英國大眾媒體文化傳播dissertation-從英國的角度看網絡期刊出版-Web journals publishing: a UK per

Web journals publishing: a UK perspective(英國大眾媒體文化傳播dissertation范文由英國dissertation網-留學生dissertation代寫中心提供整理）
Steve Hitchcock,* Leslie Carr and Wendy Hall
The Open Journal Project
Multimedia Research Group
Department of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southampton
Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
†The Open Journal project is funded in the UK by JISC’s Electronic Libraries (eLib) Programme award
ELP2/35.
This paper is updated from a presentation first given at the 20th annual conference of the UK Serials
Group held in Edinburgh in April 1997.
For those that prefer to read on paper this report appears in the journal Serials and that is the version of
record which can be cited as:
Hitchcock, S, Carr, L, and Hall, W, 1997, Web journals publishing: a UK perspective. Serials, Vol.10,
No.3, November, 285-299
This Web version November 1997
The views expressed in this paper are independent of the managing committees of the two major schemes
described.
This paper has been downloaded times.
Abstract
The Pilot Site Licence Initiative (PSLI) and the Electronic Libraries (eLib) research programme have been
catalysts for dramatic change in journals publishing in the UK. Covering over 30 publishers and over 20 other
e-journals and e-journal research projects, this report marks the extent of the change and reflects on how
e-journals will develop next.
Keywords: digital publishing, electronic journals, electronic libraries
Contents
Introduction
E-journal developments in context
What is a 'UK' journals perspective?
Terminology
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Catalysts for change in the UK
PSLI: its wider impact
Beyond the PSLI
A note on journal formats
A note on pricing
Some other UK e-journals
Majors
Independents
Electronic journals: the eLib experience
Original e-journals
Parallel e-journals
Integrating services
E-print projects
eLib in perspective
Confounding expectations
Authors' note: why 'circa'?
References
List of tables
Table 1. Evolution of a species: the growth of peer-reviewed e-journals 1994-97
Table 2. Online journals produced by HEFC pilot site licence publishers
Table 3. Other UK-connected journal publishers on the Web
Table 4. E-journals on BioMedNet
Table 5. E-journals produced and distributed by Catchword
Table 6. E-journals produced and distributed by Bioline
Table 7. Formats used for e-journals
Table 8. Independent UK e-journals
Table 9. Original eLib e-journals
Table 10. Parallel e-journal projects within eLib
Table 11. Integrating services projects within eLib
Table 12. E-print projects within eLib#p#分頁標題#e#
Table 13. Some random beliefs about e-journals exposed
Table 14. 'UK' e-journal totals
Introduction
In the commercial world of electronic journals publishing the unicorn remains a shy and elusive creature;
meanwhile the rhinoceros charges on. The terms are Schauder's (1994), the unicorn representing the goal
of the fully paperless publishing cycle 'from writing to end-use'. The rhinoceros, in contrast, 'is as much
identifiable by the swathe of organisational change which its rampaging progress leaves behind in the
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scholarly publishing industry, as by the technological characteristics of its horn'.
What this creature now leaves in its wake, as this paper shows, is a massive switch by publishers to
embrace the idea of delivery of journals in electronic form. It is not a switch to paperless publishing
because almost universally these e-journals from established publishers are based on page-by-page
replicas of the paper originals. It might not reach the stage where every academic journal currently
available in paper form will have an electronic analogue, but the vast majority will, and the switch in
publishing resources to make this happen will have largely been accomplished in three years from 1996.
Given the speed with which change is happening, this paper will present the bare facts of this change, a
simple record of a short period which may or may not, with greater analysis and hindsight, prove to have
been an important pivotal moment. As with any survey of a moving target it must take a snapshot in
place and time and this one, to reflect this forum, considers 'UK' journals and views the horizon as it
appeared in October 1997.
E-journal developments in context
In one respect the speed of change today belies the fact that the development of early e-journals, from the
viewpoint of some of the first experimenters, struggled to keep pace with technology (McKnight 1993).
Yet it was approximately 200 years after the invention of print that the first scientific journals appeared
in 1665 in London (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London) and Paris (Le Journal
des Scavants) (Schauder 1994); it is just 20 years since the feasibility of an electronic journal was
discussed by Senders (1977).
From a publishing perspective the importance of audience reach cannot be underestimated, and it was
only with the emergence of the Internet as an international public utility that sustainable, networked
e-journals became viable. It took the appearance of the World Wide Web as an easy-to-use Internet
service to popularise this form of computer-based networked communication for a mass audience.
For e-journal developments, what might be called the 'Internet phase' lasted from 1990 to 1995. While#p#分頁標題#e#
this period may have produced relatively few journals in the overall scheme of academic publishing, it
was a time of pioneering journals and significant diversity not just in terms of their appearance and
content, but in the nature of the groups and organisations that published them (Hitchcock et al. 1996). By
the end of that stage it was becoming clear that mainstream publishers were no longer going to remain
experimenters or bystanders: 'A number of UK-based academic publishers have announced their
intention to make all of their journals available online during 1996', we reported.
The Internet remains an important component of the infrastructure that supports e-journals, of course, but
more specifically all e-journals are now effectively accessed via that single Internet service, the Web.
That is not to say that the Web prescribes a single 'look and feel' for all content, but if familiar, refereed
e-journals are all you look at, then that is how it might seem.
