留學生essay代寫范例：Offshoring and outsourcing to developing countries
留學生essay代寫范例-離岸外包和向發展中國家外包。本文是一篇由本站代寫服務提供的essay代寫參考，主要內容是講述離岸外包被認為是一種機會，而不是風險。它將通過離岸外包過程創造贏家和輸家，但眾所周知，這取決于各國政府，以確保各國實現所有利益的凈收益。工作崗位的離岸外包可能是澳大利亞和整個發達國家日益關注的問題。私營公司和政府機構也是如此，發展中國家將有大量機會從受過廉價教育的工人中受益。唯一能讓這些機會變得更容易的是技術進步和發展。下面就一起來看一下這篇留學生essay代寫范例。
Introduction 介紹
Offshoring refers to the achievement of intermediary inputs by companies or governments from locations outside the consuming country.
離岸外包是指公司或政府從消費國以外的地方獲得中介投入。
Many of attentions has been focused on the risk that offshoring of services might have through the way of job movement to countries, such as India, where organizations can pay skilled workers much less than in their home countries. In general, this argument has focused on the negative effects of offshoring. However, offshoring has some benefits and is likely to bring these benefits to urban economies through lower costs of services, restructuring and increased interest.
許多注意力都集中在服務離岸外包可能通過工作轉移到印度等國家的風險上，在印度，組織可以向技術工人支付遠低于本國的工資。總的來說，這一論點側重于離岸外包的負面影響。然而，離岸外包有一些好處，并可能通過降低服務成本、重組和增加興趣，為城市經濟帶來這些好處。
Increase in employment in different services implies for these urban countries such as Australia, will not only have the benefits of increase in imports but also has an increase in exports and therefore Australia will benefited as a larger market where domestic firms can offer their services.
不同服務業就業人數的增加意味著，對澳大利亞等城市國家來說，不僅會有進口增加的好處，還會有出口增加，因此，澳大利亞將作為一個更大的市場受益，國內公司可以在這里提供服務。
Purpose of the Report 報告的目的
The offshoring of service sector jobs is likely to be an issue of growing concern in Australia and most other developed countries such as USA. For private companies and government agencies it acts the same, there will be a lot of opportunities to benefit from a cheap and increasingly educated workforce in the developing world. Technological advances will continue to ease these opportunities.
在澳大利亞和美國等大多數其他發達國家，服務業工作的離岸外包可能是一個越來越令人擔憂的問題。對于私營公司和政府機構來說，這也是一個問題，發展中國家將有很多機會從廉價且受教育程度越來越高的勞動力中受益。技術進步將繼續緩解這些機會。
This research has focused on the first important effect of offshoring which is the loss of jobs happening of the offshoring. It is important to be aware of, but, that increased efficiency from shedding labour could guide to higher manufacture and a growth of employment in other lines of work.
這項研究的重點是離岸外包的第一個重要影響，即離岸外包造成的工作崗位流失。重要的是要意識到，但是，通過減少勞動力提高效率可以引導更高的制造業和其他行業的就業增長。
In particular, this essay introduces some public procedure issues for both business and governments to think as they manage the effects of offshoring.
特別是，本文介紹了一些公共程序問題，供企業和政府在管理離岸外包的影響時思考。
Methodology 方法論
In my work I used clear, 6-step methodology that has been involved to gather, process and analysis the data.
在我的工作中，我使用了清晰的六步方法來收集、處理和分析數據。
Step1. Offshore Definition
步驟1。離岸定義
This part is taken to have a general idea about what is actually means by offshoring.
這一部分旨在大致了解離岸外包的實際含義。
Step 2. Gathering some information by looking at the different articles
步驟2。通過查看不同的文章來收集一些信息
The articles that I looked at helped me to get the main point of offshoring effects and benefits on the different organization in different countries.
我看的文章幫助我了解了離岸外包對不同國家不同組織的影響和好處。
Step 3. Onsite to Offshore Knowledge change.
步驟3。現場到離岸知識的轉變。
The main goal for this phase is to understand the client requirements, business processes, and company standards.
此階段的主要目標是了解客戶需求、業務流程和公司標準。
Step 4. Offshore Process Definition.
步驟4。離岸過程定義。
Execute customization of the methodology for the client specific requirements.
根據客戶的具體要求執行方法的定制。
Step 5. Offshore Research finishing.
步驟5。海洋研究完成。
Start executing the finding according to the research plan.
根據研究計劃開始執行調查結果。
Step 6. Review the report and identify the weak areas of the performance.
