Dissertation Proposal格式：Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges and Opportunities
Dissertation Proposal格式-女企業家：挑戰與機遇。本文是一篇留學生研究計劃書寫作格式范文，本篇Proposal提出越來越多的具有前瞻性思維的組織，如ALEAP，正在認識到女性領導人為家庭、企業和社區做出的貢獻的價值和影響。大多數組織都在正式制定方案和戰略，以應對女性在工作場所面臨的獨特挑戰，將其作為保留和獲取戰略的核心組成部分。幾項研究表明，女性為組織帶來了一種特殊的領導力品牌，這種品牌可以轉化為卓越的長期可持續性和財務績效。下面就一起來看一下這篇Dissertation Proposal的具體內容。
Introduction 引言
Increasingly forward thinking organizations, such as ALEAP are recognizing the value and impact that women leaders contribute to families, business and communities. Most of the organizations are formalizing programs and strategies to address the unique challenges that women face in the work place as core components of both retention dn acquisition strategies. Several studies have shown that women bring a special brand of leadership for organizations that translate into superior long term sustainability an financial performance (www.siliconindia.com).
The current study is about the entrepreneur competencies in Indian women and its purpose to analyze the status of women entrepreneurs in business with reference to India. The study first draws identities, profiles and addresses operational problems faced by women entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future plans for expansion and growth and for the furtherance of research on women entrepreneurs in India.
目前的研究是關于印度婦女的企業家能力，其目的是參照印度分析女企業家在企業中的地位。這項研究首先描繪了女性企業家在商業中面臨的身份、概況和經營問題，描繪了她們對未來擴張和增長計劃的傾向，并促進了對印度女性企業家的研究。
Women owners of small business are known to be better informed about issues relating to starting their own business compared to their male counterparts. Women spend more time conducting market research and have historically spent more time accessing finance because of gender bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous employment history many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better basic business management knowledge and a higher level of basic business competencies. So This Research would like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The present study “A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs” main Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to become a Entrepreneur, number of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business active operations etc and comparing these competencies between women entrepreneurs of two areas (Hyderabad and Vijayawada).
眾所周知，與男性同行相比，女性小企業主更了解與創業相關的問題。由于借貸行業的性別偏見，女性花更多的時間進行市場調查，并且歷史上花費更多的時間獲得融資。由于以前的就業歷史，許多婦女的行政管理技能優于男子，這意味著婦女具有更好的基本商業管理知識和更高水平的基本商業能力。因此，本研究希望對安得拉邦、海德拉巴和維賈亞瓦達的（ALEAP）女企業家協會的40名企業主進行抽樣調查。本研究“女企業家能力研究”的主要目的是揭示女企業家的探索性信息，她們的能力對成為企業家產生了影響，在剛開始創業時，面臨競爭，并比較了兩個地區（海得拉巴和維賈亞瓦達）女企業家的這些能力。
Entrepreneurs have become the key figure of the economies around the globe as they are essential for the development and foundation of companies and process of job creation as the result. Entrepreneur is the innovator who brings and implements changes within markets through carrying out new combinations of several forms. This can be an introduction to a new product or quality, an introduction to new production technique, opening of a new market, and new source of supply of new parts or material or carrying out a new organization of an industry (Schummpter, 1935 cited in Anderson, 2008). The entrepreneur model of Schummpter (1935) has been increasingly investigated as being the instigator of innovation. In fact, other types of entrepreneur can be mentioned, which are influenced by cultural peculiarities. Many researchers, such as Atamer and Torres wondered whether the mentioned model of Schummpter should be applied to all the countries of the world. Although, entrepreneurship is a world phenomenon, it is not possible to describe as homogeneous (Atamer and Torres, 2007 cited in Anderson, 2008).
企業家已經成為全球經濟的關鍵人物，因為他們對公司的發展和基礎以及由此產生的就業機會的過程至關重要。企業家是創新者，通過多種形式的新組合，在市場中帶來并實施變革。這可以是對新產品或質量的介紹，對新生產技術的介紹，打開新市場，以及新零件或材料的新供應來源，或開展新的行業組織。Schummpter的企業家模式被越來越多地研究為創新的推動者。事實上，還可以提到其他類型的企業家，這些企業家受到文化特性的影響。許多研究人員，如Atamer和Torres，都想知道所提到的Schummpter模型是否應該適用于世界所有國家。盡管創業是一種世界現象，但不可能將其描述為同質化。
According to Casson, M. (1982), most of the studies on entrepreneur are relying on a stereotype, which is the swashbuckling adventure of business. The analysis of Casson (1982) tended to explain that the self made entrepreneurs were the figures from the past and now it is possible to define an entrepreneur as a person, specialized in decisions about the scarce resource coordination.
根據Casson，M.的說法，大多數關于企業家的研究都依賴于一種刻板印象，這就是商業的虛張聲勢的冒險。Casson的分析傾向于解釋，自主創業者是過去的人物，現在可以將企業家定義為一個專門從事稀缺資源協調決策的人。
Entrepreneur Development 企業家發展
Entrepreneurship has been considered to be specific for the great individuals, both in academic view and conventional wisdom. Several articles and books have been written to highlight the virtues of entrepreneurship. However, the story of entrepreneur as a great person missed the fundamental mechanism of economic growth and entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurship is not just an economic process; rather it extends beyond the new business formation process. Entrepreneurship, therefore, is a social process which arises from a vast set of cultural and social conditions (Florida, 2002). In United States, the impulse of entrepreneurship has become part of the social ethos. Its creating forces have been building at least for five decades and longer perhaps. However, its rise at social level or at way of life has recently become apparent. Entrepreneurship is the part of a vast social movement, a change that residents of the country want out of social life. There is increase in interest for becoming entrepreneur. For instance, 60% of the young adults and teenagers want to become entrepreneurs, according to a survey (Florida, 2002).
