了解世界的法律體系Law Essay
了解世界的法律體系Law Essay
我真的相信我們現代社會需要法律。法律是指導方針，制定適當的行為，為了使一切保持平衡和穩定，所以我們必須遵循這個規則體系。沒有完成預期的任務，男人將僅僅相當于動物——或者更糟的是，允許他們的陰暗面出現并控制他們的生活。
為此每個國家都有一定的系統，所有公民都必須遵守：到目前為止世界上大約有二百個國家，每個國家都基于各自的某些特征和因素建立了相應的法律體系。法律體系由特定的法律和規則組成，塑造了公民的社會道德和行為。有許多學術術語描述什么是“法律制度”，但在我看來最好的一個是來自J.H Merryman的描述。
三個最普遍的法律體系是：大陸法的法律體系，普通法的法律體系和宗教法律的法律體系。每一個法律體系是獨一無二的，都有各自的特定特性和個體結構。讓我們簡要看一看每個系統，各自系統之間有怎樣的不同之處看或發現它們的相似之處。
普通法系在英國和它的殖民地之間流行，包括澳大利亞、加拿大和美國。傳統上，普通法體系是法院法律隨著時間的推移逐步發展起來制定的，顧名思義，而不是被法典所治理支配。它不同于民法體系，主要在歐洲和在法國和西班牙殖民統治的地區被介紹。
決策的法律在1066年的諾曼征服后，被英國的法官宣布，主要基于定制的本質。遵循先例的普通法原則，即遵循先例在當今的英美法律體系中仍然是一個重要組成部分。
Understanding The Legal Systems Of The World Law Essay
普通法律體系-Common Law Legal System
History, sources and structure
The common law system prevails in Britain and its former colonies, including Australia, Canada, and the United States. Traditionally, the common law system, as the name implies, was governed not by a code, but by court-made law that developed incrementally over time. It is different from the civil-law system, which is introduced mostly in Europe and in areas colonized by France and Spain.
The body of decisional law based largely on custom as declared by English judges after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The common law doctrine of following precedent, known as stare decisis remains an important component of both the English and American legal systems today. English common law was based primarily on custom, tradition, and precedent rather than a formal written legal code. Over centuries of experience, the common law became the major influence on the development of American criminal law both before and after the American Revolution. After the Revolution, the common law continued to be the basic law of most states. However, today almost all common law principles and rules have been enacted by legislative bodies into statutes with modern variations. ). One of the interesting characteristics of the system is that the common-law system allows judges to look to other jurisdictions or to draw upon past or present judicial experience for analogies to help in making a decision. This flexibility allows common law to deal with changes that lead to unanticipated controversies.
民法體系-Civil Law Legal System
History, sources and structure
and developed in Continental Europe and around the world. It is divided into two branches: the codified Roman law and uncodified Roman law.
法律制度之間的差異和相似之處-The Differences and Similarities between the Legal Systems
Common law and civil law legal systems share similar social objectives: individualism, liberalism and personal rights. A major difference between the civil law and common law is that priority in civil law is given to doctrine over jurisprudence, while the opposite is true in the common law: it finds in judge-made precedent the base of its law.
The civil law doctrine's function is to draw from cases the rules and the principles which will clarify and purge the subject of impure elements, and thus provide both the practice and the courts with a guide for the solution of particular cases in the future. The common law author focuses on fact patterns. He or she analyzes cases presenting similar but not identical facts, extracting from the specific rules, and then, through deduction, determines the often very narrow scope of each rule, and sometimes proposes new rules to cover facts that have not yet presented themselves. Common law jurisprudence sets out a new specific rule to a new specific set of facts and provides the principal source of law, while civil law jurisprudence applies general principles, and that jurisprudence is only a secondary source of law of explanation. Civil law judgments are written in a more formalistic style than common law judgments.
Civil law decisions are indeed shorter than common law decisions, and are separated into two parts - the reasons and the order. This is because civil law judges are especially trained in special schools created for the purpose, while common law judges are appointed from amongst practicing lawyers, without special training.
The method of writing judgments is also different. Common law judgments extensively expose the facts, compare or distinguish them from the facts of previous cases, and decide the specific legal rule relevant to the present facts.
刑法與民法-Criminal Law and Civil Law
Basic Information
There are two branches of law: Criminal Law and Civil Law. That means that when a person breaks any law, he or she may be judged according to what branch of law it is.
Criminal Law those laws for redressing public wrongs that injure society in general and Civil Law those laws for redressing private wrongs to individuals.? Civil law attempts to right a wrong, settle a dispute, or honor an agreement. The victim is being compensated by the person who is at fault, this becomes a legal alternative to, or civilized form of, revenge. Criminal law consists of two main branches -- substantive criminal law and procedural criminal law. Substantive criminal law prohibits certain forms of conduct by defining what acts constitute crimes and establishing the parameters of penalties. Procedural criminal law regulates the enforcement of the substantive criminal law, the determination of guilt, and the punishment of those found guilty of crimes.#p#分頁標題#e#
Criminal Procedure and Civil Procedure
Criminal Procedure. The branch of the criminal law that deals with the processes by which crimes are investigated, prosecuted, and punished. Thus, procedural criminal law is the process followed by police and the courts in the apprehension and punishment of criminals from the filing of a complaint by a member of the public or the arrest of a suspect by the police, up to the time the defendant is sent to jail, or, if convicted, to prison.
Civil litigation that deals with private disputes between parties is subject to the rules of civil litigation, sometimes referred to as civil procedure. Criminal cases, deals with acts that are offenses against society as a whole, such as murder and robbery, as subject to the rules for criminal law, and is also known as the rules of criminal procedure.
