留學(xué)碩士dissertation開題報告怎么寫？如何撰寫英語碩士dissertation？
碩士dissertation開題報告
Master thesis. Bernal
Net of paper of standard content the wide, secretary task, service features such as strong noise to the quality of the employees put forward the high requirements. Especially universities should pay attention to individual quality more secretary of ascension, because the university campus active thoughts, multicultural, colleges and universities as staff secretary leadership and the assistant, in political quality aspect should have high political sensitivity, higher theory, the policy level, strong legal consciousness and wholeheartedly the ideology which serves for the people. In addition, still should have good occupation moral accomplishment and skilled professional quality.
A university of professional ethics, secretary accomplishment.
1. Be loyal to their duties and work selflessly for public interests.
The work of colleges and universities, secretary to face all the teachers and students' staff, outside the school often and education means department or dealing with administrative organs, although to work hard, trivial, but it is an indispensable global work, irreplaceable. In the work, should work selflessly for public interests, not greed, devote yourself, to meet all in ordinary post job.
2. Seeking truth from facts, act impartially.
Most universities in schools secretary leading the work, the work is to respect the opinions of the leadership, at the same time, in the opinion of the leadership found is wrong or not, should also be bold to put forward their views and Suggestions, not too compliant, flattery, more can't forgery, engages in malpractices for personal gain, dare to insist the principle, according to the rules.
3. The drudgery and the burden of hard work.
University secretary do in the work is auxiliary, the daily repeat the upload issued, greet send, do will do article affairs, small trivial but cannot be neglected. Because any details appear on omissions are likely to global work brings negative effect. So, the secretary in the work must diligently, the thorough careful, more to have bears the burden of responsibility, the brave sacrifice's dedication.
4. Modest and prudent, equal to them.
University secretary to hold modest. Work should not only to be diligent modestly, insatiable, willing to listen to others; Should also have a high sense of responsibility and the spirit of conscientious and meticulous, when anything crops deliberation, think twice, and don't say no according to words, do not do things are not sure of. At the same time, but must have a common heart, to leadership and not flatter respect of others polite, avoid by all means is around, thrusting, DaGuanQiang, put on AIRS. So susceptible to adverse impact, beneath the school, leadership image. Master thesis
5. Keep a secret, take the whole situation into consideration.
The leadership of the university secretary contact more opportunities, reading files much, meeting of the many, to participate in various activities, natural understand things many, many of which are need to be kept secret, which requires the secretary worker has a high security concepts, strictly abide by the secret discipline, formed the good habit secret, do not say of the shouldn't say, shouldn't have asked the don't ask, confidential documents must be properly kept, and shall not be lost, the place. So you can avoid the mouth is lax, careless work to leak things happen, cause irreparable consequences. In addition, once by reckless leak happened phenomenon, must report immediately to the organization and leadership, to take remedial measures in time, can never take any chances, hide errors, a wrong again wrong, causing more damage.#p#分頁標題#e#
6. Forgive, self-criticism.
University office department is the appearance of the school, the secretary say and do in a certain extent represents the image of the school. Therefore, the secretary workers should strengthen self-discipline consciousness, strengthen individual moral cultivation, words and deeds misconduct, possess, in the current complex social environment, keep a clear mind, love, not forget the duty, improve corrosion resistance ability, withstand all kinds of temptation, do a ZunZhangShouJi, be honest and upright good secretary. Of course, nobody's perfect, to err is human? But as long as found the problem, and courage to take responsibility, active do self-criticism, and to rectify.
Second, the secretary of the university professional quality.
1. To have the basic knowledge.
(1) the basic theory. Colleges and universities should have a higher secretary theoretical level, such as the marxism-leninism, the MAO zedong thought and deng xiaoping theory, the party's line, principles and policies, the scientific world outlook and methodology are compulsory education of secretaries. The theoretical level raised, to work quickly and accurately to appreciate superior policy, written instructions and leadership intention, and many contradictions in the main contradiction through phenomenon take, solving practical problems.
(2) professional knowledge. University of knowledge to wide secretary, and based on this, still should according to the professional requirements have expertise. Such as document file system, word processing, file management, the organization, public relations language, research, should be proficient in accurate to work in practice.
