國際商務(wù)管理類留學(xué)生作業(yè)
11-17, 2014
系統(tǒng)思維，暗指在一個企業(yè)中，由于一些分散的觀點(diǎn)與看法的存在，從而設(shè)計(jì)的不同的處理辦法的力度。比如說，企業(yè)的管理者們設(shè)計(jì)一些具有清晰框架，步驟和策略的政策，旨在建立一個管理者們自己所喜愛的企業(yè)。一位著名學(xué)者艾迪安溫格指出了對理解復(fù)雜的企業(yè)組織過程具有核心地位的四個因素，這四個因素包括具體化的參與，本地化和全球化，設(shè)計(jì)既定的緊急情況，還有識別和談判的能力。以上的四個理念對于相互作用下的現(xiàn)有摩擦是至關(guān)重要的。
系統(tǒng)思維可以幫助管理者促成項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展，而這些項(xiàng)目有可能是十分重要和需要重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的。舉個例子來說，在本地和全球之間巧妙設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)聯(lián)可能就會幫助到兩個有明顯區(qū)別的個體發(fā)展出合作的關(guān)系，也可能實(shí)現(xiàn)互利互惠。但是，如果這種設(shè)計(jì)沒有適當(dāng)?shù)牟呗院颓擅畹慕Y(jié)構(gòu)，那么就不能達(dá)到預(yù)期的目標(biāo)了。
System thinking implies dynamics within an organization arising from different approaches that are designed at separate points of view. Managers for instance in organizations design a number of aspects with clear structure, procedure and strategy with an aim of building an organization of there interest. A scholar known as Etienne Wenger points out four factors that are central for understanding complicated organization process, the four factors include participation- reification, local and global, designed- emergent and finally identification and negotiation power. These four ideas are vital in addressing existing frictions when interacting (Stancy et al, 2010).
System thinking can help managers come up with programs which may be very important and enhance learning. For instance a well designed relationship between global and local can help the two distinct bodies develop a relationship that may them start benefiting from another. However if the designed is not well structures with proper strategies then the desired relationship may not be achieved. Similarly practice is quite vital in deriving success for instance a manager may have very well defined procedures but for them to produce the expected results then they must be put into practice. If they are not put into practice then the required results may not be met (Stancy, et al, 2010).
Reification in the real world implies having perceptions, evaluations as well as attributions that makes something which is non-existent to be viewed as existing that is to say our awareness of things we experience, the meaning we give them do not exist in real world (Billing, et al, 2009).
Reification is associated with some dangers. It makes people see regularities where they don't exist. People often forget that words will always mean words and not gestures, this false correctness should be avoided by many who come up with assumptions that if something is named then it therefore exist as a tangible object (Mark, et al, 2000).
Before 1870 there were strong alliance systems in Europe. However the period after 1870 saw the alteration of an alliance between Bismarck of Germany with Austria- Hungary and Russia at a time when Germany had realized greater levels of industrialization. Germany moved on and formed an alliance with Italy in order to isolate France further due its fear of Germany aggression. On the other hand Russia was also out looking for all possible ways on how to access Mediterranean and gain advantage in southern part of Europe and form nationalistic movements in Ottoman Empire. By 1876 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empires which was later settled in Berlin through peaceful negotiations in 1878 under Bismarck support this resulted into formation of a dual alliance between Germany and Austria- Hungary in 1879 which was later joined by Italy in 1882 hence formation of Triple Alliance.
In 1885 again there was another Balkan crisis where Germany still supported the interests of Austria-Hungary at Russian expense, this led to realignment between Germany and Russia which was terminated in 1890. Russia thereafter formed an alliance with France and Britain which was called Triple Entente. This two alliances that is triple alliance and triple entente divided Europe leading to continuous competitions which saw the coming of many problems that made these alliances threatening to declare violence in entire Europe. They were these conflicting ideas between these alliances that led to First World War in 1914 (Mark, et al, 2000).