無論是從學術角度還是從傳統觀點來看，企業家精神都被認為是偉大個人特有的。已經寫了幾篇文章和幾本書來強調企業家精神的優點。然而，企業家作為一個偉人的故事錯過了經濟增長和企業家精神的基本機制。事實上，創業不僅僅是一個經濟過程；相反，它超越了新的業務形成過程。因此，創業是一個社會過程，產生于大量的文化和社會條件。在美國，創業的沖動已經成為社會風氣的一部分。它的創造力量已經建立了至少50年甚至更長的時間。然而，它在社會層面或生活方式上的崛起最近變得顯而易見。企業家精神是一場巨大的社會運動的一部分，這是該國居民想要擺脫社會生活的一種變化。成為企業家的興趣有所增加。例如，根據一項調查，60%的年輕人和青少年希望成為企業家。
The development of entrepreneurship is not obvious in US only; the need for employment development around the globe has given rise to entrepreneurship in other countries as well. Reduction in youth unemployment is the big challenge that most of the governments have to face in coming decades. According to a recent study by International Labour Office (ILO), youth is more likely to be unemployed than adults. This likelihood is three and half time more than that of adults. Approximately 660 million young people, in 2015, will be looking for work or working. This challenge has various dimensions and therefore requires a specific response. It is needed to look the entrepreneurship with the perspective of youth. Within the framework of basic efforts and strategies of boosting employment for young people, a valuable addition to job creation is the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is an innovative approach for improvement of livelihood and job creation among young people. Although, entrepreneurship has derived job creation and economic development, there has been a very little effort to look at it with the perspective of young people.
創業精神的發展不僅在美國明顯；全球各地對就業發展的需求也催生了其他國家的創業精神。減少青年失業是大多數政府在未來幾十年必須面對的重大挑戰。根據國際勞工局（ILO）最近的一項研究，年輕人比成年人更有可能失業。這種可能性是成年人的三倍半。2015年，約有6.6億年輕人將尋找工作。這一挑戰具有不同的層面，因此需要具體的應對措施。需要從青年的角度看待創業。在促進年輕人就業的基本努力和戰略框架內，創業是創造就業機會的一個寶貴補充。創業是改善青年人生計和創造就業機會的一種創新方法。盡管創業創造了就業機會和經濟發展，但從年輕人的角度來看待創業的努力很少。
Current theory of entrepreneurship that explains venture creation is organized generally around three core constructs: (a) market, (b) money and (c) management. These constructs are refereed as “3Ms”. An entrepreneur is required to have market access, money and management if he plans to launch a venture. These constructs are having been described as fundamental building blocks for business viability and they derive from the mainstream economy and management driven entrepreneurship view (Bates et al. cited in Brush, Bruinn, & Welter, 2009). These building blocks are basic for the development of any business.
當前解釋風險創造的創業理論一般圍繞三個核心結構：（a）市場、（b）資金和（c）管理。這些構造被稱為“3Ms”。如果一個企業家計劃創業，他需要有市場準入、資金和管理。這些結構已被描述為商業可行性的基本構建塊，它們源自主流經濟和管理驅動的創業觀。這些構建塊是任何業務發展的基礎。
Women Entrepreneur Development 女企業家發展
Businesses owned by women are one of the fastest developing entrepreneurial populations of the world. They are making a significant contribution to employment, innovation and wealth creation in almost all economies (Brush et al., 2006). However, the growth in the importance of women entrepreneurship has not increased the number of studies on the subject. There is a gender gap in academic research, compared to a significant business ownership proportion (Brush, Bruinn, & Welter, 2009).
女性擁有的企業是世界上發展最快的企業家群體之一。它們對幾乎所有經濟體的就業、創新和財富創造都做出了重大貢獻。然而，女性創業重要性的增長并沒有增加這一主題的研究數量。與顯著的企業所有權比例相比，學術研究中存在性別差距。
Women owners of small business are known to be better informed about issues relating to starting their own business compared to their male counterparts. Women spend more time conducting market research and have historically spent more time accessing finance because of gender bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous employment history many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better basic business management knowledge and a higher level of basic business competencies. So This Research would like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The present study “A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs” main Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to become a Entrepreneur, number of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business active operations etc and comparing these competencies between women entrepreneurs of two areas (Hyderabad and Vijayawada).
眾所周知，與男性同行相比，女性小企業主更了解與創業相關的問題。由于借貸行業的性別偏見，女性花更多的時間進行市場調查，并且歷史上花費更多的時間獲得融資。由于以前的就業歷史，許多婦女的行政管理技能優于男子，這意味著婦女具有更好的基本商業管理知識和更高水平的基本商業能力。因此，本研究希望對安得拉邦、海德拉巴和維賈亞瓦達的（ALEAP）女企業家協會的40名企業主進行抽樣調查。本研究“女企業家能力研究”的主要目的是揭示女企業家的探索性信息，她們的能力對成為企業家產生了影響，在剛開始創業時，面臨競爭，并比較了兩個地區（海得拉巴和維賈亞瓦達）女企業家的這些能力。
Small and Medium Enterprises in India 印度中小企業
India has a vibrant mall and micro enterprise sector which is playing a very important role to sustain the economic growth, with contribution of at least 39% to the manufacturing output and 39% to the exports in 2004-5. After agriculture, it is the largest employer of human jobs that provides employment to more than 29.5 million people, in the rural and urban areas of India. Their importance in terms of developing new entrepreneurship is recognized well. It is because most of the entrepreneurs are starting their business form a small unit that provides them an opportunity of harnessing their talents and skills, in order to innovate, experiment and transform their ideas into goods and services and nurture it into a greater unit .