步驟6。審查報告并確定績效的薄弱環節。
To make sure that everything is done accurately regards the research I’ve done.
為了確保每件事都做得準確，我做了一些研究。
Research Finding and Analysis 研究發現與分析
One of the largest business decisions are offshoring decisions (L. Jean Camp, Seymour Goodman, Charles H. House, William B. Jack, RobRamer, Marie Stella, 2005). They are usually has a little long-term risks and social impacts. Many organization managers believes of that they would experience some of the long-term risks such as to reputations at the same time as they suppose to consider risks that directly can effect their business process.
最大的商業決策之一是離岸外包決策（L.Jean Camp，Seymour Goodman，Charles H.House，William B.Jack，RobRamer，Marie Stella，2005）。它們通常有一點長期風險和社會影響。許多組織經理認為，在考慮可能直接影響其業務流程的風險的同時，他們會經歷一些長期風險，如聲譽風險。
In current years, many of the companies have increased their use of outsourcing and offshoring. These arrangements present both benefits and risks to the organizations using them.
近年來，許多公司增加了外包和離岸外包的使用。這些安排對使用這些安排的組織既有好處，也有風險。
Deloitte (2008) stated that offshoring can take place in two forms one is when the companies moving part or whole of their operations overseas or using a greater share of imported materials in home manufactures. Both are seen as a major means of achieving cost reductions which is end up with a benefit. Offshoring benefits may also be included lower labor or operating costs (Deloitte, 2008, p.1). Furthermore, the particular benefits from offshoring will vary from company to company that so many companies see offshoring as significant for future profits, even with their initially poor savings. (Kirkegaard, cited in working paper, 2005, p.11)
Deloitte（2008）指出，離岸外包有兩種形式，一種是公司將部分或全部業務轉移到海外，或在國內生產中使用更大份額的進口材料。兩者都被視為實現成本降低的主要手段，最終會帶來效益。離岸福利也可能包括較低的勞動力或運營成本（Deloitte，2008，第1頁）。此外，離岸外包的具體好處因公司而異，因此許多公司認為離岸外包對未來利潤意義重大，即使他們最初的儲蓄很低。（Kirkegaard，工作文件中引用，2005年，第11頁）
On the other hand offshoring contains some risks as well. The risks come in three categories. There are risks for companies that engage in offshoring. There are risks to individuals who are often helpless victims of the kinds of such organization process and finally, there are risks to the economic of nations.
另一方面，離岸外包也存在一些風險。風險分為三類。從事離岸外包的公司存在風險。個人往往是這種組織過程的無助受害者，他們面臨風險，最后，國家的經濟也面臨風險。
Procuring companies are primarily focused on obtaining the financial benefits of offshoring; most appear to be inexperienced about the risks, or they do not have the time or resources to care. (Kirkegaard, 2005, p.9)
采購公司主要側重于獲得離岸外包的財務利益；大多數人似乎對風險缺乏經驗，或者他們沒有時間或資源去關心。（Kirkegaard，2005年，第9頁）
To illustrate the benefits and risks of the offshoring in long-term and short term lets have a look at the two pacific brands example which is Berlei and Hard Yakka.
為了說明離岸外包在長期和短期內的好處和風險，我們來看看Berlei和Hard Yakka這兩個太平洋品牌的例子。
Much of Pacific Brand’s manufacture is carried out to China (Weller, 2007). That will reduce times and enable stock to be delivered directly to customers but most of the jobs lost will be relocated to cheap labor economies like Asia. The company will close down the best part of its clothing manufacturing services across the world and in its place rely on sourcing products from other suppliers (Sydney Morning Herald, 2009)
太平洋品牌的大部分生產都在中國進行（Weller，2007）。這將減少時間，使庫存能夠直接交付給客戶，但大多數失去的工作崗位將轉移到亞洲等廉價勞動力經濟體。該公司將關閉其在世界各地的大部分服裝制造服務，取而代之的是從其他供應商那里采購產品（悉尼先驅晨報，2009年）
Offshoring pacific brands from an organization itself have some winners and loser. It can show its risks and benefits in short or long-term for these two groups.
海外太平洋品牌從一個組織本身就有一些贏家和輸家。它可以在短期或長期內顯示出對這兩個群體的風險和益處。
The winners of offshoring process are 離岸外包過程的贏家是
That company which is engaging in offshoring and offshore outsourcing.