(3) related business knowledge. College education secretary to know in the field of knowledge, such as education theory, education management, the education law, the law, our country education of the basic, especially to understand, familiar with the characteristics of college education, higher education development tendency, can analyze seriously study the situation and future development. At the same time, also want to understand basic education, secondary education, vocational education, adult education, foreign education, etc. So it can be complicated, targeted the ground begins the work.
How to write English master's degree paper
Will: this paper to write English graduation thesis of the methods, steps, determine the subject scope, write the, the main body of the launch, and so on. The purpose is to help our English, and department of tourism (English guide professional) and other department of the students could finish the graduation thesis of the design and writing the work.
Keywords: paper; Subject; Title; Outline; The; text
Writing the graduation paper is every college students leave the campus, toward the work must be finished before a mission. The task was completed, good or bad, well or not directly related to the graduates to graduation. Graduation thesis is also to the students comprehensive practice training, training students' scientific research ability and the innovation ability, and improve the students' comprehensive quality important segment. Therefore, the authors think that it is necessary to introduce students to write some of the graduation thesis skills so that they can successfully completed the task. This paper mainly introduced how to write English though paper, but from writing a paper step, methods of other professional students see also has certain can be used for reference. Write the essay mainly points the following stage: prepare, writing, the first draft outline, a second draft, and on the third draft, finalized and rejoin the:#p#分頁標題#e#
1. Prepare students may, according to the professional teaching outline selected research area (English education, literature and translation and foreign trade, etc.), topic should meet the following requirements:
1. Combined with professional characteristics, in line with the requirements of the professional training objectives.
2. As far as possible and the social practice combined with the reality.
3. The difficulty of the questions and weight should be appropriate.
In this stage, the students meet of the main question is how to limit subject range. Had better be subject has set up a file in mind the brewing students for a long time, and he is now eager to his ideas to resort to paper, share with others; The worst is subject to him by mentor layout. He should keep in mind he will speak useful words, not just words fill the blank sheet of paper. Limited subject range of skills is narrow class mention range. Limited subject can make him a more in-depth talk about problems, YanZhiYouWu, not because of too broad scope, lead to generalized, empty, a waste of the reader's time. This stage includes collection of data and sorting, read literature.
2. Write outline in teacher's students under the guidance of the institute of information collection and analysis, on the basis of graduation thesis writing outline. Graduation thesis should try to make comprehensive careful outline, straighten out the discussion content, avoid repeated after modification. Outline the author clearly see that can make his article is consistent. An outline of the subject is key, because it simply stated purpose of the author. Formal outline (harvard compendium), is in the format of materia medica at all levels: I, A, l, A, (1), (A). Any such as not carefully keep the program is useless. In determining the subject, to write the outline, students deal with the quality of the thesis standards have some knowledge. Graduation thesis quality standard:
1) topic selection, and graduates of the right knowledge level and cognitive ability quite;
2) rich content and accurate data, demonstration fully powerful;
3) view right, logical, no violation of concerning state policies viewpoints;
4) clearness, the hierarchy is clear and rich;
5) language to express the correct, no spelling mistakes, language error control in 20 a 25% oo (twenty over ten thousand to 25);
6) words, sentences, the entire, layout, etc have no obvious error, error rate of 2% in the control rhetoric. Paper content must be able to reflect the social and the features of The Times, has the theory value and practical significance, a novelty. This paper can be a theory of the paper discusses the problems, also can be practical solution of the problems. Papers should not only reflect the students' overall abilities, and to reflect their of related issues discussed more accurate, must have certain independent opinions.#p#分頁標題#e#
Papers must be clear, argument is clear, theme specific content and full, avoid by all means is talking. Write the papers of translation, in addition to the example analysis, but also provides a version of the text, to find out the basis of translation studies. If the paper is practical, it must be put forward certain solutions, scheme.