印度擁有一個充滿活力的小型和微型企業部門，在維持經濟增長方面發揮著非常重要的作用，2004-5年，該部門對制造業產出的貢獻率至少為39%，對出口的貢獻率為39%。除農業外，印度是最大的人類就業雇主，為印度農村和城市地區超過2950萬人提供就業機會。他們在發展新的企業家精神方面的重要性得到了很好的認可。這是因為大多數企業家都是從一個小單位開始創業的，這為他們提供了一個利用自己的才能和技能的機會，以便創新、試驗和將他們的想法轉化為商品和服務，并將其培育成一個更大的單位。
Over the years, Indian small scale sector has progressed from producing only simple consumer goods to the production of many precise and sophisticated products such as microwave components; electronics control systems and electro medical equipments etc. The economic liberalization and process along with market reforms have exposed further the enterprise for increasing global and domestic level of completion. The challenges generated for them have lead towards a novel approach of cluster development of the sector. Private and public sector institutions, as the result have increasingly undertaken initiatives for cluster development.
多年來，印度小規模部門已從僅生產簡單消費品發展到生產許多精密精密產品，如微波組件；電子控制系統和電子醫療設備等。經濟自由化和進程以及市場改革進一步暴露了企業提高全球和國內完成水平的可能性。為他們帶來的挑戰導致了該部門集群發展的新方法。因此，私營和公共部門機構越來越多地采取集群發展舉措。
Clusters are defined as the geographical and sectoral concerns of enterprises, particularly small and medium which face common opportunities and threats that give rise o external economies favor the specialized administrative, technical and financial services, create a conducive development ground of inter-firm cooperation for the promotion of local production, collective learning and innovation. Networking and clustering has helped the small and medium entrepreneurs in boosting the competitiveness of their business. There are over 400 SME clusters and about 2000 artisan clusters in India. According to some estimates, these clusters are contributing 60% of the manufactured exports from India. Almost all the gems and jewelry exports are from Surat and Mumbai clusters. Some of Indian small scale enterprises clusters are so big that they export 90% of India’s total production output of selected products. For instance, the clusters of Agra, Chennai and Kolkata are very famous for leather and products of leather.
集群被定義為企業，特別是中小企業的地理和部門關切，它們面臨著共同的機遇和威脅，這些機遇和威脅會導致外部經濟體傾向于專門的行政、技術和金融服務，為促進當地生產創造公司間合作的有利發展基礎，集體學習和創新。網絡和集群幫助中小企業家提高了企業的競爭力。印度有400多個中小企業集群和約2000個工匠集群。據一些估計，這些集群占印度制造業出口的60%。幾乎所有的寶石和珠寶出口都來自蘇拉特和孟買集群。印度的一些小型企業集群規模巨大，它們出口了印度選定產品總產量的90%。例如，阿格拉、欽奈和加爾各答的集群以皮革和皮革制品而聞名。
Background to the study 研究背景
This research intended to provide analysis of the status of women entrepreneurs in Business with reference to India. It first draws the profiles, identifies and addresses operational problems faced by women entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future plans for growth and Expansion and also for the furtherance of research on women entrepreneurs in India.
這項研究旨在參考印度，分析女企業家在商界的地位。它首先繪制概況，確定和解決女企業家在商業中面臨的經營問題，并繪制她們對未來增長和擴張計劃的傾向，以及對印度女企業家研究的進一步發展。
Purpose of the study 研究目的
The Scope of this research will focus on the “competencies” of these women. The listed competencies were researched by the professors of the IGNOU University, India and were stated as the key competencies to be considered. These competencies are as listed below. And the questionnaire is a standard questionnaire collected from the IGNOU material for MBA students “MS-93 Management of New and small Entrepreneurs – Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship block”
本研究的范圍將側重于這些婦女的“能力”。印度IGNOU大學的教授對列出的能力進行了研究，并將其列為需要考慮的關鍵能力。這些能力如下所示。該問卷是從IGNOU材料中為MBA學生收集的標準問卷，題為“MS-93中小企業家管理——企業家和創業板塊”
Entrepreneurs in the following areas:以下領域的企業家
Initiative 積極
Acts on opportunities 抓住機會行動
persistence 堅持不懈
information seeking 信息搜尋
concern for High Quality of work 關注高質量的工作
commitment to work contract 工作合同承諾
Efficiency Orientation 效率導向
Systematic planning 系統規劃
Problem solving 解決問題
Self-confident 自信
Assertiveness 自我肯定
Persuasion 說服力
Use of influence strategies 影響力策略的使用
Overview of the Dissertation 論文概述
Aims and Objectives of the Study 研究的目的和目標
a) To draw the ‘Entrepreneurial Competencies’ profile of women entrepreneurs at ALEAP located in Hyderabad and Vijayawada.