The popularity of the Web is founded on the freely available and remarkably effective browser interfaces
that are becoming ubiquitous, certainly within new computer systems. Another important factor is the
ready acceptance and stabilising influence of the hypertext markup language (HTML), the language of
the Web that determines the appearance of documents as viewed in these browsers. It may seem strange,
in the changing field of Web presentation formats - which now embraces 'dynamic' HTML, the
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extensible markup language (XML), which is beginning to define forms for metadata, as well as Java and
various scripting languages used to manipulate Web content and give the appearance of movement on
otherwise static pages - to refer to HTML as 'stabilising'. It is, though, undoubtedly a factor moderating
the interests of commercial systems developers competing for the Web market, and it sustains the
influence of the body that sets the standards for the Web, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
It is this appearance of stability perhaps - certainly it is not due to HTML itself - together with the
apparently growing demand for electronically-delivered information, that eventually lured journal
publishers into putting real products on the Web. There had been major experiments during the Internet
years, notably:
l   Elsevier's Tulip project (Borguis et al. 1996);
l   the American Chemical Society's Core programme (Entlich et al. 1995);
the Red Sage project, a collaboration between AT&T Bell Laboratories, Springer-Verlag and the
University of California, San Francisco, which expanded to involve another 18 medical publishers
(Lucier and Brantley 1995);
l  
CAJUN (CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks) at Nottingham University, sponsored by#p#分頁標題#e#
Wiley and, initially, Chapman & Hall (Smith et al. 1993).
l  
None of these projects distributed journals widely or on a regular basis. What they demonstrated to
publishers at that time was, despite the developments in technology, there was no business model with
which they could trust their products to the new network.
So while the Web grew dramatically in popularity from 1994 following the introduction of the Mosaic
browser and then the appearance of Netscape, it was another two years or so before we entered what
might now be called the 'Web journals' phase, when journals of all sorts were transferred to and
reproduced in this new medium. How this migration happened during this period can be roughly charted
from a number of surveys of e-journals, as shown in Table 1. In the aftermath of this transition we can
now see Web journals publishing taking shape.
Table 1. Evolution of a species*: the growth of peer-reviewed e-journals 1994-97
Authors Data(英國大眾媒體文化傳播dissertation范文由英國dissertation網-留學生dissertation代寫中心提供整理）

published
No. of
peer-reviewed e-journals
Criteria
Clement Oct. 1994 25 (4 on Web) Science,
universal
access,
archived
Roes Dec. 1994 39 (14) Full-text
Hitchcock et al. Jan. 1996 115 (115) STM,
full-text
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Harter and Kim May 1996 77 Scholarly
Goldie
(PPT presentation)
Dec. 1996 508 STM
Hitchcock et al.
(this paper)
Oct. 1997 c. 1300
(c. 3200 projected 1998/9)
'UK'
publishers
* Ack. Clement (1994)
What is a 'UK' journals perspective?
Academic journals are invariably international is scope with editorial boards and contributing authors
drawn from all parts of the world, so it is probably worth a short note to explain what is meant when this
paper refers to 'UK' journals. Despite the growth of networked publishing described here, the production
of these journals indisputably remains rooted in the methods of paper-based publishing. That is, most
journals have editorial offices that coordinate production from a particular geographical site. Publishers
considered in this paper have editorial offices and a presence in the UK.
It is also true to say that many of these publishers are part of multinational corporations, so even though
certain journals may be produced in the UK the whole journals programme of such a publisher is likely
to be produced in more than one country. This paper does not differentiate journals produced in one
country or another by multinationals. If a journal publisher fits the 'UK' criteria outlined, all of its journal
titles are included in the figures.
None of this is vitally important because the broader picture is ultimately of most interest. The UK is not#p#分頁標題#e#
being singled out as an area of special merit in this field of publishing, but given the long history of
journal publishing in this country and the role of English as the international language of science, it is
probably not unrepresentative of wider developments. So although the totals given here do not represent
the total world output of e-journals, given the presence of data from multinationals the figures may not be
far short of current world totals, certainly not as far short as a stricter interpretation of UK publishing
might suggest.
The justification for this summary approach is that if we want to monitor the development of e-journals,
the survey method, as Table 1 suggests, is almost too cumbersome already. An objective survey should
require that the journals covered are each viewed, but the Web is no faster than it was when we compiled
our original survey in 1995, the number of journals is hugely greater and access to most is strictly
controlled, a complete contrast to the conditions we encountered then. Having reached the number of
e-journals reported here it is of little remaining interest to keep counting but more important to be able to
see the broader picture and analyse the changing nature of the e-journals themselves.
One other point about the data collection. The figures given here are provided either directly by
publishers or from data that can be gleaned from the Web. Any inaccuracies - or new and updated
information - can be notified to the authors who will attempt to periodically update this Web version to
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complement this version of record. Where possible links are provided to sites from which data has been
taken, so readers can obtain a more up-to-date picture by following selected links.
Terminology
One of the difficulties of emerging fields is adopting phrases that have a consistent meaning for all
readers over a significant period of time. In this field the prefix terms electronic- , networked- , online-,
Internet- and Web- which describe the forms for disseminating journals are often used interchangeably.
In fact, broadly they describe decreasing subsets of these forms. Thus, 'e-journal' has the widest
interpretation and is used to describe disc and network distribution, and while the term 'Web-journal' is
the most specific - almost invariably non-paper journals today are Web journals - it is the most recent and
least stable of these terms and so is little used. This report uses the most general term e-journal, but
through it we refer strictly to networked journals, not discs. Where used this term can be taken to
subsume the terms below it in the above hierarchy.