3. The first draft must be in strict accordance with the required students to teachers after examination outline of graduation thesis writing, do not go its own way, change at will theme. Text: with little 4 words, points with 4 words title bold, text content must be made good order. Most of the use the Roman character, with a general digital symbol: introducing the introduction of business does not exceed 2 section, made up of the following sequence should follow the order:
I.I I.I II. Ⅳ. V.V I.V II. VIII. IX. X.I i. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5...
III. 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3/2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, / 3.1.1 track...
Know the quality standards of paper can write the first draft. First of all we want to make sure that title.
1. The title of the paper title is not an important part of the space. Title to make the reader to read this paper; It or testified or suggest the article content, but also to determine the fundamental key. No title of the article is not complete articles. Sure the title, we will write the....... For many students don't know how to write the. The author will be discussed in detail.
2. The English abstract each part of writing:
According to the ((EI "on the English abstract writing requirement, English abstract writing and not the destiny of the format, but generally speaking, English abstract of the original documents without comment or explanation of accurate and brief summary and ask it can reflect the major message of the original documents.
2.1. Purpose (what want to do?) Purpose. The main purpose of writing that the author, or this paper mainly to solve the problems. Generally speaking, a good English abstract, start with a should put the author the purpose of this article or the important problem to be solved very clearly explain clearly. When necessary, can use paper the latest listed in the literature, this paper briefly introduces the previous work, but this must be extremely concise introduction. In this respect, ((EI "proposes two requirements:
2.1.1) Eliminate or 111 inirnize bacl 【 ground infor_mtion (not to talk or talk less as far as possible the background information).
2.1.2) Avoid Hu 20 RLG the title or part of the 20 ei11 spit the f cylinder roar 9 entence of the abstract (Avoid in the first sentence of the repeated use the title or part of the subject.
2.2. The process and the method (How I d-d it?) Processes and methods. The author mainly shows the main work process and the method used in the abstract in English, the process and the method of plays the role of this link. Opening the account to solve the problem (What 1 want prearcing do) later, then to answer natural is How to solve the problem (How I did n), and the final result and conclusion also often and research process and methods are closely related.#p#分頁標題#e#
Most authors described in the process and the method, the most common problem is generalized, empty things, only qualitative description, make the reader is hard to clearly understand paper the solution to the problem of the process and the method. Therefore, the description of the process and the method, should combine (pointing to) in the paper, such as an example the block diagram to elaborate, so can not only give readers a clear ideas. 2.5. The results and conclusions (what results delete I get and what concIusionscan I draw?) Results and conclusion the main part represents the achievement and contribution, paper have value, is worth reading, depending on what you get results and provided the conclusion. Therefore, in writing the results and conclusions parts, generally try to the experimental result of the simulated result diagram, or table, such as the curve to explained and, make a conclusion YanZhiYouWu, a root according to,; At the same time, to those who can't read Chinese English reader who, through these charts, combined with English abstract instructions can clear the results of the paper and a conclusion. And only then, the conclusions of the paper to convincing. Be like likely, in the end of paper can be the result of the latest research results and others compared to highlight the main contribution of paper and innovation, unique (answer What iS new and or Tiao mal in thispaper).
2.4. How to improve the efficiency of English words in order to improve efficiency of the text, should try to cut out all the words and the sentences redundant. In this respect, the (EI "put forward two principles:
Blood is against 2.4.1) L it the abStract to new comlatjon actions (only talk about new information).
2.4. A) try to use Short sentences (u ∞ Short sent chao).
2.4. B) describe the author's work general in the past tense (work is done in the past), but in the statement by the work provided the conclusion, should use the present tense.
2.4. C) generally should use verbs active tense, such as: in A eX-ceeds B written than B iS eXceeded by A better. The next step is to finish after introduction paragraph.