繪制位于海得拉巴和維賈亞瓦達的ALEAP女企業家的“創業能力”簡介。
b) To know the level of competencies existing with women entrepreneurs in business.
了解女企業家在企業中的能力水平。
c) To analyze the key challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in business.
分析女企業家在商業中面臨的主要挑戰。
d) To analyze the future plans for expansion and growth of women entrepreneurs in business.
分析女企業家在商界的未來擴張和增長計劃。
e) To compare the level of competencies of women entrepreneurs in ALEAP located at Hyderabad (Urban /Developed Area) and Vijayawada (Rural / Undeveloped Area).
比較位于海得拉巴（城市/發達地區）和維賈亞瓦達（農村/未開發地區）的ALEAP女企業家的能力水平。
Significance of the Study 研究的意義
This research is intended to assess multi-dimensional issues and challenges related to women entrepreneurs. Analysis of various variables like age, marital status, education of self, parents and spouse, number of children, self-esteem of women entrepreneurs have been assessed to understand the self concept of women entrepreneurs, the degree of commitment of women entrepreneurs towards their business (entrepreneurial intensity), entrepreneurial challenges in running the business and future plans of women entrepreneurs.
這項研究旨在評估與女企業家相關的多維度問題和挑戰。對年齡、婚姻狀況、自我教育程度、父母和配偶、子女數量、女企業家的自尊等各種變量進行了評估，以了解女企業家的自我概念、女企業家對企業的承諾程度（創業強度）、，女性企業家在經營企業方面的創業挑戰和未來計劃。
Affinity to Research Area 與研究領域的親和力
The study is chosen majorly because; I would like to start up my own small scale enterprise in India under ALEAP, utilizing my proven abilities developed through my education and experience. And to start a better enterprise with a professional atmosphere, where I can contribute to my maximum ability to uphold the goals as a Lady Entrepreneur and improve my entrepreneurial skills so as to become a successful Small Scale Women Entrepreneur.
選擇這項研究主要是因為：；我想在ALEAP的領導下在印度創辦自己的小型企業，利用我的教育和經驗培養出的成熟能力。并在職業氛圍中創建一個更好的企業，在那里我可以最大限度地發揮我作為女性企業家的能力，實現目標，提高我的創業技能，從而成為一名成功的小型女性企業家。
Literature Review 文獻綜述
Entrepreneurship 創業
Although the “entrepreneurship” term has been used over 2 hundred years in a business context, there has been a considerable disagreement on its meanings. There have been hundreds of perspectives; the themes which are most prevalent are discussed by Morris, Lewis, & Sexton, (1994).
盡管“創業”一詞在商業環境中已經使用了200多年，但在其含義上存在著相當大的分歧。有數百種觀點；莫里斯、劉易斯和塞克斯頓討論了最流行的主題。
The earlier definitions of entrepreneurship that were principally formulated by economists, have been observed for tending to emphasize assumptions of arbitrage, assumption of risk, coordination of factors of production and supply of financial capital. As the entrepreneur was involved clearly in business initiation, the earlier perspectives saw entrepreneurship as companies’ ongoing function and profit to be a return as the result of facing uncertainty and coordinating resources. Researchers have failed to differentiate the entrepreneurship and management, historically. Rhey failed to distinguish between large and small firms. Such difference had not been established until the 1930s. Even than the there had been tendency to associate it with management and small business start up. As such, an entrepreneur is considered to be a person who assumes psychological, social and financial risks which are crucial for starting and running a small scale business (Hisrich and Peters, 19992 cited in Morris, Lewis, & Sexton, 1994).
早期主要由經濟學家制定的創業定義被認為傾向于強調套利假設、風險假設、生產要素協調和金融資本供應。由于創業者明確參與了創業，早期的觀點認為創業是公司的持續職能，利潤是面對不確定性和協調資源的結果。歷史上，研究人員未能區分企業家精神和管理。Rhey未能區分大公司和小公司。這種差異直到20世紀30年代才確立。甚至有人傾向于將其與管理和小企業的創業聯系起來。因此，企業家被認為是承擔心理、社會和財務風險的人，這些風險對創辦和經營小型企業至關重要。
Entrepreneurial competencies are related to managerial competencies, articulated in the works of Boyatzis (1982). The competency approach has become an increasingly popular means of studying entrepreneurial characteristics (For example, Baum, 1994; Bird, 1995; Baron and Markman, 2003; Chandler and Jansen, 1992; Lau, Chan and Man, 1999; Martin and Staines, 1994; McGregor et al, 2000; Schmitt-Rodermund, 2004). According to Bird (1995), competencies are seen as behavioral and observable, and therefore are more closely linked to performance than any other entrepreneurial characteristics such as personality traits, intensions or motivations (Herron and Robinson, 1993; Gartner and Starr, 1993). Moreover, as with attitudes (Robinson at al., 1991), competencies are changeable and so the development of entrepreneurial becomes more feasible. Man, Lau and Chan (2002), identified six major areas of entrepreneurial competencies, are categorized as relating to an SME context, including opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies.
