留學生dissertation寫作指導

五段式散文是一種特殊的結構類型的寫作,唯一的特點是結構比較精確,而且必須是由作者親自觀察到的現像。它一定會包括介紹,主體,由三個段落,和一個結論:

介紹為寫作提供了背景,闡明主題,喚起讀者的興趣,提出了dissertation,簡要了解作者的觀點，一般是在第一段過度一下。

第一段必須為讀者提供最震撼、最有趣的觀點,并且需要有一個很好的例子做為開場。段落的第一句話一定是結構比較好的主題句，段落本身一定會包含一個參考和一個介紹,這就是所謂的“反向過渡鉤”。段落的最后一句是過渡到第二段的主體。第三段落以類似的方式組織，它們之間的轉換只在參數的值不同,因為每個段落之間的銜接不需要太過于明顯。

Five-paragraph essay is a special structural type of writing, the only peculiarity of which is the precise structure that must be observed by the author. It must necessarily include an introduction, a main body, consisting of three paragraphs, and a conclusion:

An introduction provides background for the writing, outlining the topic and evoking the reader’s interest, presents thesis, a brief insight into the writer’s point of view and a transition to the first paragraph.

The first paragraph must provide the reader with the strongest and most interesting argument, supported by a good example. The first sentence of the paragraph must be a well-structured topic sentence and the paragraph itself must necessarily contain a reference back to the introduction, the so-called “reverse transitional hook”. The last sentence of the paragraph is the transition to the second paragraph of the main body. The secondand the third paragraphs are organized in a similar way with transitions between them and differ only in the value of the argument, as it must be weaker in each consecutive paragraph.

The concluding paragraph is a summary, which must provide restatement of the initial thesis and the supporting ideas. However, the restatement must be powerful and should not duplicate the above mentioned information. It must also contain a hint, emphasizing the introduction and the final sentence, which signals the end of the discussion. The conclusion must be written in a powerful way, as it is aimed at influencing the reader’s idea or opinion

Being asked to choose the most important type of an essay, many people will undoubtedly name the admission one. The reason for it lies not exactly in the level of difficulty of this piece of writing, but in the effect it may have on the life of the writer.
Such essays are a means used by admission committees to learn more about a person who is applying to college, university or a company, get to know the way the author of an essay can contribute to the life of the college or the company and the way he/she can benefit from it.

When you send this essay together with your application form, you, in fact, give the evaluator a much deeper insight into your soul, than the application form itself. So, the main purpose of the admission essay is to convey the character of the author, to check your ability to organize and express your ideas, and to check the general level of language abilities.

In reality, an admission essay is not more difficult, than any other type of writing. The only difference here is that many applicants find the most widely used topic “tell us about yourself” extremely confusing. In order to overcome this difficulty and write a really good admission essay, use the following strategies:

Read the instructions carefully, consider them and follow as precisely as you can.
Make a connection between yourself and the institution to which you apply (explain why you are interested and why it is important for you to be admitted).
Be positive and avoid negativity, as both employers and educational authorities tend to be interested in happy and productive people, rather than in boring and miserable ones.
Lay emphasis on your experience and achievements.
Write about your unique experience.
Be creative and brainstorm freely, but then use some critical thinking and choose the most interesting points.
Choose the information which is not duplicated in your application form.
Bear your audience in mind and write as if you were trying to persuade them that you are the best person they can get.
Classification Essay
Classification essay is a special type of formal writing, aimed at evaluating the categorizing and generalization skills of the author.
In order to write an award-winning classification essay, the writer should single out the categorizing principle, according to which the objects, referred to in the topic, can be divided into groups, organize objects into categories and provide examples to support the classification.

The key stages in writing a classification essay are as follows:
Consider the topic carefully and identify the objects that must be categorized.
Think logically and identify the classification criteria.
Write a solid thesis statement, which will mention the topic and the classification offered.
Describe the categories and support them with examples.
In order to enumerate the categories, use such linkers as the first/second/third group/type/class/sort, etc.
Write a conclusion with brief restatement of the categories.

Potential pitfalls to avoid:
Using too many categories: if you do it, the idea and the criteria for the classification are very likely to be disintegrated and your essay will turn into a simple enumeration, thus, failing to show generalization skills.
Using not enough categories: it can result in the omission of an important type of objects.
Using no unified criterion for the classification: absence of the governing classification principle will result in the lack of clarity.
Using unequal number of examples: it will result in making some categories less important than the others.

Research Essay
Research essay may be considered to be a subtype of an argumentative essay, or vice versa. Just like the argumentative essay, it is supposed to prove a certain idea; but its goal is wider and deeper than that.
The writer here should not only take someone else’s point of view and prove it, but come up with an original idea to research on it and prove its correctness. The main features of research essay, therefore, are:
Originality. You are free to quote anybody, but should use these quotes to drive your own point home.
Rather narrow topic. Even large research papers don’t try to envelop the whole discipline; you with your limit of several hundreds of words should be much more specific.