5. Introduction period may be the paper quotes section of the most important part of it. Need to spend the largest energy. It is this a, will decide whether to read the full text reader. A boring start, such as "in this article, I will discuss??????" , can make readers quickly turn to other articles go up. Introduction section of course should include the purport of the paper, paper and confirm the method on the fundamental key. From a purely writing skills's point of view, the preamble segment of the every sentence can be text a paragraph 4. Paragraph launched a paragraph through some interrelated sentences play a view. This view by a topic sentences drawn. The topic sentence is the main ideas of the pac. The main idea is composed of a series of theme that connected sentences and developed, finally by an end sentence ending. A powerful narrative of the paragraph, must be consistent and coherent.#p#分頁標題#e#
5. The topic sentence the topic sentence must vividly, with a thought-provoking, because readers willing to continue to read this is depends on the topic sentence. The author must keep firmly in mind, he tried to cause and maintain the attention of readers and interest. The audience out of politeness to put the speech has been after hearing, and readers are different to the audience, he can stop at any time on reading, and once he did not intend to continue to read an article, the writer is no way to make the reader to pay attention to that article.
The development of the paragraph method the main part of the paragraph is the author used to prove the topic sentence. If a paragraph is unable or incomplete development, is the author can't clarify your question. So the development of the paragraph should be fully. Only two or three words paragraphs like a jerry sandwich that is not satisfying.
6. End each paragraph need a ten-day have an end, a let the reader know the author has the narrative of the sentence. End should be a logical end, and it essentially tell the reader: see, I have confirmed that my topic sentence. Consistency and continuity of the paragraph every sentence and subject to reach the aim of consistency, that is to say, every sentence is a topic sentence of further development and confirmed. Coherence between the sentences and words to logical connection.
7. On the subject of paper-once the reader's interest was introduction period after the cause, the author must strive to use each paragraph of the text to the reader's interest to keep going. The author must keep firmly in mind, the reader is changeful, he can be in any bored time to stop reading the author of the paper, and the author but have no way to make the reader to take up this paper. The author should sometimes go within, enquiring: my paper can make the reader what advantages in all similar works of Chinese I?
8. Consistency and continuity as a paragraph shall have the consistency, and as a whole paper also must have the consistency. The author must be made clear, a paragraph is introduction paragraph statement of the theme of the further development. The author also shall ensure that paragraph and the paragraphs should have appropriate transition, want to have a logical connection, to keep the consistent narrative Angle, to remove all of the content of the point and unrelated to 9. End section (conclusion) end period clear understanding to the readers, the argument has all paper the narrative. Paper is over. An organization is proper papers, will be very logically, natural DE end. If the author discovered that he had to use "jn condu business on" or "to S11IIl up" and so on the word, this is actually the end of the paper that is weak. Of course can also will introduction period as the end to the phrase, it is better than no end is strong. And the test of a period of the appropriateness of standard end is very simple: if an end period in a paper just the bottom of the page, the reader is still going to turn over the page, continue to find anything. If the reader without the plan, so, this ending is strong, because it gives the reader a end feeling. Students must remember, the end is to leave at the end of his readers the impression.#p#分頁標題#e#
10. References (BlbI barely rapny) reference order:
Journals: a journal of the title-- one in the name published books: the title-- the publication ~ publisher-in the first draft published after completion, teachers main check whether students according to the established the outline and the thought in the writing, the timely discovery problems timely correcting.
LV. The second draft
Students should not only continue to supplement the shortage of the first draft, and the requirements in the expression is higher. In a second draft later, teachers should be pointed out that after reading the problems, so that students to rectify.
V third draft
Students in style, the article format, rhetorical features improved. Guide teachers to the third draft for a full review, and put forward modify opinions, to ensure that all finalized printing errors and omissions are corrected, the error rate control in the specified scope. At the same time, teachers must also remind students in print before the proofreading, as much as possible in order to ensure that the correct version will be printed out. VI. Molding design three draft after completion, students' coping graduation thesis of molding design. First design the cover of the graduation thesis. Cover should include paper title, departments, and department, grade, class, teacher and time. Below is A sample of THE cover: Hes_ter Prynne-Resurrec_tion (title) A THESIS SUBMITTED prearcing THE DEPARTMENT0F ENGLIsH-COLLEGE (department, department) BY-(who finish) CLASS: 3 GRADE: 2004 SUPERVISED BYJune 2007 design cover THE next should write after THE directory. Below is the sample of the directory. Directory is text should be back, the first page of text shall include the title, abstract and key words.