Catalysts for change in the UK
Given the qualifications above, the UK has provided two distinct catalysts for change#p#分頁標題#e#
l   The Pilot Site Licence Initiative (PSLI)
l   The Electronic Libraries (eLib) research programme
Foremost, in this context at least, is the PSLI initiated by the Higher Education Funding Councils
(HEFCs) for the UK (Bekhradnia 1995) through which two publishers, Academic Press and the Institute
of Physics, became the first publishers worldwide to commit and deliver electronically current issues of
every journal title in their respective catalogues. Two other publishers from the Blackwell group of
companies are also participating in the scheme.
Also funded by the HEFCs and managed by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), the eLib
programme aims to apply some cutting-edge technology while also being concerned with organisational
and infrastructure issues to support the concept of a digital library in its widest sense, not just in the
delivery of e-journals. The eLib e-journal projects described below have in some cases attracted support
from large numbers of publishers, perhaps hoping to enhance the e-journal delivery programmes
stimulated by the PSLI.
PSLI: its wider impact
The intent of the PSLI scheme was not to blaze a trail of new technology; rather, the real innovation was
the speed with which the technology was deployed within the companies across these large projects. The
e-journal outputs as a result of the PSLI are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Online journals produced by HEFC pilot site licence publishers
Publisher No. of online journals
Percentage
of all titles
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Academic Press 175* 100%
Blackwell Publishers 134* (163 in 1998) 70% (85%)
Blackwell Science 115* 91%
Institute of Physics 33 100%
TOTAL 457
All journals produced with Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF)
* Titles available from BIDS' Journals Online service
Nor was technology the principal motivator as almost certainly the projects would not have happened
without the financial underpinning of the PSLI scheme. Instead, remembering the omissions, as
publishers might see it, of those Internet e-journal experiments, here is a business model compatible with
existing journal subscription practices, in effect extending subscriptions from single titles across whole
journal programmes, although with important differences to account for the different nature of e-journals.
So this is the real significance of the pilot scheme because, although restricted to subscribing
organisations in the UK, this site licence model became the forerunner of site licences elsewhere, such as
Academic Press' $1.1 million Ohiolink deal. In principle, a site licence buys a subscribing library access
to a specified 'bundle' of a publisher's journals, usually a large number of journals, which can be made#p#分頁標題#e#
available at specified sites or terminals. In the Ohio case the arrangement covers all Academic Press
journals at all college libraries within the state.
The advantage for the libraries is that they get more publications than they could afford in print, and
there are fewer problems of access or copyright. External document delivery fees can be reduced. (PSLI
Evaluation Team 1997) The advantage to users is that wherever they are in the state they can dial into the
central library system and get full-text articles covered by these agreements. A researcher in a local
college can have access just as if he or she were at a main university library.
According to Arly Allen, President of journal production company Sheridan Electronic Systems in the
USA, this is a ‘political coup’ from the state government perspective. 'Constituents in rural regions who
historically oppose spending on higher education because it draws money from their pockets into those at
the universities miles away, can begin to see some benefit. Local junior colleges can have access to
library resources and classes via long-distance learning centres. Educational opportunities are more
evenly spread throughout the state. It is a system for which the state politicians will want to take credit.'
What has been described by Pieter Bolman of Academic Press as a 'win-win' deal for publishers, libraries
and users has its detractors, however. Ken Rouse, head of the chemistry library at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison was referring to a site licence contract from Elsevier when identifying the following
drawbacks. Seen from the perspective of a librarian, Rouse (1997) said:
l   It is a way to perpetuate the "serials crisis" into the indefinite, electronic future.
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(Librarians) are being asked to pay not only for the more successful titles that we have been forced
to retain despite their mind boggling prices, but also for all the low-use, high-cost titles that many
of us have canceled years ago - those titles that we never should have bought into in the first place.
l  
l   These deals ... seek to restrict the use of electronic text for interlibrary loan purposes
According to one senior US learned society publisher, however, 'If I could make 50 of these agreements,
I'd jump at the chance'.
Apart from widening access to e-journals, the PSLI scheme has further shown how the user's experience
of e-journals can be transformed, in particular by the range of online services that the Institute of Physics
(IoP) offers to complement its full-text delivery. Among these facilities are free information services,
including access to an online compilation of the full text of research 'letters' submitted to IoP journals,#p#分頁標題#e#
advance notice of abstracts of forthcoming papers and a product-finder service. There are personal
services, such as a directory for contacting peers by email, and a jobs exchange. The whole service can
be customised by users, who can also access text and services remotely when away from their offices.
This service was recognised in the inaugural Charlesworth Group Award for e-journals in 1996
(Charlesworth is a UK journal producer and printer).
This is a strong offering even at this early stage, and it demonstrates the way that information providers
on the Web must go: simply, for users there must be a compelling entry point, or focal point, to an
environment that builds community of shared interests. While in principle this may seem no different
from established publishing practice, on the Web it means giving away for free services which might
otherwise have been considered for-pay (had these services been considered at all, that is). There is still
significant progress to be made, because the for-free services will begin to encompass some full-text
papers as well, as IoP's access to 'letters' shows, and this is where the alarm bells start to ring for other
publishers.
