新西蘭essay作業：跨文化的智慧的研究

本文主要是關于跨文化的智慧。在一個段的第一句表明，人們用不同的文化有不同的標識和有關情報的想法。因此可以得出結論，該文本的目的，是通過使研究來比較具有不同文化的人們之間的差異。在本文中，認知風格，已經開發了東亞和西方文化介紹。The text belongs to research paper, and its title gives a brief introduction to the overall text, which is retrieved from Intelligence across cultures. It can be easily understood that the text is mainly about the intelligence across culture. The first sentence in Paragraph A shows that people with different culture have different identifications and ideas about intelligence. So it can be concluded that the purpose of the text is to compare the difference between the people with different culture by making research. In this text, that cognitive styles have been developed in East Asian and Western cultures is introduced. 

The style of the text is written in formal format as academic text. The text is in a scientific way of thinking and draws scientific conclusions in the end. And there are a few pronouns in the whole text. In addition, respecting the structure of the text, it is very clear and well-organized. Also, the language of text is concise in general.

 

(ii) What are some key language elements of the text?（二）什么是文本中的一些關鍵語言元素？

該文本是旨在讓跨文化的不同觀點情報的精確描述。研究對現象的分析做出。由密歇根（B段）的大學的理查德·內斯比特所做的研究和斯騰伯格和Grogorenko做了另一個研究中，所有堅決支持文件中提到的觀點。而在文字中的使用情態動詞的是小瓶的流暢性。在文本的段落D，可用于建議（學術智力可以開發...）。此外，被動的往往經常出現在學術dissertation。在學術文章，大部分句子被稱為被動句，因為作者要客觀地看待，而不是把重點放在該行為的主體問題。

 

The text is aimed at giving an exact description of the different views of intelligence across culture. Studies are made to analysis of the phenomenon. The study made by Richard Nesbitt of the University of Michigan (paragraph B) and another study made by Sternberg and Grogorenko all strongly support the view mentioned in the paper. And the use of modals in the text is vial for the fluency. In the paragraph D of text, can is used for recommendations (academic intelligence can develop…). In addition, passive tend often occurs in academic papers. In the academic articles, most of the sentences are called passive sentences, because the author wants to treat issues objectively, instead of putting emphasis on the body of the behaviors.

 

（三）組織，你可以在文本見（如上市，順序，比較/對比，原因/效果，問題/解決方案，擴展的定義）的模式是什么（S）？你能找到什么信號詞？#p#分頁標題#e#

準確的說，組織的主要模式是比較作為一個整體。通常情況下，比較文本將根據主題的需要選擇不同的目標。然后，一個詳細的研究范圍將作出并施加到目標。然后所有的資源和數據將被收集到分析的情況。最后，結論可以到達。的過程主要是如上述。在文本方面，鑒于文化的智慧，他們選擇不同的社區作為從亞洲到非洲的目標。很明顯，不同的人有關于情報不同觀點，特別是在不同的區域。

有很多信號詞，如，認知，智力等。智能的觀點對認知能力產生重要影響。測試可以采用制定缺乏文化偏見。(iii) What pattern(s) of organization can you see in the text (eg listing, sequence, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution, extended definition)? What signal words can you find?

To be exact, the main pattern of organization is comparison as a whole. Usually, the comparison text would choose different targets according to the demands of topic. And then, a detailed research scope will be made and applied to the targets. Then all the resources and data will be collected to analysis situation. Finally, a conclusion can be reached. The process is mainly as above. In terms of the text, view of intelligence of culture, they choose different communities as targets from Asia to Africa. It is obvious that different people have different opinions about the intelligence, especially in different areas. 

There are many signal words, such as, cognitive, intelligence and so on. The view of intelligence has an important impact on the cognitive ability. A test can be adopted to develop the absence of cultural bias.
 

(iv) What makes the text cohesive and coherent?（四）是什么讓文字連貫一致的？

銜接和連貫持續十年的爭論。但是現在，還有誰過分強調非結構銜接手段的功能，許多語言學家。

凝聚最初出現在語篇分析基本術語，這被看作是一個至關重要的問題。作為事實上，凝聚部分由詞匯和語法表示。因此，它可以分為兩部分：詞匯銜接和語法銜接。該文本與引進A段段落的話題開始集中在人們在西方文化把情報作為個人的一種手段。從款C到D段，該研究是科學地討論。最后一段主要是關于解決困境會談。

在協調方面，文本是在兩個方面相干：它是相干相對于該情況上下文，并因此在文本一致。弗里斯（1983年）和丹麥（1974年）抽象可能被采用來解釋文本是否一致與否主位推進的幾種模式。此外，凝聚力結合句子的想法。

在一般情況下，一個文本通常具有寄存器的一致性，并且它應該適合給定的情況的功能。文本包含在不僅在內容，而且在從語言的語義資源總選擇的實際意義某種程度的一致性。例如，價值觀念被認知代替（A段）。

總體

總之，文字寫入跨文化引進智力的觀點研究dissertation，這是圍繞一個中心論點組織使用基于研究的見解的合理正規的例子。在文中，有描述性的充分性和解釋性充足分析問題。此外，作者充分利用模態的，被動的文本趨向等。當人們寫一些類型的紙張下一次，他們應該明白的紙張類型和適用技術的紙張。

The debate of cohesion and coherence last for decade. But now, there are still many linguists who overemphasize the function of nonstructural cohesion devices.

Cohesion originally appeared in discourse analysis a basic term, which is regarded as a vital issue. As a matter of fact, cohesion is expressed partly by vocabulary and grammar. Therefore, it can be divided into 2 parts: lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. The text begins with a introduction of the topic in paragraph A. paragraph focus on that people in western cultures regard intelligence as a means for individuals. From paragraph C to Paragraph D, the studies are discussed in a scientific way. The last paragraph mainly talks about the solution to the dilemma. 

In terms of coherence, a text is coherent in two aspects: it is coherent with respect to the situation context and therefore consistent in text. Fries (1983) &Danes (1974) abstracted several patterns of Thematic Progression which could be adopted to explain whether a text is coherent or not. In addition, cohesion combines ideas with sentences. 

In general, a text normally has register consistency, and it should fit a given set of features of situation. The text contains some degree of coherence in the actual meaning not only in the content but also in total selection from the semantic resources of the language. For example, the values and concepts are replaced (paragraph A) by cognition.   

Overall

In all, the text is a reasonably formal example of research paper written to introduce the views of intelligence across culture, which is organized around a central thesis and uses insights based on the research. In the text, there are descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy to analysis the issues. In addition, author makes full use of modals, passive tend and so on in the text. When people write some kind of paper next time, they should understand the type of paper and apply techniques to the paper.