創業能力與管理能力有關，Boyatzis的著作中闡述了這一點。勝任力方法已成為研究創業特征的一種越來越流行的方法。根據Bird的說法，能力被視為行為和可觀察的，因此與績效的聯系比任何其他創業特征（如性格特征、內涵或動機）都更緊密。此外，與態度一樣，能力是可變的，因此創業的發展變得更加可行。Man、Lau和Chan確定了創業能力的六個主要領域，并將其歸類為與中小企業環境相關的領域，包括機會、關系、概念、組織、戰略和承諾能力。
By making appropriate use of his or her competencies, an entrepreneur can perceive a widened competitive scope such as more opportunities for innovation, business growth, and the provision of new services or products. From available resources, he or she can also develop better organizational capabilities such as the firm’s innovative capability, cost-saving ability, quality and flexibility. Finally, he or she can plan and work towards a firm’s long-term performance, along with the available competitive scope and organizational capabilities.
通過適當利用自己的能力，企業家可以感知到更大的競爭范圍，如更多的創新機會、業務增長機會以及提供新服務或產品。利用現有資源，他或她還可以發展更好的組織能力，如公司的創新能力、成本節約能力、質量和靈活性。最后，他或她可以計劃并努力實現公司的長期績效，以及現有的競爭范圍和組織能力。
Chandler and Jansen (1992) included three distinctive categories of entrepreneurial, managerial, and technical competencies. Baum’s (1994) measurement of competencies covered a range of instruments measuring traits, skills, experience and knowledge.
Chandler和Jansen將創業、管理和技術能力分為三類。Baum的能力測量涵蓋了一系列測量特質、技能、經驗和知識的工具。
Man, Lau and Chan (2002) is founded upon a multi-dimensional conceptualization of the competitiveness of SMEs, including the performance dimension, potential dimension and process dimension, developed from earlier studies of competitiveness (Oral, 1986; Feurer and Chaharbaghi, 1994; Buckley, Pass and Prescott, 1998; World Competitiveness Report, 1993). In particular, the influence of the entrepreneur is considered as critical and this is addressed through the competency approach. A detailed coding of 192 competencies in 44 clusters in the six areas of opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies as in the original framework, as well as in two new competencies that do not fit into these six prescribed competency areas but seem to play supporting roles to other competencies. They are named as learning competencies and personal strength competencies. Altogether the entrepreneurial competencies are identified by Man, Lau and Chan as 15 they are as follows Competitive Scope, Organizational Capability, Opportunity Competencies, Relationship Competencies, Analytical Competencies, Innovative Competencies, Operational Competencies, Human Competencies, Strategic Competencies, Commitment Competencies, Learning Competencies, Personal Strength Competencies, Investment Efficiency, Business Growth and Relative performance.
Man、Lau和Chan基于對中小企業競爭力的多維度概念化，包括績效維度、潛在維度和過程維度，這些維度是從早期的競爭力研究發展而來的。特別是，企業家的影響力被認為是至關重要的，這是通過能力方法來解決的。與原始框架一樣，在機會、關系、概念、組織、戰略和承諾六個領域，以及兩個不符合這六個規定能力領域但似乎對其他能力起支持作用的新能力中，對44個集群中的192個能力進行了詳細編碼。它們被稱為學習能力和個人力量能力。Man、Lau和Chan總共確定了15項創業能力，包括競爭范圍、組織能力、機會能力、關系能力、分析能力、創新能力、運營能力、人力能力、戰略能力、承諾能力、學習能力、，個人實力能力、投資效率、業務增長和相對績效。
Holmquist (1997) points out that empirical studies of women entrepreneurs and the development of theories about women entrepreneurs is a neglected subject in descriptive & perspective research work. Baker et al. (1997) stated that surveys with focus on women entrepreneur still account for only 6-8 percent of international research into entrepreneurship.
Holmquist指出，對女性企業家的實證研究和女性企業家理論的發展是描述性和視角研究工作中被忽視的主題。Baker等人指出，以女性企業家為重點的調查仍然只占國際企業家研究的6-8%。
Brush (1992) concluded from the review of existing research that women’s business leadership cannot be understood using traditional (male oriented) framework of business analysis. She writes “significant difference have been found in skills, business goals, management styles, business characteristics and growth rates. These variations suggest that women perceive and approach business differently than men”. A major expansion of academic interest in women entrepreneurs has occurred since the late 70’s, prompted by the perception that businesses owned by women are having an increasing impact on society and the economy. A number of authors in the area of entrepreneurship theory have argued that there is a need to ‘feminize” the research on entrepreneurship. (Moore, 1990; Hurley, 1991; Stevenson, 1990; Fischer et al., 1993), since much is still not understood about the ways women contribute to entrepreneurship and the problems they face. The issue is of more than academic interest. As a result of lack of knowledge of women’s contribution to entrepreneurship, public policies and programs to assist women to own and run their own businesses are likely to be misdirected (Barret M.A. Mary, 2005). The present research is an attempt to address the dearth in gender studies on entrepreneurship and identify whether there is a difference between men and women entrepreneurs multi-dimensional variables. On one hand it compares the perceptual variable (self-esteem) and intensity of efforts to run business (entrepreneurial intensity) of women and men entrepreneurs and on the other hand it compares the operational problems and future plans of expansion and growth of women and men entrepreneurs in family business. To date there is paucity of research on comparative analysis of women and men entrepreneurs in family business in India.