VlI. Graduation thesis reply of the graduation thesis defense is the final stage of the graduation thesis work, students are required to be well prepared and attention. Before the thesis, the students must fully familiar with paper, defense, first students report their graduation thesis of the main content, and the defense team questions and students answered questions, ask questions, the content is mainly related with the professional knowledge of the subject, test students' ability to work independently problems.
A good essay is not achieved overnight, nor can easily made. Even if the students understand the above methods and skills, they still need to spend a lot of time and energy to finish the task. Students should remember that paper content must be reflect the society and the features of The Times, has the theory value and practical significance, novelty and innovative, must have certain independent opinions. As the saying goes: "no pain no gain", if well written, also has the huge gains, because what better than exchange thoughts and feelings more exciting?
如何撰寫英語碩士畢業(yè)dissertation
要：本文介紹了寫英語畢業(yè)dissertation的方法、步驟、確定課題范圍、寫摘要、正文的展開，等等。目的是幫助我院英語系、旅游系(英導(dǎo)專業(yè))及其他系的學(xué)生能順利完成畢業(yè)dissertation的設(shè)計與撰寫工作。#p#分頁標題#e#
關(guān)鍵詞：dissertation；課題；標題；大綱；摘要；正文
撰寫畢業(yè)dissertation是每個大學(xué)生離開校園，走向工作崗位之前必須完成的一項任務(wù)。此項任務(wù)完成得好壞，順利與否直接關(guān)系到畢業(yè)生的按期畢業(yè)問題。畢業(yè)dissertation也是對學(xué)生進行綜合實踐訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生科學(xué)研究能力和創(chuàng)新能力，提高學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。因此，筆者認為有必要向?qū)W生介紹一些寫畢業(yè)dissertation的技巧，以便他們能順利完成此項任務(wù)。本文雖然主要介紹如何寫英語dissertation，但從寫dissertation的步驟、方法等方面來看對其他專業(yè)的學(xué)生也有一定的可借鑒之處。撰寫dissertation主要分以下幾個階段：準備、撰寫提綱、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿與答辯：
1．準備學(xué)生可以根據(jù)本專業(yè)教學(xué)大綱選定研究范圍(英語教育、文學(xué)、翻譯及外貿(mào)等)，選題應(yīng)符合下列要求：
1．結(jié)合專業(yè)特點，符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標的要求。
2．盡可能與社會實踐實際相結(jié)合。
3．題目的難度和分量要適當(dāng)。