Haningtons was the founder of British Communist Party and organizer of National unemployed workers movement. In a bid to declare his political ambitions and push for better employment opportunities he argued out that the efforts of unemployed majority could mount pressure on the government and this will force them to come up with measures that will provide enough employment avenues at adequate wages. He noted that rise in possessions among the upper class category has no relationship with meager wages of the unemployed and the poor. His views are against dual capitalism that continues making wealth without putting into considerations the welfare of workers (Mark, et al, 2000). Hanington dismisses the idea of labor working for no pay because this will be converting them into slaves. He suggested that people are influenced to suicide by poverty. He believes that demonstration by the unemployed will force the government strive towards addressing the problem of unemployment and working at meager pay (John, 1990). The current events in many countries of the world conquers with the theory because many people are still jobless globally and even those who are employed are being subjected to very harsh terms, low pay, unhealthy working environment. However there are countries which have achieved immeasurable steps as far as workers welfare is concerned.
Defining national interest has become very difficult due to existing political systems which are characterized with corruption, bureaucracy, tribalism and hatred for one another this has left many people yearning for change in order to realize there interest like accessing better education, provision of better health services, improved infrastructure development, creation of employment, equitable distribution of resources and above all good governance. Absence of this fundamental thing has left many people unable to define there national interests
The issue of U.S president involvement in Vietnam was an idea which I hope was good because there was need to stop communist behavior in Vietnam because of fears that other countries in the world may follow the example of Vietnam. There was need to protect the democratic South Vietnam government from insurgencies engineered by North Vietnam which were against a government elected in a more democratic way (Ellen, 1954). Although some people may have a different dimension, it should be indicated that U.S had to do all it can and stop the North Vietnamese because these political insurgency was to cause a gradual decline in production of Vietnamese rice which is used in many countries. Remember the war was destined to cause a sharp fall in the economy of Vietnamese since the war would have hampered all economic activities, affected the progress of neighboring countries like china, Cambodia, Thailand among many others that rely on Vietnamese rice. Considering the political climate of the time U.S with assistance of other countries had to rise up against Vietnam. It should be pointed that those countries which taught that the best was to keep them out of Vietnam War were enemies of democracy (Ellen, 1954).
Russia was one the world super powers in the ancient time and a long term federal government. This is a country where Christianity became the countries by 10th century, the country is headed by an executive president without vice president this is according to 1993 Russian constitution and the country is credited for achieving almost 100 percent literacy level which has led to tremendous change in labor force where unemployment level was approximately 5.4 percent by 2008. The violation of human rights is still common. The countries efforts to re- structure its security is still limited due to lack of enough findings, indiscipline cases among the army and low level of education among its security accompanied by low pay. It can be said on contrary that U.S has realized higher levels of development with improved security which is fully motivated by better pay and terms of service (B.E.E.A, 2009).
系統(tǒng)思維可以幫助管理者促成項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展，而這些項(xiàng)目有可能是十分重要和需要重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的。舉個例子來說，在本地和全球之間巧妙設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)聯(lián)可能就會幫助到兩個有明顯區(qū)別的個體發(fā)展出合作的關(guān)系，也可能實(shí)現(xiàn)互利互惠。但是，如果這種設(shè)計(jì)沒有適當(dāng)?shù)牟呗院颓擅畹慕Y(jié)構(gòu)，那么就不能達(dá)到預(yù)期的目標(biāo)了。
System thinking implies dynamics within an organization arising from different approaches that are designed at separate points of view. Managers for instance in organizations design a number of aspects with clear structure, procedure and strategy with an aim of building an organization of there interest. A scholar known as Etienne Wenger points out four factors that are central for understanding complicated organization process, the four factors include participation- reification, local and global, designed- emergent and finally identification and negotiation power. These four ideas are vital in addressing existing frictions when interacting (Stancy et al, 2010).
System thinking can help managers come up with programs which may be very important and enhance learning. For instance a well designed relationship between global and local can help the two distinct bodies develop a relationship that may them start benefiting from another. However if the designed is not well structures with proper strategies then the desired relationship may not be achieved. Similarly practice is quite vital in deriving success for instance a manager may have very well defined procedures but for them to produce the expected results then they must be put into practice. If they are not put into practice then the required results may not be met (Stancy, et al, 2010).
Reification in the real world implies having perceptions, evaluations as well as attributions that makes something which is non-existent to be viewed as existing that is to say our awareness of things we experience, the meaning we give them do not exist in real world (Billing, et al, 2009).