The presence of a particular idea to be researched and proved. You are not supposed to merely report on literature you have read. You should create something out of what you’ve rea
Research essays are supposed to develop one’s ability to work with sources of information, compose your own thoughts into something original and perceivable, and prove your point of view. Thus, that is what you have to do while working on it. If any of these aspects are neglected, your teacher will be in full right to lower your mark.
The rough outline of a research essay will be like this:
Introduction. State your point, describe the methods you are going to use, the idea behind your work. If you can’t think of anything on your own, try taking other person’s idea or some part of it and further develop it, or approach a well-known problem from unusual point of view – e.g., try economical analysis when dealing with the description from a fiction book or something like that.
Body. Just like in a persuasive essay, give at least three arguments in favor of your thesis, mention the scholars who had similar points of view, use facts, statistical information, quotations. Don’t forget to mention opposing argumentation, explaining why this or that idea is wrong or out of place.
Conclusion. Give a summarized retelling of what you consider to be proved by your essay. Say why you think it to be the best solution of the problem.

Literature is a kind of science that offers anyone who writes about it nearly limitless freedom – even when you deal with such a subjective discipline as history, you have to take facts into account.
When you write on literature, you work with people and events that have never existed in reality and you are free to make any assumptions that don’t contradict with what is written in the book you deal with.

The features, peculiar for this kind of writing, are as follows:
You have a rather limited or, at least, limitable subject material: the text itself, its author and his/her life and views, critical works on the text, your own opinion. What you will use most of all is based on your choice and the topic you are given.
If you say something, you should prove it by referencing to the text or one of the critical works; if it is possible, use a quote. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity as to where you did get information.
The style is supposed to be formal, but not overly so. If you may put some clever turn of speech into it, do so, but remember that the text shouldn’t be colloquial.

If you want to write a good literature essay, you should be ready to read and analyze a lot before beginning to write – that is, if you have enough time. You will achieve the best results if you are actually interested in what you are writing; otherwise, you will have to depend on thoughts and ideas expressed by other people, and it never has a good influence on the overall result.

Don’t try to read all the critical works on the text you are working with, for it will only cloud your vision and waste your time. Try to think about something original instead. Here are some additional tips:

Reread your essayin the process of writing and after you’ve finished. If you are bored with it, everyone else will be.
Watch over the length of paragraphs and sentences. If you lose the line of thought half-way to the end of one of them, it is a bad sign – try to break them up, yet don’t overdo. Interpose long and short sentences.
Do not retell the contents of the text– a couple of words when it is necessary, no more.
In conclusion, we may add that your essay should show your love and interest in the English language. Watch out for any appearances of such stylistic devices as anaphora, epiphora, onomatopoeia, assonance and others and analyze them.

Graduation thesis requires college students to use learned knowledge, theory with practice, in the reform and opening up and modernization construction is described in this paper the regularity of some belt.Paper is reflected the author understanding of objective things, and the objective things is rich and colorful, tortuous, know it is not easy, it is more difficult.Because of this difficulty is derived from the internal contradictions of objective things itself on the one hand there is a process of gradually exposed, it is the development of winding complex;On the other hand the difficulty comes from people's understanding to restricted by various subjective and objective conditions, a slight negligence in the various stages in the process of cognition, is prone to onesideness and subjectivity.MAO zedong in the "oppose stereotyped party writing" pointed out: "article is a reflection of objective things, but things are a tortuous, must study repeatedly, can reflect the appropriate; careless here, just don't know how to make an issue of knowledge at least."People have an understanding of research objects from phenomenon to essence, from unilateral to comprehensive, from profound enough to a more profound process.And people's research results reflect a by not enough accurate, appropriate, to a more accurate and appropriate process.Is writing a paper, responding to the research results from not enough accurate, appropriate to compare accurate and appropriate transformation process is bound to have a modified link.Leo Tolstoy once said: "it took elutriation gold to get, insightful, be expressed well thought the same way."Thus, modify the article conforms to the understanding of the law.

To write an essay, from the essence is a cognitive process, it includes the objective things to people's subjective understanding of the "meaning", the process and from the subjective awareness of the "materialized" written performance process.Of care often appear inconsistent "meaning", namely the subjective understanding failed to fully and correctly understanding objective things;And in the process of materialization and prone to "not feeling" is written articles cannot fully and accurately reflect the views of the author.Therefore, in the process of writing a paper, a modified is much more a understanding;More than a change before further, at least can reduce mistakes and overcome the shortcomings.As a writer Lao she said: "the article must be modified, and not immediately write a great article, quickly and well."