在這個階段學(xué)生們遇到的主要問題是如何限定課題范圍。最好是課題已在學(xué)生腦子里醞釀了好長時間，并且他現(xiàn)在急于將他的思想觀點訴諸紙上，與他人分享；最差的是課題由導(dǎo)師布置給他。他應(yīng)該時刻牢記他要講有用之詞，而不僅僅是用字填滿空白紙。限定課題范圍的技巧就在于縮小課提范圍。限定課題可以使他更深入地談問題，言之有物，不至于由于范圍過廣，導(dǎo)致泛泛而談，空洞，浪費讀者的時間。此階段包括資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻。
2．撰寫提綱學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎(chǔ)上，撰寫畢業(yè)dissertation提綱。畢業(yè)dissertation提綱應(yīng)盡量做到全面縝密，理順所要論述內(nèi)容，避免以后反復(fù)修改。綱要可以使作者一目了然地看出他的文章是否前后一致。主題是綱要的關(guān)鍵，因為它簡明地陳述了作者的目的。正式綱要(哈佛綱要)中，各級綱目的格式依次為：I，A，l，a，(1)，(a)。任何綱要如不嚴加遵守則毫無用處。在確定了課題，撰寫了提綱后，學(xué)生應(yīng)對畢業(yè)dissertation的質(zhì)量標準有一定的了解。畢業(yè)dissertation質(zhì)量標準：
1)選題恰當(dāng)、與畢業(yè)生的知識水平與認識能力相當(dāng)；
2)內(nèi)容豐富、資料翔實、論證充分有力；
3)觀點正確、邏輯性強、無違反國家大政方針的觀點；
4)敘述清楚、層次清晰而豐富；
5)語言表達正確，無拼寫錯誤、語言錯誤控制在20一25％oo(萬分之二十到二十五)；
6)用詞、造句、謀篇、布局等方面無明顯失誤，修辭錯誤率控制在2％。dissertation內(nèi)容要能反映社會和時代特征，具有理論價值或?qū)嵺`意義，有新穎性。dissertation可以對某個理論問題的探討，也可以是實踐問題的解決。dissertation不僅要反映學(xué)生的綜合能力，而且要反映他們對相關(guān)問題的較為正確的論述，要有一定的獨立見解。#p#分頁標題#e#
dissertation必須做到主題明確、論據(jù)清晰、內(nèi)容具體而充實，切忌空談。寫翻譯的dissertation，除實例分析外，還要提供原文的譯文，以便弄清譯論的依據(jù)。如果dissertation是實踐性的，它必須提出一定的解決途徑、方案。
3．第一稿要求學(xué)生必須嚴格按照指導(dǎo)教師審定后的畢業(yè)dissertation提綱進行寫作，不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。正文：用小4號字，分標題用4號字黑體、正文內(nèi)容需編序好．大部分用羅馬字，小部分用一般數(shù)字符號：引入正題的引言不超過2段，編序應(yīng)遵循下列順序：
I．II．III．Ⅳ．V．VI．VII．VIII．IX．X．II．1．1，1．2，1．3，1．4，1．5...
III．1．1．1，1．1．2，1．1．3／2．1．1，2．1．2，2．1．3，／3．1．1．...
了解了dissertation的質(zhì)量標準后就可以動手寫第一稿了。首先我們要確定標題。
1．標題標題是dissertation的不可分隔的重要部分。標題要使讀者愿意選讀該dissertation；它或者明說或者暗示文章的內(nèi)容，而且為文章確定基調(diào)。沒有標題的文章是不完整的文章。確定了標題后，我們就要寫摘要了。因有很多學(xué)生不知如何寫摘要。對此筆者要較詳細予以論述。
2．英文摘要各部分的寫作：
根據(jù)((EI》對英文摘要的寫作要求，英文摘要的寫作并沒有一成不變的格式，但一般來說，英文摘要是對原始文獻不加詮釋或評論的準確而簡短的概括并要求它能反映原始文獻的主要信息。
2．1．目的(what want to do?)目的。主要說明作者寫作此文的目的，或本文主要解決的問題。一般來說，一篇好的英文摘要，一開頭就應(yīng)該把作者本文的目的或要解決的主要問題非常明確地交待清楚。必要時，可利用dissertation中所列的最新文獻，簡要介紹前人的工作，但這種介紹一定要極其簡練。在這方面，((EI》提出了兩點具體要求：
2．1．1)Eliminate or 111inirnize bacl【ground infor_mtion(不談或盡量少談背景信息)．
2．1．2)Avoid瑚廿rlg the title or part of the廿吐ei11 the f缸吼9entence of the abstract(避免在摘要的第一句話重復(fù)使用題目或題目的一部分。
2．2．過程與方法(How I d-d it?)過程及方法。主要說明作者主要工作過程及所用的方法在英文摘要中，過程與方法的闡述起著承前啟后的作用。開頭交待了要解決的問題(What 1 want t0 do)之后，接著要回答的自然就是如何解決問題(How I did n)，而且，最后的結(jié)果和結(jié)論也往往與研究過程及方法是密切相關(guān)的。
