英文dissertation怎么寫introduction？一篇優秀英語dissertation中學會introduction
03-17, 2014
英文dissertation的Introduction是dissertation的起始部分，怎么寫英文的Introduction，本文用了一個實戰的英國essay做了詳盡的說明，請看：
Introduction開始于一個廣闊的基礎，然后逐漸細化到你所研究的特定領域，解釋隱藏在每一步背后的合理性。把Introduction想象成一個倒立的金字塔，你從一個廣泛的概述開始然后向下到Introduction的最后一個元素——文章的假設或者陳述。在Introduction部分，你試圖告訴讀者你所做的工作的合理性，并且證明你的工作是這個你研究的這個領域的重要組成部分。Introduction沒有字數限制，不像摘要，但是它也需要盡可能的簡潔。它可能是一個棘手的部分，所以很多學者喜歡最后來寫它，以防遺漏要點。對于一個長篇研究報告，你可以列提綱，你可以圍繞提綱來寫Introduction，這里有一些提綱的例子：Introduction給予讀者全文的總體認識，但是處理一些與摘要不同的問題。你應該假設讀者在你所研究的領域有很好背景知識。
以下是引言的范例：
2.0 Introduction
2.0引言
In modern society, people are pursuing high quantity life, the good faith, understanding and harmony is very important (RDG, 2009). The pursuit of happiness needs the help from the unity and mutual aid and the progress of interpersonal relationships increasing. So the importance of the interpersonal skills becomes more and more obvious during the increasing communication between people in close (Croucher, 2008). But in daily lives, people are also committed a lot of errors in the communication progress, what is more important for the young is how to minimize the mistakes or even do not make mistakes and what will be the experience gained in the wrong.
在現代社會，人們追求高數量的生命，誠信，理解，和諧是非常重要的（RDG，2009）。追求幸福需要從團結互助的幫助和人際關系日益進步。這樣的人際交往能力的重要性，成為人們密切（槎，2008）之間日益擴大的通信過程中越來越明顯。但在日常生活中，人們也都在溝通的進展犯了很多錯誤，什么是對于年輕更重要的是如何盡量減少失誤，甚至不犯錯誤，這將是獲得了錯誤的經驗。
在現代社會，人們追求高數量的生命，誠信，理解，和諧是非常重要的（RDG，2009）。追求幸福需要從團結互助的幫助和人際關系日益進步。這樣的人際交往能力的重要性，成為人們密切（槎，2008）之間日益擴大的通信過程中越來越明顯。但在日常生活中，人們也都在溝通的進展犯了很多錯誤，什么是對于年輕更重要的是如何盡量減少失誤，甚至不犯錯誤，這將是獲得了錯誤的經驗。
Hospitality Organizational Behaviors and Interpersonal-旅游單位組織行為與人際關系問題研究
1.0 Excusive Summary
1.0總結摘要
1.0總結摘要
The main purpose of this essay is to introduce the introducer of interpersonal communication skills from examples of errors. At first, the report will quote three mistakes in details which were made during working and studying, and analyze the cause and the reasons of these errors. In the second part, it will talk about three communication models (Shannon-Weaver, Berlo, Ivey), and introduce examples to show the problems identified in Part A could be avoided. Finally, it will introduce the importance of personal communication skills in working and studying and other aspects, and how to improve the skills for the individual.
這篇文章的主要目的是從錯誤的例子介紹的人際溝通能力。首先，該報告將引述其中被工作和學習期間所做的詳細信息三個錯誤，并分析原因，這些錯誤的原因。在第二部分中，將討論三種通信模式（香農 - 韋弗，Berlo，艾維），并引入例子，說明可避免在A部分中發現的問題。最后，將介紹個人的溝通技巧在工作和學習等各個方面，以及如何提高技能對個人的重要性。
2.0 Introduction
2.0引言
2.0引言
In modern society, people are pursuing high quantity life, the good faith, understanding and harmony is very important (RDG, 2009). The pursuit of happiness needs the help from the unity and mutual aid and the progress of interpersonal relationships increasing. So the importance of the interpersonal skills becomes more and more obvious during the increasing communication between people in close (Croucher, 2008). But in daily lives, people are also committed a lot of errors in the communication progress, what is more important for the young is how to minimize the mistakes or even do not make mistakes and what will be the experience gained in the wrong.