The IoP's bold initiative betrays a lack of confidence in one respect, that its remote access facility will
not allow the user to see full-text papers, and this user is a paid-up subscriber. As the service progresses
it will become more likely that it, rather than the underlying papers, acquires the important publishing
added value, a trend which can only accelerate as journals have to cede exclusivity on individual papers
and their contained data as multiple forms of any paper, in multiple media, prevail.
In other words, what users will pay for in paper form does not translate directly to the Web, but through
schemes such as the PSLI, publishers and libraries are beginning to discover what does.
There is another way to look at this issue: pricing. Fundamentally what is at issue here is access to
information, in particular the need to reduce barriers to that information. Pricing is the most important
barrier of all. High pricing reduces circulation and access, exactly the process that is diminishing paper
journals publishing, the so-called 'serials crisis' because library budgets cannot keep up with journal price
increases year-on-year and subscriptions numbers have eroded. On the Web information providers want
positively to encourage users to their information rather than appearing to deny it as journals pricing does
at present. So those services that command user support will be those that provide the best-tailored
services, the optimum means of discovering the information the user needs and, in the era of
non-exclusivity, perhaps the best version of that information as well.
The serials crisis at its worst leads to journal cancellations, at best it is a problem of perception for#p#分頁標題#e#
publishers. The model of e-journal publishing must address this perception and tackle the issues of both
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pricing and access. One of the strengths of the PSLI scheme is that it attempts to do this.
A successor scheme to the PSLI is under review following evaluation of the first phase (HEFCE 1997).
Beyond the PSLI
In the wake of the PSLI, over 18 months on from those first services from Academic Press and IoP we
can see many other publishers on the brink of joining them by introducing online access to current issues
of their complete journals catalogues. This section briefly shows what progress has been made by these
publishers, or what progress is intended. Signs are that there may have been slippage in the original
schedules for some journal programmes, but the overall plan to provide access to online versions of all
major journals is clear, and it will happen in 1998/9 if not before (Table 3).
Table 3. Other UK-connected journal publishers on the Web
Publisher No.
e-journals
(percentage
of
list)
Plans announced
for e-journals
Springer-Verlag c.220 400 e-journals in Link service by 1999
International Thomson >140 reducing to c. 110 due to planned sale of
some titles
MCB University Press 98 (100%)
Gordon & Breach 49 (c.15%) 13 more titles imminent
Cambridge University Press 30 (20%) intends to make 60 more titles available
in 1997/8
IEE 13
OUP 10 (6%) 23 more due within months
Priory Lodge 9 (45%)
**Elsevier 8 (1%) c.1100 journals will be accessible via
ScienceDirect; early release phase to
selected institutions began June 1997
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Arnold 7*
Wiley Interscience 5 50 journals to be piloted online in
October 1997: c. 350 more to be phased
in during 1998
**Kluwer 116 journals to selected libraries from
July 1997; c.320 to be available through
OCLC
* Titles available from BIDS' Journals Online service
** Data does not take account of recent merger between these companies
The advantage, now apparent, conferred by the PSLI was not available to some publishers and not
grasped by others. Smaller publishers with fewer than 35 journals were denied participation. One of the
weaknesses of the PSLI is that it fails to address the role of small and emerging publishers of Web
journals, with the potential innovations that could have introduced. For larger publishers there was the
issue of international markets. By being restricted to the UK the scheme was seen as being of little
relevance by some of those publishers for which the UK represents less than 10 percent of their market.
Yet new, service-oriented online publishers and producers have emerged in the UK, most notably#p#分頁標題#e#
BioMedNet Ltd, Catchword and Bioline. These are not identical services; what they have in common is
that they have brought publishers and journals to the Web faster than may have happened otherwise.
Where BioMedNet is part of the Current Science Group, an established publisher, and Bioline is a
publisher and publishing service, Catchword is founded on production and subscription services rather
than being a publisher itself.
BioMedNet and Bioline are online-only publishers, a distinction which in world terms they share with
Highwire Press in California. BioMedNet, which is described as an online club for those working in
biology and medicine, does not produce any paper journals, and while this puts the company high on the
innovation/risk curve, it also provides the flexibility to respond more quickly to new user demands for
access to information. The philosophy and practice of BioMedNet was discussed candidly by Hitchcock
et al. (1998). The publishers for which BioMedNet produces online journals are shown in Table 4.
Catchword aims to provide a 'complete electronic scholarly publishing environment on the Internet'. It
hosts publications on a global network of servers and provides support for publishers to manage
subscriptions and collect money. Catchword produces over 130 e-journals for publishers, as Table 5
shows. Unique to Catchword is RealPage, a proprietary portable document format (PDF).
Bioline Publications is another electronic publishing service for bioscientists. In collaboration with Base
de Dados Tropical, a bioinformatics database service in Brazil, it works with publishers to make
established journals and new online-only journals, as well as other sources of scientific information,
available 'more easily and more cheaply' to end users (Table 6).
Table 4. E-journals on BioMedNet (Note. Registration required to follow this link)
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UK Publisher No. of
journals
SGML PDF
(SGML headers)
Y Rapid Science 24 24 due
Karger 20 18 1
Y Current Biology/Medicine 14 14 10
Adis International 14 14
Y Company of Biologists 4 4
Others 6 1 4 (1 HTML)
Data from March 1997.