大多數(shù)作者在闡述過程與方法時，最常見的問題是泛泛而談、空洞無物，只有定性的描述，使讀者很難清楚地了解dissertation中解決問題的過程和方法。因此，在說明過程與方法時，應(yīng)結(jié)合(指向)dissertation中的實例、實驗框圖等來進行闡述，這樣可以既給讀者一個清晰的思路．2．5．結(jié)果和結(jié)論(what results刪I get and what concIusionscan I draw?)結(jié)果和結(jié)論部分代表著文章的主要成就和貢獻，dissertation有沒有價值，值不值得讀者閱讀，主要取決于你所獲得的結(jié)果和所得出的結(jié)論。因此，在寫作結(jié)果和結(jié)論部分時，一般都要盡量結(jié)合實驗結(jié)果或仿真結(jié)果的圖、表、曲線等來加以說明，使結(jié)論部分言之有物，有根有據(jù)；同時，對那些看不懂中文的英文讀者來說，通過這些圖表，結(jié)合英文摘要的說明就可以比較清楚地了解dissertation的結(jié)果和結(jié)論。也只有這樣，dissertation的結(jié)論才有說服力。如有可能，在結(jié)尾部分還可以將dissertation的結(jié)果和他人最新的研究結(jié)果進行比較，以突出dissertation的主要貢獻和創(chuàng)新、獨到之處(回答What iS new and or迢mal in thispaper)。#p#分頁標題#e#
2．4．如何提高英文摘要的文字效能為了提高文字效能，應(yīng)盡量刪去所有多余的字、句。在這方面，《(EI》提出了兩個原則：
2．4．1)L血it the abStract to new衄comlatjon(只談新的信息)。
2．4．a(chǎn))盡量用短句(u∞Short sent嘲)。
2．4．b)描述作者的工作一般用過去時態(tài)(工作是在過去做的)，但在陳述由這些工作所得出的結(jié)論時，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
2．4．c)一般都應(yīng)使用動詞的主動語態(tài)，如：寫成A eX—ceeds B比寫成B iS eXceeded by A更好。寫完摘要后接下來就是導(dǎo)言段。
5．引言段引言段也許是整個dissertation的最重要的一部分。需要花費最大的精力。正是這一段，將決定讀者是否要將全文讀完。一個枯燥乏味的開篇，如“在本文中我將討論??”，會使讀者很快就轉(zhuǎn)向別的文章上去。引言段當(dāng)然應(yīng)包含dissertation的主旨，dissertation的展開方法并確定dissertation的基調(diào)。從純寫作技巧的角度看，導(dǎo)言段中的每一個句子都能夠成為正文中每一個段落4．段落的展開一個段落通過一些互相關(guān)聯(lián)的句子發(fā)揮一個觀點。這一觀點由一個主題句引出。主題句就是該段的主要思想。主要思想是由一系列證實主題的互相關(guān)聯(lián)的句子而發(fā)展起來的，最后由一個結(jié)尾句收尾。一個敘述有力的段落，必須前后一致而連貫。
5．主題句主題句必須生動感人，發(fā)人深思，因為讀者是否愿意繼續(xù)讀下去是取決于主題句的。作者必須時刻牢記，他要努力引起并保持讀者的注意和興趣。聽眾出于禮貌得把講演一直聽完，而讀者則與聽眾不同，他在任何時候都可以停止讀下去，而一旦他不打算繼續(xù)讀一篇文章，作者是毫無辦法使讀者重新注意那篇文章的。
段落的發(fā)展方法段落的主要部分都是作者用來證實主題句的。如果段落發(fā)展無力或不完整，就是作者沒能把問題說清楚。因此段落的發(fā)展必須充分。只有兩三句話的段落就像一份偷工減料的三明治那樣不能令人滿意。
6．結(jié)束句每個段落都需要有一個結(jié)束旬，一個讓讀者知道作者已經(jīng)敘述完畢的句子。結(jié)尾應(yīng)該是一個合乎邏輯的結(jié)束，它實質(zhì)上告訴讀者：看，我已經(jīng)證實了我的主題句。一致性和連貫性段落中的每一個句子都與主題旬有關(guān)即可達到一致性，這就是說，每一個句子都是主題句的進一步的發(fā)展和證實。連貫性指句與句之間的邏輯聯(lián)系。
7．展開——dissertation的主體一旦讀者的興趣被引言段引起之后，作者必須力求用正文中的每個段落使讀者的興趣保持下去。作者必須時刻牢記，讀者是多變的，他可以在任何感到厭煩的時候停止閱讀作者的dissertation，而作者卻毫無辦法使讀者重新拿起該文。作者應(yīng)不時反躬自問：我的dissertation有何優(yōu)點能使讀者在所有同類作品中選中我的?#p#分頁標題#e#