Brush通過對現有研究的回顧得出結論，使用傳統的（以男性為導向的）商業分析框架無法理解女性的商業領導力。她寫道：“在技能、商業目標、管理風格、商業特征和增長率方面發現了顯著差異。這些差異表明，女性對商業的認知和處理方式與男性不同”。自70年代末以來，學術界對女性企業家的興趣大幅增加，這是因為人們認為女性擁有的企業對社會和經濟的影響越來越大。創業理論領域的一些作者認為，有必要將創業研究“女性化”。，因為對于女性對創業的貢獻以及她們所面臨的問題，人們仍然不太了解。這個問題不僅僅是學術上的興趣。由于對婦女對創業的貢獻缺乏了解，幫助婦女擁有和經營自己企業的公共政策和計劃很可能被誤導。目前的研究試圖解決創業性別研究的不足，并確定男性和女性創業者在多維度變量之間是否存在差異。一方面，它比較了女性和男性企業家的感知變量（自尊）和經營企業的努力強度（創業強度），另一方面，還比較了女性企業家和男性企業家在家族企業中的經營問題和未來擴張和增長計劃。迄今為止，對印度家庭企業中的男女企業家進行比較分析的研究很少。
Sources of Small & Medium Entrepreneurship 中小企業的來源
Small, micro or medium sized entrepreneurships play a basic role in countries, particularly, European countries. They are the main source of innovation, entrepreneur skill and employment. For example, in enlarged European Union of 25 countries, about 23 million SMEs are providing around 75 million jobs and are representing 99% of all enterprises. However, they have to confront with market imperfection, most of times. SMEs have frequent difficulties to obtain capital and credit, particularly in the earlier phase of their development. Their restricted resources may also access to new innovation and technologies. Therefore, European Commission has priority for job creation, economic growth and social and economic cohesion.
中小企業在各國，特別是歐洲國家發揮著基本作用。它們是創新、企業家技能和就業的主要來源。例如，在由25個國家組成的擴大的歐盟中，約有2300萬中小企業提供了約7500萬個就業崗位，占所有企業的99%。然而，大多數時候，他們不得不面對市場的不完善。中小企業在獲得資本和信貸方面經常遇到困難，特別是在其發展的早期階段。他們有限的資源也可能獲得新的創新和技術。因此，歐盟委員會優先考慮創造就業機會、經濟增長以及社會和經濟凝聚力。
Small and medium entrepreneurs (SME0 sector has been recognized as the engine of growth all over the world.SME sector has characteristics of low investment requirements, location wise mobility, operational flexibility and import substitution. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises development (MSMED) Act, 2006 is the first single comprehensive legislation that covers the all three segments. In accordance with the Act, these enterprises can be classified into two categories:- (manufacturing enterprises which are engaged in the production and manufacture of the goods pertaining to an industry which is specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951, they are defined as the investment in machinery and plant; (ii) service enterprise engaged to provide or render the services and are defined in terms of equipment investment (www.business.org.in).
中小型企業家（SME0已被公認為世界各地的增長引擎。中小企業部門具有投資要求低、區位流動性、運營靈活性和進口替代性等特點。2006年的《微型、中小型企業發展（MSMED）法》是首個涵蓋所有三個部門的單一綜合立法。根據該法案，這些企業可分為兩類：（生產和制造1951年《工業（發展和管理）法案》附表1中規定的工業相關產品的制造企業，其定義為機械和設備投資；（ii）從事提供或提供服務的服務企業，并根據設備投資進行定義。
Need for Small and Medium Enterprises to access new technology 中小企業獲取新技術的需求
Small and medium enterprises in India with their flexibility, dynamism and innovative drive are focusing increasingly on improved methods of production, strategies of penetrative marketing and capabilities of modern scientific management for sustaining and strengthening their operations. They have been poised for global partnership and have absorbing potential for the latest technologies in the field of diverse industry. Small and medium enterprises in India are more beautiful and efficient and add value to social and economic sphere. As the countries are integrating into the global village, the small and medium sectors will have to respond accordingly. The small and medium enterprise needs special attention as they are playing a crucial role in the socio economic development of the country.
印度的中小企業憑借其靈活性、活力和創新精神，越來越注重改進生產方法、滲透營銷戰略和現代科學管理能力，以維持和加強其經營。他們已經做好了全球合作伙伴關系的準備，并在多種行業領域吸收最新技術的潛力。印度的中小型企業更加美麗和高效，為社會和經濟領域增加了價值。隨著各國融入地球村，中小型部門將不得不做出相應的反應。中小企業需要特別關注，因為它們在國家的社會經濟發展中發揮著至關重要的作用。
The problems being faced by the small and medium enterprises, particularly access to modern technology and maintenance of competitiveness, have been formidable. In order to meet the challenges of modern times, there is need to enable SMEs to access to new technologies to increase their competiveness in international market. There is need to provide them a conducive environment that includes formulation of appropriate programs and policies, build up technological capacity, R&D and inter firm linkages and technology database and knowledge flow (Kharbanda, 2001).
中小型企業所面臨的問題，特別是獲得現代技術和保持競爭力的問題，是令人生畏的。為了應對現代挑戰，需要使中小企業能夠獲得新技術，以提高其在國際市場上的競爭力。需要為他們提供一個有利的環境，包括制定適當的方案和政策、建立技術能力、研發和公司間聯系以及技術數據庫和知識流。
Proposed Research Methodology 擬議研究方法
The Research design chosen for this research is exploratory and descriptive research designs. After thoroughly considering the problem and the research objectives in this research I would like to select a two stage research design, in stage one exploratory research design, followed by stage two is descriptive research design.