Journals may not be exclusive to BioMedNet
ChemWeb, also from Current Science Group, a similar service for chemists, has 32 online journals mainly from Current Science Group and Gordon & Breach
Stop press: BioMedNet and ChemWeb and four other companies in the Current Science Group were recently acquired by Elsevier Science
Table 5. Online journals produced and distributed by Catchword
Publisher No. journals
Taylor & Francis 37
The Psychology Press (T&F) 15
Carfax 30
Royal Society of Chemistry 13
Institution of Chemical Engineers 3
Royal Society of Medicine Press 2
Others (inc. Plenum Corp.) 31#p#分頁標題#e#
Total 131
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All journals use RealPage format, on which one publisher comments: 'We are using RealPage because it is both relatively cheap and it demonstrably works'
Table 6. Online journals produced and distributed by Bioline
Publisher No. journals
Carfax 6
Bioline Publications 4
CAB International 1
Taylor & Francis 1
Others
(11 international publishers)
14
Total 26
A note on journal formats
Discussion of these e-journal producers is an appropriate point at which to take a broad overview of the
formats being applied to the production of e-journals. Given that HTML is the formatting language of the
Web and that Postscript is the de facto standard for printing copy from computer-generated pages, it is
inevitable that formats based on these standards will dominate e-journal production.
Adobe developed its Acrobat PDF application, which can be produced from Postscript, to improve the
transmission and distribution of documents over networks and via CD-ROMs. A significant development
were the file compression options to reduce file sizes. Large files seriously limit page image formats, as
the Tulip project discovered. Although there are other PDF applications, Acrobat has come to dominate
in the production of online journals, as Table 7 shows.
Catchword's RealPage also converts from Postscript delivering, it is claimed, 'a much smaller file size
much more quickly'. Unlike the widely-marketed Acrobat, RealPage is targetted directly at journal
publishers.
PDF and HTML support distribution to all popular computer platforms through freely available viewers,
and both support hypertext linking and text search, although the ease and cost with which these facilities
can be offered varies significantly.
It is possible that HTML generated from SGML 'on the fly' will become the major e-journal format in
OPEN JOURNAL PAPER Web journals publishing: a UK perspective
terms of journal numbers based on the announced intentions of Elsevier. This format is already used by
BioMedNet. SGML is the preferred format for long-term storage of information in electronic form and
offers the most power and flexibility in terms of output formats, in contrast to HTML which is essentially
a communication format. The problem with SGML is that it is complex, and maintaining SGML
publications is labour-intensive (Wusteman 1997). Ironically it is the simplicity of HTML which is
motivating renewed interest in SGML.
Before the Web and browsers prevailed SGML presentations required a formatter or front-end translator
in order to be viewed. The complexity of SGML derives from the fact that, despite the inference of its
full title, Standardised Generalised Markup Language, it is not a markup language: it prescribes how#p#分頁標題#e#
markup should be specified, not what that markup is (Barron 1989). Thus an SGML document can be
presented to a viewer in different forms, the actual appearance of the document being determined by the
document type definition (DTD) specified for the presenting application. HTML for example, which is
an instance of an SGML DTD, prescribes a set of tags, defined in the recommended HTML standard of
the moment, which are recognised by a Web browser and rendered on the screen.
Intermediate between the extremes of SGML and HTML is a new markup language not yet seen in
journal applications, the Extensible Markup Language (XML). Described as a simplified subset of
SGML, and claimed to be easier to use, XML will allow content creators to define new tags. This is a
work in progress as far as standardisation and industry adoption are concerned, but its prospective
importance for journal publishers is that it may be supported by more browsers than SGML; compared
with HTML it might handle technical notations more effectively, and it will offer greater support for
validation of document coding or formatting. Above these, XML is being promoted for more
sophisticated Web publishing applications, such as integrating database services with document delivery
functions, providing more sophistication for features such as hypertext linking. Not forgetting that XML
is the fulcrum around which standards for document metadata, another important goal for publishers, are
being defined.
Against this background HTML continues to evolve and will no doubt subsume some features planned
for XML. Cascading style sheets, another W3C standard, provide DTP-like functions and can be used to
modify and control the appearance of HTML documents by specifying presentation features for a
document or for a range of documents (Lie and Bos 1997). HTML will continue to dominate Web-based
presentation for the foreseeable future
Whether a journal adopts HTML or PDF typically depends on the origins of that journal and existing
arrangements for its production, with HTML used for electronic-only journals where there are no
problems with settings for mathematical or scientific notations, and PDF used for journals originated for
publication on paper. Increasingly papers are becoming available in both formats to support screen
reading or local printing, although the use of either format for journals has been questioned (McKnight
1997). Proprietary formats such as Postscript and Printerleaf are retained in cases of complex or special
settings and in fields - maths and physics are obvious examples - which have had a longer affinity with
online information services and pre-date more recent formats.
Table 7. Formats used for e-journals
Format No. publishers using
(announced)
No. journals using
(announced)
PDF 19 c. 1050 (c. 800)
RealPage 14 all via Catchword 131#p#分頁標題#e#
Full SGML
(HTML ‘on fly’)
5 via BioMedNet
(1 Elsevier)
72
(c. 1100)
HTML 5 50
Other (Postscript,
Printerleaf)
2
Some journals in multiple formats from multiple sources
A note on pricing
Needless to say, it is not maturing formats for e-journals that have motivated publishers to release
e-journals on the scale described here. True, the ability of PDF to deliver high-quality facsimiles of
journal pages is a factor because it incurs little change in the appearance, hence in the identity, of a
published product. More important, though, is the availability of systems, such as Commands from
ICL/Fujitsu (used by Academic Press) and Zuno's Digital Publisher (to be used by Wiley) to handle
subscription transactions online together with the apparent market acceptance of adapted subscription
models, such as site licences, as demonstrated by the PSLI.