8．一致性和連貫性正如每一個段落都應(yīng)具有一致性，而作為一整篇dissertation也必須具有一致性。作者必須明確，每一個段落都是導(dǎo)言段中所陳述的主題之進一步發(fā)展。作者還應(yīng)當(dāng)保證，段落與段落之間要有恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡，要有邏輯聯(lián)系，要保持一致的敘述角度，要去掉一切離題的和無關(guān)的內(nèi)容9．結(jié)束段(結(jié)論)結(jié)束段使讀者清楚地了解，dissertation的全部論據(jù)已經(jīng)敘述完畢。dissertation結(jié)束了。一篇組織得當(dāng)?shù)膁issertation，會很符合邏輯地、自然而然德告終。如果作者發(fā)現(xiàn)他不得不使用“jn condu商on”或者“to S11IIl up”之類的詞語，這實際上說明dissertation的結(jié)尾是軟弱無力的。當(dāng)然也可以將導(dǎo)言段重新措辭作為結(jié)尾，這總比沒有結(jié)尾強。而檢驗一個結(jié)束段是否恰當(dāng)?shù)臉藴适呛芎唵蔚模杭偃缫粋€結(jié)束段恰好就在一頁紙的底部，讀者是不是還打算翻過一頁，繼續(xù)往下找什么。若讀者無此打算，那么，這個結(jié)尾就是強有力的，因為它給讀者一種結(jié)束感。學(xué)生必須記住，結(jié)尾是他給讀者留下的最后的印象。
10．參考文獻(BlbI魄rapny)參考文獻的順序排列：
期刊：著者——題名——期刊名稱一一出版年書籍：著者——書名——出版地～出版者——出版年第一稿完成以后，指導(dǎo)教師主要檢查學(xué)生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫作，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時糾正。
lV．第二稿
要求學(xué)生不僅要繼續(xù)補充第一稿之不足，同時要求在表達上要有所提高。在接到第二稿以后，指導(dǎo)教師閱讀后應(yīng)指出存在的問題，以便學(xué)生及時改正。
V．第三稿
要求學(xué)生在文風(fēng)、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。指導(dǎo)教師要對第三稿進行全面的審閱，并提出修改意見，以保證定稿打印時所有的錯誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯誤率控制在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)。同時，教師還要提醒學(xué)生在打印前再校對，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來。VI． 成型設(shè)計三稿完成后，學(xué)生應(yīng)對畢業(yè)dissertation進行成型設(shè)計。首先設(shè)計畢業(yè)dissertation的封面。封面應(yīng)包括dissertation標題、系、部、年級、班級、指導(dǎo)教師和時間。下面是封面的樣品：Hes_ter Prynne——Resurrec_tion(標題)A THESIS SUBMITTED T0 THE DEPARTMENT0F ENGLIsH——COLLEGE(系、部)BY——(由誰完成)CLASS：3 GRADE：2004SUPERVISED BYJune 2007設(shè)計完封面后接下來就應(yīng)寫出目錄。下面就是目錄的樣品。目錄后面應(yīng)是正文，正文的第一頁應(yīng)含標題、摘要及關(guān)鍵字。
VlI．畢業(yè)dissertation答辯畢業(yè)dissertation的答辯是畢業(yè)dissertation工作的最后階段，要求學(xué)生予以充分的準備和重視。dissertation答辯前，學(xué)生們必須充分熟悉dissertation，答辯時，要求學(xué)生先報告自己畢業(yè)dissertation的主要內(nèi)容，然后由答辯小組提問和學(xué)生回答問題，提問內(nèi)容主要是與題目有關(guān)的專業(yè)知識，考查學(xué)生獨立工作能力的問題等。#p#分頁標題#e#
一篇好的dissertation不是一蹴而就的，亦非輕而易舉就可寫成的。即使學(xué)生了解了上述方法及技巧，他們?nèi)孕杌ㄙM大量的時間和精力來完成這項任務(wù)。學(xué)生應(yīng)切記dissertation內(nèi)容需反映社會和時代特征，具有理論價值或?qū)嵺`意義，有新穎性和創(chuàng)新性，要有一定的獨立見解。俗話說：“一分耕耘一分收獲”，如果寫得好，也是有巨大收益的，因為還有什么比交流思想和感情更令人神往的呢?