從事離岸外包和離岸外包的公司。
The resultant of this is shown by the large cost saving, usually begin from the lower labor costs. Savings can be different from business to business and country to country, but most business skilled estimated range between 30 and 60 percent (Kirkegaard, 2005). In the longer term, these companies will also gain contact to highly skilled labor, by two ways. First is directly through their own offshored services and second is indirectly through offshore outsourcing from local suppliers. Also, offshore locations generally will allow a more flexible management of their employee’s levels. Offshoring and offshore outsourcing engage a large capital stock in a low wages labor setting as a resulting of this relationship, the usual close relationship between salary and output is loosen in the short and medium terms. So, a company that engages in offshoring and offshore outsourcing will have a good increase of the significant output improvements.
其結果是節省了大量的成本，通常是從較低的勞動力成本開始的。不同的企業和國家的儲蓄可能不同，但大多數商業技能人員的儲蓄率估計在30%到60%之間（Kirkegaard，2005）。從長遠來看，這些公司還將通過兩種方式接觸到高技能勞動力。第一種是直接通過他們自己的離岸服務，第二種是間接通過當地供應商的離岸外包。此外，離岸地點通常允許對員工級別進行更靈活的管理。離岸外包和離岸外包在低工資的勞動力環境中占用了大量的資本存量。由于這種關系，工資和產出之間通常密切的關系在中短期內有所松動。所以，一家從事離岸外包和離岸外包的公司將有顯著的產出提升。
Country which exchange the production and services 交換生產和服務的國家
As Australia is the supplying country of this pacific brands so it’s benefits are basic: the short term benefits are in terms of being a job generated and to be an investment attracted country, and those of the longer term are in terms of the skill transfers to local populations that come with offshore decisions by companies.
由于澳大利亞是這個太平洋品牌的供應國，因此它的好處是基本的：短期的好處是創造就業機會和吸引投資的國家，而長期的好處是公司在海外決策時向當地人口轉移技能。
Consumers of offshored production and services 離岸生產和服務的消費者
Consumers – which is included the individuals, not just companies – of offshored services will benefit from lower prices of the items they use. Also they may benefit from the business hours increasing in many services industries. Price declines will, depending on the level of offshoring and offshore outsourcing and it is relative to the total, make price rises lower and therefore show the way to higher real income. (Kirkegaard, 2005, p.13) mentioned that “This serves furthermore as a “redistributive tool” between company profits and consumer benefits of the total “welfare gain” from offshoring and offshore outsourcing”.
離岸服務的消費者——包括個人，而不僅僅是公司——將從他們使用的商品的較低價格中受益。此外，他們還可能受益于許多服務業營業時間的增加。根據離岸外包和離岸外包的水平，價格下跌將使價格上漲幅度降低，從而顯示出獲得更高實際收入的途徑。（Kirkegaard，2005年，第13頁）提到，“這進一步成為離岸外包和離岸外包總“福利收益”中公司利潤和消費者利益之間的“再分配工具”。
The offshoring processes also have some groups known as the losers of the benefits.
離岸外包過程中也有一些群體被稱為利益的失敗者。
This groups are included the workers who lose their jobs because of offshoring.
這些群體包括因離岸外包而失業的工人。
Workers who lose their jobs as a result of offshoring and offshore outsourcing are the direct losers. It is very significant to appreciate that those who lose their jobs are a small and concentrated group, relative to the much more numerous and special group of winners from offshoring, who will all benefit only fairly little individually.
由于離岸外包和離岸外包而失去工作的工人是直接的輸家。值得一提的是，與離岸外包的眾多特殊贏家群體相比，失業者是一個小而集中的群體，他們個人受益甚微。
This irregularity between winners and losers makes the political wealth market of offshoring and outsourcing equal to most other discussions of free deal and bring in competition (Lewis and Richardson 2001).
這種贏家和輸家之間的不規則性使得離岸外包和外包的政治財富市場與大多數其他自由交易的討論一樣，并帶來了競爭（Lewis和Richardson，2001年）。
According to parliament of Australia (2004-2005) one of the important reasons to offshore clerical works and high-paying qualified positions is the development of communications technologies over the past decade has provided opportunities for companies.
根據澳大利亞議會（2004-2005年）的說法，離岸文書工作和高薪合格職位的重要原因之一是過去十年通信技術的發展為公司提供了機會。
After discussing the winner and looser group of offshoring and offshore outsourcing process, in particle there are numerous benefits and risks that engage in offshoring.