Thus, pricing schemes for e-journals fall into three broad categories, of site licence subscriptions,
per-journal subscriptions and per-article fees. Typical pricing examples for each category are:
PSLI (cost partially covered by 'top slicing' of funding for higher education)
m   Academic Press, Blackwell companies: 40 per cent reduction on print subscription
m   Institute of Physics: 30 per cent reduction
l  
‘Cost-plus’
m   typically 20 per cent more for print and electronic versions
l  
Per-article fee
m   e.g. BioMedNet ($4 to $30)
l  
These are simplified figures. A real example of the cost-plus model is the pricing strategy announced by
the American Chemical Society (ACS). A fundamental principle, says ACS, is its belief that the Web
editions of its journals are far more valuable than their print counterparts. The ACS expects individual
members to cancel print subscriptions and libraries to reduce multiple subscriptions. Instead libraries
have the following options for Web versions (Durniak 1997):
l   Basic Web-only library subscription for a (departmental) subnet costs 5 per cent more than a
OPEN JOURNAL PAPER Web journals publishing: a UK perspective
library print subscription.
The lowest price a library can pay to get both print and the first Web access for one subnet is 20
per cent more than print.
l  
l   A Web-only site license for an entire location is 65 per cent more than a library print subscription.
The highest price a library would pay to provide access to an entire site and still receive print is
equal to 90 per cent more than the base print price.
l  
In other words, whichever option a library chooses, if it wants Web access it will pay more than the print
subscription. Against this the ACS argues that an entire site can have Web access for less than the cost of#p#分頁標題#e#
one additional print subscription. The new features cited for the ACS journals are characteristic of the
best current e-journals and add to the underlying text, but they also begin to change the purpose of the
text. So the question all of this raises is not what percentage increase on the print price is justifiable, but
why the price should be based on a product which the Web version will resemble less and less?
Some other UK e-journals
Majors
While many scholarly journals are little known outside their specialist fields, a few prestigious research
journals, typically in biomedicine, transcend this market segmentation to become familiar names. Of
these journals the pioneer of online texts is perhaps Science, although from a UK perspective the best
known titles - The British Medical Journal (online issues from March 1995), The Lancet (from June
1996), and Nature (full online service imminent) - offer more limited services with some free 'magazine'
content including news, letters and selected retrospectives. Full research papers can be hard to find, and
where they are available they may be from another service - The Lancet papers from Ovid, for example.
Independents
In contrast to the lead, in world terms, taken by established UK journal publishers in releasing e-journals,
this country has not proved so prolific in terms of producing new and independent (of established
publishers) e-journals. It has been anticipated that the switch to electronic publishing would stimulate
new producers, and during the 'Internet journal' years it was the case that a relatively high proportion of
e-journals were independent (Hitchcock et al. 1996). Revealingly, with one exception those e-journals
originated in the UK and listed in Table 8 have so far barely attracted enough papers between them to fill
a single issue of a conventional journal. The one journal in Table 8 to have established a substantial
literature, Psycoloquy, originated not in the UK but in the USA, although its editorial office is now based
at Southampton University.
Table 8. Independent UK e-journals
Journal Launch date No. original papers
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Psycoloquy 1990- 1990: one vol., 16 issues
1991-: seven vols, 338+
original articles and
commentaries
J. Corrosion Sci. and Engng 1995- 7
Int. J Small Satellite Engng 1995- 5
Brit. Soc. Gynaecological
Endoscopy Internet J.
1995- 4
J. Interactive Media in Education
Charlesworth commended
1996- 4
Internet Journal of Science -
Biological Chemistry
1997- 8 (hosting an e-conference
Nov./Dec. 1997)
Geometry and Topology 1997- 3
Journal of Digital Information 1997- 2
Psycoloquy was one of the first e-journals to appear on an Internet service. Its innovation was to pioneer#p#分頁標題#e#
open peer review in an online environment - the journal's editor Stevan Harnad refers to this as 'scholarly
skywriting' (Harnad 1990) - based on methods proven in the print medium. Although Harnad has long
argued that freely networked e-journals, with the potential for virtually instantaneous dissemination, are
the natural medium for open peer review, his high ambitions have by admission yet to be fully realised.
Indicating that innovation is a vital feature if a new journal is to make an impact, another independent
UK e-journal of note is the Journal of Interactive Media in Education (JIME), commended in the
Charlesworth awards for 1996, this recognition being in respect of the journal's novel presentation rather
than its content. Developed at the Open University, JIME exhibits a frames-based structure for managing
content and presentation, with distinctive results.
Electronic journals: the eLib experience
The Electronic Libraries programme (eLib), which began in 1995 with a budget of 15 million pounds, is
a research programme with a difference which ought to be noticeable among journal publishers and those
concerned with journals. A primary objective of eLib has been to base its projects within the broad
community it serves, through collaboration within and between projects, but more importantly by
promoting continuing evaluation of projects and its emphasis on projects developing so-called 'exit
strategies' and preparing for when funding ends. In other words, projects have been exposed to influences
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beyond academic research, have to report publicly, and have had to focus on ideas and applications that
have the potential to become relevant and applicable beyond the research environment.