在現代社會，人們追求高數量的生命，誠信，理解，和諧是非常重要的（RDG，2009）。追求幸福需要從團結互助的幫助和人際關系日益進步。這樣的人際交往能力的重要性，成為人們密切（槎，2008）之間日益擴大的通信過程中越來越明顯。但在日常生活中，人們也都在溝通的進展犯了很多錯誤，什么是對于年輕更重要的是如何盡量減少失誤，甚至不犯錯誤，這將是獲得了錯誤的經驗。
在現代社會，人們追求高數量的生命，誠信，理解，和諧是非常重要的（RDG，2009）。追求幸福需要從團結互助的幫助和人際關系日益進步。這樣的人際交往能力的重要性，成為人們密切（槎，2008）之間日益擴大的通信過程中越來越明顯。但在日常生活中，人們也都在溝通的進展犯了很多錯誤，什么是對于年輕更重要的是如何盡量減少失誤，甚至不犯錯誤，這將是獲得了錯誤的經驗。
3.0 Situation Analysis
3.0形勢分析
3.0形勢分析
3.1 Section A
3.1A部分
3.1A部分
In this section, identify and describe three examples where I have failed to communicate effectively in my daily life.
在本節中，識別和描述我在日常生活中有效溝通的三個例子。#p#分頁標題#e#
在本節中，識別和描述我在日常生活中有效溝通的三個例子。#p#分頁標題#e#
A. I do part-time work in Esquires coffee near my university, as a service, it is frequently to communicate with the customers; however, there is one thing deeply impressed me. One evening, a tall man walked into the coffee house, I walked over to him and when I asked him what would he need, his mobile phone rang, he answered the call at the same time his finger was pointing to cappuccino on the menu, when I was bout to leave to get the coffee, he did a V-gesture to me with the smile on his face. I guess he should need two cups of cappuccino; his friend whom he was talking to on the phone was coming, so I left quietly. When I put the two cups of cappuccino on the table in front of him, he looked at me with full of puzzled expression on his excited face. I felt there should be something wrong with my understanding of his gesture. I went forward and tell him my understanding of gestures, he laughed, and some dumbfounding. He told me at last that the V-gesture and the smile on his face was for his wedding, because his fiancee agreed to his proposal, his V-gesture was for his proposal, and the smile was for the agreement. After said “I would like to congratulate you and wish you a happy future”, I left silently with a cup of cappuccino. In this matter, I learnt that I failed to seize the object of people concern. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.
B. At the self-introduction party after we just entered the Auckland University of Technology, a few students who had common language with each other sat in a circle and: I am also much honored to a member of them. When it was my turn to introduce myself, I talked from my name to my family, from my hobby to my country, I talked too much, when I mentioned the Chinese food, most of the audience are very interested. The atmosphere is rather intimate and harmony, but when I continued to say that most Chinese people loved to eat pork, some of my classmates walked away quietly with despondently. Later I was informed that they are Israelite and their ancestors were Jewish, they continued the habit of eating no pork and even taboo the “pig” word. Though we become good friends now, I learnt that I failed to seize the personality and characteristics of the individual in this matter. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.
C. Last summer, when I was going window-shopping far away from my school, I found a T-shirt which was my favorite type, but when I was about to pay for it, I found the cash in my wallet is not enough for the payment, I left crestfallen. The next week, I heard a fellow student was going there; I was very exciting to call him and requested him to buy it back for me. I told him that in the Wild Pair, there was a t-shirt which I liked very much, the obvious feature of it was there was a sun in the chest of the T-shirt, he promised to bought it back for me. When the phone was hanged off, I was very glad to waiting for Jason and brought the T-shirt back for me. But when he got back and showed me the T-shirt, I am very surprised to see a different style T-shirt with a sun logo in the chest. It is not the one which I wanted to own, the one with the spells S. U. N. was right. In this matter, I learnt that I used the wrong contact style and did not express exactly. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.#p#分頁標題#e#
3.2 Section B
3.2 B部分
3.2 B部分
3.2.1 The Shannon-Weaver mathematical model
3.2.1香農 - 韋弗的數學模型
3.2.1香農 - 韋弗的數學模型
(Shkaminski, 2009)
This model is the most commonly used modes in the low-level communication. So it is widely used in the daily life, and it is similar with the human community. And it is also able to provide an influential definition communication which is counter-intuitive, in the first errors in section A, it is very similar with the counter-intuitive, the body language of the customer was not to express the same as what was seen. So if pay more attention to what the information sender really wants to express, this kind of error can be avoided.