Change from the form is the last line of writing process, is the perfect stage of articles, but from the overall, modification is throughout the entire writing process.Writing in general can be divided into four stages, in each stage should strengthen modification of kung fu.The first stage, the brewing ideas of modification.Paper before you begin to brewing craft mental note.Change will start from here.Such as establishing center, choice of subject matter, organizing and so on, after repeated thinking, analysis and synthesis.Not put pen to paper on the modification, but decides the success or failure of throughout, draft change well, write up little detours.If set a strict outline, put up a good frame, the article structure there would be no big changes.So must be considered before writing, don't write scri le to make big change.The second stage, the pen after modification.Put pen to paper later in the process of careful thinking, image thinking and logical thinking, have reasonable inference, the image of the exploration, the level of division, paragraph cohesion, sentence patterns of inspection, attention, the elaboration of the dictionary.Everything may after repeated analysis, comparison and choice, in a change in trade-off some words, sentence patterns, hierarchy, paragraph after finish the first draft.This is writing while change, change while writing stage.The third stage, after the first draft of revision.Word for word, into after the cultural revolution, all the piecewise consideration, step by step to make wholesale changes.In the modified not only action words pour, consider material choice, hierarchical arrangement, the center of the structure, expression, and so on.The fourth stage, in under the guidance of instructors.Instructor after review, to give you the merits of the draft, and points out the shortcomings of the full text.The author after listen to guide the teacher commented, to further find yourself this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of study thoroughly, comprehension to the deep, and then prepared to reconsider amending.At this time of change is not the end of a second can, increased the difficulty of modification is better than the original.But, if change, the article level can have improved significantly.In 233 operations。

Graduation thesis writing is a writing ability and comprehensive ability to exercise training.To improve writing ability, want to write more, more more change.The ancients said: "good for not good change", "article is changed".Many college students thinking agile, write also is faster, but due to the changes do not take the article, thinking and thinking, less often written article structure is loose, words repeat business, there are many wrong character, thus writing improve fast.Should consider change is an important stage of the writing process.Learn how to modify the article, also is a kind of basic training, writing and is a more effective training.Lu xun to realize "should not be so write" - which is to modify the draft method, called a "very good way to learn".In a sense, can write articles, can be measured by will not modify.Only when the write will also change, only has a certain writing level and ability, so to speak.As qi river, said: "write good ability, is the place where deleted poorly written skills".By modifying the papers, can further improve the phrasing, structure of the article ability and logical reasoning.

Modified paper is also to cultivate the rigorous doing scholarly research attitude, and the need of good style of study.Writing articles is to see others, can produce certain effect to the society.Therefore, the author must hold responsible for the reader to the height of the social spirit earnestly revised paper.The earnest revision paper, guard a pass strictly, this is a kind of rigorous scientific attitude and learning manner.Lu xun once said: "at least twice, after finish to unnecessary words, sentences, paragraphs, not pity."He advised people to modify articles, his article also often is modified.His famous prose Mr Fujino, there are 160-170 in the changes and the < grave "words", the full text is only more than 1000 words, changes also have best place.Proletarian revolutionary teacher when revise their work, strives for perfection.Marx's "das kapital" after the first volume of writing, changed it from the beginning to the end.Version 2 of the German and French version later, he made a change, respectively.He wrote "das kapital" for 40 years, after many changes, now a portion of the first two volumes of the manuscript, light preserved there more than eight.Paul rafah, in the book have Marx said, Marx's "never publish a book without his work carefully and seriously. He can't stand his unfinished things of this idea to the public. He had done to the final correction manuscript to others see, is the most painful thing to him.... one day he said to me, he would rather burn his manuscript, also not willing rawness to left behind."This highly responsible spirit, to society is worth our study.This highly responsible spirit can we learn from Marx derive boundless power.

Preface part is also commonly used "an", "introduction" and "background" title, in this part, mainly introduces the topic of thesis.
The first thing to clarify selected topic background and the significance of topic selection.Topics will emphasize practical background, in the study of computer information construction, management modernization or department in the causes of this problem, problem of environment and conditions, and can solve the problem after work.Combined with background of the problem, to make the reader feel this selected topic has practical value and academic value, there is the necessity of research and development.

An introduction is often have the effect that make the finishing point.Selected topic practical and innovative, means that your research or development direction adversary, valuable design work.For a paper, just a preface, will attract readers, to make them interested in your topic, willing to learn more about your work.

Any topic research or development is a subject or technical basis.Paper reviewed some main topic in the corresponding fields in the development process and the research direction, especially in recent years, the trend of development and the latest achievements.Comparing with the domestic and foreign research results and comments, your choice is in line with the current research direction and progress, and adopted the latest technology and improvements, the purpose is to make readers to further understand the significance of topic selection.

Review part can reflect the graduation design students ability in many aspects.First of all, it reflects the Chinese and foreign literature reading skills.Through the consult literature material, understand the peer research level, at work and in the paper effectively use literature, it can not only avoid simple repeated research, but also can make the research and development work has a high starting point.

Second, also can reflect the ability of comprehensive analysis.Found in a large number of literature can be reference, it should not only have certain professional knowledge level, but also have certain comprehensive ability.Research results for craft can seize the key points, the advantages and disadvantages are conformed to the actual, just right, the understanding and the analysis of a person's is about.