The Tavistock Institute has been instrumental in setting up, coordinating and developing the evaluation
framework. Its first report (Tavistock Institute 1997) synthesising the results of projects to August 1996
reveals the successes and difficulties of imposing this approach: 'We get a sense from the reports that
whilst evaluation is one of the activities posing additional demands on projects, there is at the same time
a new appreciation of its centrality to the innovation process'. A second report due in November 1997
will give a better picture of progress in the evaluation and exploitation process.
In this way eLib is not overtly a research programme: 'its main remit is to provide a body of tangible,
electronic resources and services for UK higher education, and to affect a cultural shift towards the
acceptance and use of these resources and services in place of more traditional information storage and
access methods'.
The programme supports around 60 projects under 11 themes including, quite conveniently for this#p#分頁標題#e#
purpose, 'electronic journals', but since it is a forward-looking programme we should also be concerned
with project areas which might influence future e-journals in some way, in particular e-print services.
Within the eLib e-journal strand itself projects can be categorised in three ways: original e-journals,
'parallel' e-journals (i.e. those that are based on existing publications), and integrating services which are
concerned less with content generation but more with repackaging, enhancing content and improved
means of delivery.
Original e-journals
Launching a new journal, any journal, whether paper or electronic, is not easy. In this respect it is fair to
say that the original eLib journals have performed markedly better, as can be seen in Table 9, than most
of the UK independents described above with which they share a lack of established publishing support.
Innovation in these journals is largely confined to presentation as they explore the potential of the
electronic medium, and the publishing models adopted are based firmly on commercial paper journals
publishing, as too seem to be the preferred exit strategies.
Table 9. Original eLib e-journals
Journal No.
issues
No.
original
papers
Features
Internet Archaeology 3 12 Supports longer papers, e.g.
book length, theses
Maps, colour photos
J. Information, Law and Techn.
Charlesworth winner
5 47 Innovative interface
Rapid publication
Magazine-style features
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Sociological Research Online 7 45 Full-text refereed papers
Search, announcements,
training and directory services
Judging solely from the range of contributions, these eLib journals appear to be developing new
communities. Each one has demonstrated features that are not always feasible on paper: Internet
Archaeology, for example, has published book-length theses, colour maps and photographs. In contrast
Journal of Information Law and Technology presents research at magazine-style speed with a mazy
range of features but brilliantly organised so that even the novice e-journal reader should not get lost, for
which it was the overall Charlesworth winner last year. Sociological Research Online is more
conventional and demonstrates the curve of a maturing journal, not untypical of a print journal, growing
in visibility and authority.
The question is whether the journals can translate community into viable markets. The danger for all in
this scenario is that, despite the content, the publishing model will not support this transition, not without
compromising content, and that while the market wills this new form of publication, it may not yet be
prepared to embrace a radical means of funding it.
Parallel e-journals
Progress of parallel journals can hardly be measured by volume of output as above. Instead, these#p#分頁標題#e#
projects might be viewed more as trialling new technologies, especially formats, in a real publishing
environment (Table 10). Thus the CLIC project, which is working with the Royal Society of Chemistry
to build an enhanced online version of Chemical Communications, is experimenting with new formats
such as VRML (virtual reality markup language), but its real significance is the overall scope of its work
and its ability to set the agenda and influence standards for electronic information within the field of
chemistry. Take into account chemical MIME (multipurpose Internet multimedia extensions), chemistry
Java, and you begin to get an idea of this project. Add the chemistry markup language (CML), the
group's advocacy of XML and the specially-developed viewer, equivalent to a Web browser, which
displays CML within XML structures, and this is a project of international stature.
Parallel editions are typically the most conservative form of e-journals. Ask Henry Rzepa, the project
leader, why a research chemist should be interested in such developments and he will reply that what are
emerging are not just new publications but new instruments for chemists. CLIC provides the evidence
that even 'parallel' e-journals will not be journals as they are known today.
Where CLIC is forward-looking, ambition in the Parallel Processing of Transactions project extends in
the opposite direction along the timeline. Beyond its production of PDF-based electronic editions of
current issues of the Transactions of the British Institute of Geographers, the project has announced
plans to produce digital copies of every issue from the first in 1935. Copies will be scanned and
processed into PDF and the complete archive is expected to be available this year.
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Table 10. Parallel e-journal projects within eLib
Project Publisher partner
Activities of project
CLIC Royal Society of
Chemistry
Enhanced Chemical
Communications
Electronic conferences
Chemistry markup language
Chemistry Java
Chemistry VRML
Chemical MIME
Latex to HTML
Parallel
Processing of
Transactions
Royal Geographical
Society
with the
Institute of British
Geographers
Building a parallel e-version of the
Transactions of the Institute of British
Geographers
Also with pre-prints, abstracting and
indexing services, presented with enhanced
Adobe Acrobat technology.
Plans to digitise the complete journal
archive from 1935
Integrating services
Publishers recognise that e-journals are dynamically changing products, otherwise why would so many
publishers be involved in these projects referred to here as 'integrating services' but which, as Table 11#p#分頁標題#e#
shows, are more diverse than this label suggests? If publishers are active to an appreciable extent within
the eLib framework it is in these projects. We, the authors of
this paper, have to declare a vested interest in one of the listed projects, the Open Journal project, but in
these three projects lie the clues - information filtering, agents, links, multimedia - not just to the next
generation of e-journals but to the emerging shape of the digital library. Clearly these projects will not
provide all the answers or the tools, but they are good starting points to understand how, also why,
e-journals will change.
