#分頁標題#e#