本研究選擇的研究設計為探索性和描述性研究設計。在徹底考慮了問題和本研究的研究目標之后，我想選擇一個兩階段的研究設計，第一階段是探索性研究設計，第二階段是描述性研究設計。
There are two types of research, basic and applied. The purpose of basic research is the knowledge for the sake of knowledge. On the other hand, the scholar of knowledge is more concerned about the acquisition of knowledge that satisfy in its respective of the fact that weather is of any practical use or not. The basic purpose of research, in applied research is to put knowledge into practice. A researcher would be interested more, in applied knowledge, in trying to explore some utility from it and to bring improvement is practical human life. Different methods of research are used in research of social sciences as research and problems that are conducted in social sciences are having various natures (isbs.webs.com).
有兩種類型的研究，基礎研究和應用研究。基礎研究的目的是為了知識而獲得知識。另一方面，知識學者更關心的是獲取知識，以滿足天氣是否有實際用途這一事實。在應用研究中，研究的基本目的是將知識付諸實踐。研究者會對應用知識更感興趣，試圖從中探索一些實用性，并改善人類的實際生活。社會科學研究中使用了不同的研究方法，因為社會科學中的研究和問題具有不同的性質。
The mixed approach of research methodology is used in the current study. Most of researchers use this approach in the field of social sciences. The mixed approach is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Here is detailed introduction of both of the research methodologies:
本研究采用混合研究方法。大多數研究人員在社會科學領域使用這種方法。混合方法是定性和定量研究的結合。以下是兩種研究方法的詳細介紹：
Qualitative Research Design 定性研究設計
Qualitative research is the type of scientific research which seeks answer for a question and uses systematically the predefined set of procedures to answer that question. The evidence is collected in this method and findings are produced that had not been determined in advance. Finally, qualitative research produces findings which are applicable not only for the research in hand, but also beyond its immediate boundaries. In addition to these characteristics, qualitative research seeks to understand the given topic or research problem from the local population perspective that it involves. Qualitative research is particularly effective to obtain specific cultural information about the opinions, values, social context and behaviors of a particular population. The main strength of the qualitative research is the ability of providing complex contextual description about experience of people about that particular research issue. Qualitative research provides information of human side in particular research issues, which are the contradictory beliefs, behaviors, emotions, opinions and relationships among people. Qualitative method of research is also effective to identify the intangible factors, such as socioeconomic status, social norms, and ethnicity, religion and gender roles. The role of these intangible factors may not readily define in the research. Although the findings of qualitative research data can be extended often to people with have similar characteristics as that of study population, to gain a complex and rich complex understanding of a particular phenomenon or context takes precedence on eliciting data which can be generalized to other population or geographical areas. Qualitative research, in this sense is slightly different from general scientific research. There are three common methods of qualitative approach to collect data: in depth interviews, participant observation and focus groups.
定性研究是一種科學研究，它尋求問題的答案，并系統地使用預定義的程序來回答這個問題。通過這種方法收集證據，并產生事先未確定的結果。最后，定性研究產生的結果不僅適用于手頭的研究，也適用于超出其直接邊界的研究。除了這些特征之外，定性研究還試圖從所涉及的當地人口角度來理解給定的主題或研究問題。定性研究對于獲取特定人群的觀點、價值觀、社會背景和行為的特定文化信息尤為有效。定性研究的主要優勢是能夠提供關于人們對特定研究問題的經驗的復雜上下文描述。定性研究提供了人類方面的信息，特別是研究問題，即人們之間矛盾的信念、行為、情緒、意見和關系。定性研究方法也可以有效地識別無形因素，如社會經濟地位、社會規范、種族、宗教和性別角色。這些無形因素的作用在研究中可能不容易定義。盡管定性研究數據的發現通常可以擴展到具有與研究人群相似特征的人群，但要獲得對特定現象或背景的復雜而豐富的理解，優先于獲取可推廣到其他人群或地理區域的數據。從這個意義上說，定性研究與一般科學研究略有不同。有三種常用的定性方法來收集數據：深度訪談、參與者觀察和焦點小組。
In-depth interviews are the optimal approach of collecting data on personal histories of individuals, their experiences and perspectives, particularly if sensitive topics needed to be explored.
深入訪談是收集個人歷史、個人經歷和觀點數據的最佳方法，特別是在需要探討敏感話題時。
Participant observation approach is appropriate for data collection on behaviors that occur naturally, in their usual context.
參與者觀察方法適用于在通常情況下自然發生的行為的數據收集。
Focus groups are very effective to elicit data on the groups’ cultural norms and in generating broad interviews of issues of concern of the cultural groups or represented subgroups.
焦點小組非常有效地獲取有關群體文化規范的數據，并對文化群體或所代表的小組所關注的問題進行廣泛采訪。
The mentioned above approaches of qualitative data collection collect the data in the form of audio recordings, field notes and transcripts.
上述定性數據收集方法以錄音、現場筆記和記錄本的形式收集數據。
Quantitative Research Design 定量研究設計
These experiments sometimes are referred to be a true science as they use traditional statistical and mathematical means for measuring results collectively. Quantitative research design is most commonly used in physical sciences; however education, social science and economics also have been known to use qualitative research design. This approach is opposite to qualitative research design. All quantitative experiments use a standard format, however with some minor interdisciplinary differences of hypothesis generation to be approved or to be disapproved. The hypothesis must be approvable by statistical and mathematical means and must ne based around the whole design of experiment. It is essential in quantitative research design to have a randomized study group and a control group, whenever possible. In addition, a quantitative research design should manipulate one variable at a point of time; otherwise statistical analysis may become open for questioning and cumbersome.TEH quantities research should be conducted in a manner that may allow others to use and repeat the experiment to obtain similar findings.