Table 11. Integrating services projects within eLib
Project Project description No. attached
publishers
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NewsAgent for Libraries
April 1996- March 1998
'Personalised' information services –
information filtering, software agents,
metadata, etc. – for the library
community. Pilot service planned Nov.
1997
2
Open Journal Project
May 1995- May 1998
Hypertext links for collected resources –
journals, books, databases, essays – in
biology, cognitive science and computer
science. Demonstrations released for
evaluation; open access by end 1997
11
SuperJournal Project
Oct. 1995- Dec. 1998
Exploring value-added features –
search, display, formats, multimedia –
by creating subject 'clusters' of journals.
Three clusters containing over 2,400
articles from over 30 journals released to
test sites in first-half 1997
20
E-print projects
For those who believe that the success of Paul Ginsparg's physics e-print archive based at Los Alamos is
an isolated case, eLib's three e-print projects do not yet provide compelling evidence to the contrary
(Table 12). Raw e-print archives are all about access and volume of papers, not the trimmings of
value-added commercial journal publishing. Judged in this context, the one project to launch a service so
far, Education-Line, made a solid start with 166 papers in the first month. Judged against e-journal
projects with similar resources, this was a startling debut. Progress has been slower since, but from either
viewpoint the project has justified eLib's decision to explore this area.
Of the projects still building technical frameworks and yet to launch user services, CogPrints is notable
because it is being built on Ginsparg's system. Should the service attract a critical mass of papers, not
only will the service look and feel like the Ginsparg archive, there could be moves to converge and
ultimately merge the two. Where new journals have traditionally required the support of prestigious
publishers to achieve visibility and authority, so might e-print archive services cluster around their#p#分頁標題#e#
famous progenitor for the same reasons.
Table 12. E-print projects within eLib
Project Launch of service No. papers Comment
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Education-Line Jan. 97 343 Includes searchable archives of
recent conference proceedings
Target: 2000 papers/year
CogPrints
Formations
* WoPEc, another eLib project, collects bibliographic information on working papers in economics (c. 5000 entries Oct. 1997)
eLib in perspective
The eLib programme is closer to its conclusion that its launch and judgement draws nearer, perhaps
measured in terms of the number of successful exit strategies, or in the longer term on its wider impact in
the development of the digital library. Whichever it is, that time is not now and this paper does not seek
to judge it here, not least because the programme is much larger than is described here. In aiming to
contribute to a framework for electronic libraries, eLib cannot be judged in terms of the number of
e-journals it produces.
Confounding expectations
Journals publishing has changed more dramatically in the last two years than could reasonably have been
anticipated. Such is the extent of the change that some believe the end of the transition is in view, with
publishers hoping for stability in the market for electronic access by 1998 (HEFCE 1997). Publishers
have not been the only ones to confound expectations, however, as random analysis of some common
beliefs about e-journals indicates (Table 13).
Table 13. Some random beliefs about e-journals exposed
The Web and HTML don’t support
maths and complex symbols
Physics produces most online papers
Materials published on the Web lack
integrity
Online biomedical journals are among
the best supported
Electronic journals will cost less The PSLI apart, most online journal
packages cost more than print
Publishers do not want to be online They do if current subscription models
prevail
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Publishing will change When subscription agents' online
services become available as well,
nothing will have changed!
In the change to e-journals publishers have proved more responsive, robust and more in demand than
their detractors would admit, but those publishers hoping for stability are too optimistic - the market is
hardly more than embryonic - and are not alert to the new opportunities. The truth is that technological
change is rapid and there are now too many vested interests to let it slow. Every new participant in the
process thus accelerates change. As far as e-journals are concerned publishers have leapt ahead of the
market - whether wisely or briefly, they had no choice - but in awaiting the view of the market they must#p#分頁標題#e#
recognise this is the point at which the real race begins. In the light of recent publisher mergers and
acquisitions, market repositioning is already evident.
The task of this paper was to view the current status of e-journals in the UK, which leaves little scope for
analysis or prediction. Nor, frankly, is the evidence here alone a suitable basis on which to predict the
future, but there are a number of reasons for arguing that further change is inevitable. Here is just one.
The Web represents a new medium in which electronic information will diverge from its print
counterpart.
There is one safe bet: we are approaching a time where every piece of electronic information will be
viewed on the Web and shaped by society on the Web or its successor or like image. Early, pre-Internet
e-journals failed for two reasons: poor interfaces for users, and the lack of coordinated international
telecommunications networks (Freeman 1987). With the Web interface to the Internet, ubiquitous
browsers and adoption of HTML/XML, users will increasingly find a uniform view of, and access to, all
network resources.
For e-journals the belated arrival of established publishers and a critical mass of journals online (Table
14) marks start of the race to reinforce market positions, not its end. The prevailing wisdom is as likely to
be confounded as earlier expectations.
Table 14. 'UK' e-journal totals
No. available in October
1997
c. 1300
Forthcoming (e-journals announced for
1997-1999)
c. 1900
Projected total during
1998/9
c. 3200
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Authors' note: why 'circa'?
Counting e-journals is not easy, as we have said before. The numbers change rapidly, and the journals
publishing business is in a greater state of flux than for some time. Even individual publishers can be
unsure of current totals: titles have been 'bought, sold, merged and split ... there are titles which we no
longer publish but to which we hold the rights for previous years. Most of our recent publicity material
includes the word "about " whenever numbers are quoted for that reason' said one. The overall picture,
rather than precise numbers, is what we are trying to convey.
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