3.2.2 The Berlo’s model of communication
3.2.2 Berlo模型的信息
3.2.2 Berlo模型的信息
(Shkaminski, 2009)
In this model of communication, flexible is the biggest advantage and the content of the message is the central part as well as the receiver is the central part of the communication progress (Shkaminski, 2009). In the third error of part A, the man who will buy the T-shirt for me is the central part, and the S. U. N is the central part of the message, so if expressing the central part clearly, this kind of errors can be avoided easily.
3.2.3 Ivey model of communication
3.2.3艾維模型的信息
3.2.3艾維模型的信息
In this model, the coverage of communication styles is broad and it consistently exceed the need of the requirements (Tanke, 2000). It is easy to get information from the print, the speeches, the media, if the cultural backgrounds and customs of the audiences could be known in advance, this kind of errors can be avoided as the second error in section A.
3.2.4 The six examples
3.2.46個例子
3.2.46個例子
1. Seize the opportunity to speak; accurate attention to the concerns of information issued by the object of communication errors can be avoided, this can avoid the first error in the section A;
2. Correctly understanding the information of the Sender, such as the Cultural background, the habits and hobbies. This can avoid the second error in the section A;
3. Choosing the right is conducive to the communication. If the method was chosen properly, the third error can be avoided;
4. Do not believe the rumors can avoid unclear dispute;#p#分頁標題#e#
5. Communication in writing can avoid the oral errors and uncertainties;
6. Singing is better able to express the meaning of welcome.
3.3 Section C
3.3 C部分
3.3 C部分
Communication is the necessary means of the message exchanging between people, no one is inseparable from social communication. If one is a sales staff, he need to sell his product, it is necessary to communicate effectively with customers (Smith, 2009). If one is a middle-level manager, in order to completed task, it is essential to use good communication. If one is the customer service staff in a company, good communication is the key to dealing with customer relationship with company. In the daily life (Wheeler, 2005), parents and children also need to communicate effectively; husband and wife also need good communication in order to enhance feelings of each other (Hayes, 2002).
With the development of the society and the diversification of forms of communication, the number of communication styles in daily life is increased with the communication diversity. So the communication skills also need to follow the communication development. That is a challenge especially for the young.
4.0 Conclusion
4.0結論
4.0結論
Of course, communication is a science and an art, good communication skills with each other allows people to have a good empathy so that people get the information they want, enhance mutual understanding, so that the two sides reached a consensus in the ease of mind. However, in the communication, if the two sides did not resonate, they said that they are always right, as the results the intended purpose will certainly be not to achieve. People also need to advance with the times to learn new ways to communicate and learn the new skills of communication.
References:
參考文獻
參考文獻
Croucher, (2008) Employee Communication, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:
http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9F2838E3-9760-43D1-AF87-C6E4F52B98C2/0/9781843981657sc.pdf
Hayes, J. (2002). Interpersonal Skills at Work, 2nd edition, UK: Routledge.
RDG (2009) Interpersonal skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:
http://www.rdg.ac.uk/SOAR/Interpersonal_skills.htm
http://www.mythingswp7.com/lvgl/3511.html
Shkaminski (2009) Communication Models, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from: http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#BerlosSMCR1960
Smith, M. (2009). The importance of interpersonal skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:
#p#分頁標題#e#
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1366202/the_importance_of_interpersonal_skills.html
Tanke, M.L. (2005). Human resources management for the hospitality industry,2nd edition, Cengage Learning, U.K
Wheeler, P.A. (2005). The Importance of Interpersonal Skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:
http://www.alexcelgroup.com/articles/The%20Importance%20of%20Interpersonal%20Skills.pdf
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