這些實驗有時被稱為真正的科學，因為它們使用傳統的統計和數學方法來集體測量結果。定量研究設計在物理科學中最常用；然而，眾所周知，教育、社會科學和經濟學也使用定性研究設計。這種方法與定性研究設計相反。所有的定量實驗都使用標準格式，然而，假設生成的一些微小的跨學科差異需要批準或不批準。該假設必須能夠通過統計和數學手段得到認可，并且必須以整個實驗設計為基礎。在定量研究設計中，只要可能，就必須有一個隨機研究組和一個對照組。此外，定量研究設計應在某個時間點操縱一個變量；否則，統計分析可能會受到質疑和麻煩。應以允許其他人使用和重復實驗以獲得類似結果的方式進行數量研究。
Quantitative research is the excellent way you finalize results and prove or disprove a hypothesis. Quantitative research structure has not faced changes for centuries; therefore it is a standard across various scientific disciplines and fields.
定量研究是你最終確定結果并證明或反駁假設的最佳方式。幾個世紀以來，定量研究結構沒有發生變化；因此，它是各個科學學科和領域的標準。
A comprehensive answer to the questions is reached after statistical analysis of results. The results can be published and discussed legitimately. It is possible to filter out the external factors in the quantitative research, if properly designed. The results, therefore, can be seen as unbiased and real.
在對結果進行統計分析后，得出對問題的全面答案。結果可以合法地發表和討論。如果設計得當，可以在定量研究中過濾掉外部因素。因此，結果可以被視為無偏見和真實的。
There are disadvantages too of using quantitative research design. Quantitative experiments are expensive and difficult sometimes and require a lot of effort and time to perform. There is need to plan quantitative research designs carefully, in order to ensure that there is a correct designing and compete randomization of control group. There is need for an extensive statistical analysis in quantitative studies that is a difficult task as most of the scientists are not statisticians. The statistical study field is a complete scientific discipline that can be very difficult for researchers who are non-mathematicians. In addition t this, the requirements of the successful statistical confirmation of results has been very stringent and very few experiments prove hypothesis comprehensively. There is always some ambiguity that requires refinement and retesting of the design. It means another investment of resources and time should be committed for fine tuning of the results. There is a very little place for uncertainty and grey areas in quantitative research design as it tends to generate results which are proved or unproved. In social sciences, psychology, education and anthropology, human nature is more complex than the simple responses of yes and no (Shuttleworth, 2008).
使用定量研究設計也有缺點。定量實驗有時是昂貴和困難的，需要大量的努力和時間來進行。需要仔細規劃定量研究設計，以確保對照組有正確的設計和競爭隨機化。定量研究中需要進行廣泛的統計分析，這是一項艱巨的任務，因為大多數科學家都不是統計學家。統計研究領域是一個完整的科學學科，對于非數學家的研究人員來說可能非常困難。除此之外，成功統計確認結果的要求非常嚴格，很少有實驗全面證明假設。總有一些不明確之處，需要對設計進行改進和重新測試。這意味著應該投入更多的資源和時間來微調結果。定量研究設計中很少有不確定性和灰色區域，因為它往往會產生已證明或未證明的結果。在社會科學、心理學、教育和人類學中，人性比簡單的“是”和“否”的回答更復雜。
Mixed method Research Design 混合方法研究設計
A mixed design for research is a general type research that is including qualitative and quantitative research techniques, data and methods. All of these characteristics are mixed whenever needed in a particular research study. The mixed method design uses the mixed data and additional means, such as text analysis and statistics. Inductive and deductive scientific research methods are used in a mixed approach. It has various forms for data collection and produce pragmatic and eclectic reports.
混合研究設計是一種包括定性和定量研究技術、數據和方法的通用型研究。在特定的研究中，只要需要，所有這些特征都是混合的。混合方法設計使用混合數據和其他手段，如文本分析和統計。歸納和演繹科學研究方法混合使用。它有各種形式的數據收集和制作實用和折衷的報告。
The basic types of mixed approach are mixed method and the mixed model research. In mixed research method, quantitative data is used for one stage of the research study and for the second stage the qualitative data is used. Both, quantitative and qualitative data I used in a mixed model design. This mixing of the two approaches happens at all the stages of research.
混合方法的基本類型是混合方法和混合模型研究。在混合研究方法中，研究的一個階段使用定量數據，第二階段使用定性數據。我在混合模型設計中使用了定量和定性數據。這兩種方法的混合發生在研究的所有階段。
It is important, in a research, to use the mixed research method to conduct the detailed research. Mixed research has various advantages, such as the research method is very strong, using multiple methods in the research helps in researching a problem or process from its all sides and using the different approaches helps to focus on a single process and helps to confirm the accuracy of data. The mixed research complements the results of one type of research with another type. The mixed approach does not miss any available data.
在研究中，使用混合研究方法進行詳細研究是很重要的。混合研究具有多種優勢，例如研究方法非常強大，在研究中使用多種方法有助于從各個方面研究問題或過程，使用不同的方法有利于集中于單個過程，并有助于確認數據的準確性。混合研究補充了一種類型與另一種類型的研究結果。混合方法不會遺漏任何可用數據。本站提供各國各專業留學生Proposal代寫或指導服務，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