Reification is associated with some dangers. It makes people see regularities where they don't exist. People often forget that words will always mean words and not gestures, this false correctness should be avoided by many who come up with assumptions that if something is named then it therefore exist as a tangible object (Mark, et al, 2000).
Before 1870 there were strong alliance systems in Europe. However the period after 1870 saw the alteration of an alliance between Bismarck of Germany with Austria- Hungary and Russia at a time when Germany had realized greater levels of industrialization. Germany moved on and formed an alliance with Italy in order to isolate France further due its fear of Germany aggression. On the other hand Russia was also out looking for all possible ways on how to access Mediterranean and gain advantage in southern part of Europe and form nationalistic movements in Ottoman Empire. By 1876 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empires which was later settled in Berlin through peaceful negotiations in 1878 under Bismarck support this resulted into formation of a dual alliance between Germany and Austria- Hungary in 1879 which was later joined by Italy in 1882 hence formation of Triple Alliance.
In 1885 again there was another Balkan crisis where Germany still supported the interests of Austria-Hungary at Russian expense, this led to realignment between Germany and Russia which was terminated in 1890. Russia thereafter formed an alliance with France and Britain which was called Triple Entente. This two alliances that is triple alliance and triple entente divided Europe leading to continuous competitions which saw the coming of many problems that made these alliances threatening to declare violence in entire Europe. They were these conflicting ideas between these alliances that led to First World War in 1914 (Mark, et al, 2000).
Haningtons was the founder of British Communist Party and organizer of National unemployed workers movement. In a bid to declare his political ambitions and push for better employment opportunities he argued out that the efforts of unemployed majority could mount pressure on the government and this will force them to come up with measures that will provide enough employment avenues at adequate wages. He noted that rise in possessions among the upper class category has no relationship with meager wages of the unemployed and the poor. His views are against dual capitalism that continues making wealth without putting into considerations the welfare of workers (Mark, et al, 2000). Hanington dismisses the idea of labor working for no pay because this will be converting them into slaves. He suggested that people are influenced to suicide by poverty. He believes that demonstration by the unemployed will force the government strive towards addressing the problem of unemployment and working at meager pay (John, 1990). The current events in many countries of the world conquers with the theory because many people are still jobless globally and even those who are employed are being subjected to very harsh terms, low pay, unhealthy working environment. However there are countries which have achieved immeasurable steps as far as workers welfare is concerned.
Defining national interest has become very difficult due to existing political systems which are characterized with corruption, bureaucracy, tribalism and hatred for one another this has left many people yearning for change in order to realize there interest like accessing better education, provision of better health services, improved infrastructure development, creation of employment, equitable distribution of resources and above all good governance. Absence of this fundamental thing has left many people unable to define there national interests
The issue of U.S president involvement in Vietnam was an idea which I hope was good because there was need to stop communist behavior in Vietnam because of fears that other countries in the world may follow the example of Vietnam. There was need to protect the democratic South Vietnam government from insurgencies engineered by North Vietnam which were against a government elected in a more democratic way (Ellen, 1954). Although some people may have a different dimension, it should be indicated that U.S had to do all it can and stop the North Vietnamese because these political insurgency was to cause a gradual decline in production of Vietnamese rice which is used in many countries. Remember the war was destined to cause a sharp fall in the economy of Vietnamese since the war would have hampered all economic activities, affected the progress of neighboring countries like china, Cambodia, Thailand among many others that rely on Vietnamese rice. Considering the political climate of the time U.S with assistance of other countries had to rise up against Vietnam. It should be pointed that those countries which taught that the best was to keep them out of Vietnam War were enemies of democracy (Ellen, 1954).
Russia was one the world super powers in the ancient time and a long term federal government. This is a country where Christianity became the countries by 10th century, the country is headed by an executive president without vice president this is according to 1993 Russian constitution and the country is credited for achieving almost 100 percent literacy level which has led to tremendous change in labor force where unemployment level was approximately 5.4 percent by 2008. The violation of human rights is still common. The countries efforts to re- structure its security is still limited due to lack of enough findings, indiscipline cases among the army and low level of education among its security accompanied by low pay. It can be said on contrary that U.S has realized higher levels of development with improved security which is fully motivated by better pay and terms of service (B.E.E.A, 2009).
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