在討論離岸外包和離岸外包過程的贏家和松散群體后，離岸外包的好處和風險有很多。
Main benefits that a business can get through the offshoring are 企業通過離岸外包可以獲得的主要好處是
Accessing to talent: For certain job positions there is a greater availability of highly skilled and experienced employees overseas.
獲取人才：對于某些職位，海外有更多高技能和經驗豐富的員工。
it can be highly cost savings
它可以大大節省成本
Quickly can fill the open positions – it can take a month or more to fill certain positions in some countries like USA (Green, 2007). However, given the accessibility of offshore employees, open positions can usually be filled more quickly.
快速填補空缺職位——在美國等一些國家，填補某些職位可能需要一個月或更長時間（Green，2007）。然而，考慮到離岸員工的可及性，空缺職位通常可以更快地填補。
Time savings – By using an offshore employee, you reduce the time you would normally spend on interviewing, orientation and managing employee motivation.
節省時間——通過使用離岸員工，您可以減少通常用于面試、指導和管理員工動機的時間。
Flexibility – offshoring allowing companies to quickly develop and contract their overseas staff in accorded with business needs.
靈活性——離岸外包使公司能夠根據業務需求快速發展和簽約海外員工。
While there many identifiable benefits of offshoring, it does not come without its risks and challenges, as well. The more important risks that can address for that are:
雖然離岸外包有許多可識別的好處，但它也有風險和挑戰。可以解決的更重要的風險是：
Cultural issues – Different cultures have its own communication styles, different attitudes toward argument resolution and also they have their different ways of getting work done.
文化問題——不同的文化有自己的溝通方式，對解決爭論的態度不同，他們完成工作的方式也不同。
Loss of worker jobs – Offshore outsourcing is a politically charged issue. Most economists believe that offshoring is good for the economy and in the end results in additional jobs (Green, 2007). The theory is that the lower level jobs get outsourced and the country that involved in offshoring will end up doing higher value work. Even assuming the economists’ view is correct; having their jobs displaced is painful to those workers impacted. It might take a lot of time to retrain and/or land one of these “higher value” jobs (Green, 2007).
工人失業——離岸外包是一個充滿政治色彩的問題。大多數經濟學家認為離岸外包對經濟有利，最終會帶來更多的就業機會（Green，2007）。理論上，低級別的工作被外包，而參與離岸外包的國家最終會做價值更高的工作。即使假設經濟學家的觀點是正確的；失業對那些受到影響的工人來說是痛苦的。重新培訓和/或找到這些“更高價值”的工作可能需要很多時間（Green，2007）。
Quality of service – If not being more careful during the process, cost savings can be more than offset by service issues. Going through analysis of the function being studied for outstanding could help to defend your trade and corporation against the services losses. It is also important to make sure that the role is appropriate for the particular country where you are outsourcing. Finally, before moving any role and function overseas a careful performs should carry out on the offshore vendor.
服務質量——如果在這個過程中不更加小心，成本節約可能會被服務問題所抵消。通過對正在研究的未決函數的分析，可以幫助保護您的貿易和公司免受服務損失。同樣重要的是要確保該角色適合您外包的特定國家。最后，在將任何角色和職能轉移到海外之前，應謹慎對待離岸供應商。
After all, one way of reducing the risks can be done by the government (Windisch, 2009). The government could move to make Pacific Brands nationalize. And this is the only way that the jobs could be saved.
畢竟，降低風險的一種方法可以由政府來完成（Windisch，2009）。政府可能會采取行動，將太平洋品牌國有化。這是挽救就業機會的唯一途徑。
If the government won’t act to save jobs, then the union group should build a movement which must be strong enough to give the government no choice but to act (Windisch, 2009).
如果政府不采取行動挽救就業機會，那么工會組織應該發起一場運動，這場運動必須足夠強大，讓政府別無選擇，只能采取行動（Windisch，2009）。
In addition, understanding and dealing with cultural and language issues will ease the outsourcing and offshoring process (Knowledge @ Emory, 2008).
此外，理解和處理文化和語言問題將簡化外包和離岸外包過程（Knowledge@Emory，2008）。
Recommendations 建議
Recommendations will help to concern the manufacture of better cost performance, improvements to measuring services employment, and other data needed to document any impacts of trade on the employment and income of the workers.
建議將有助于關注制造更好的性價比、改善服務業就業計量以及記錄貿易對工人就業和收入的任何影響所需的其他數據。
There are many improvement achievements that could be done to improve the data on services which will need to be theatrically argued if our understanding of services offshoring and its effects is to improve.
如果我們要提高對服務離岸外包及其影響的理解，就需要對服務數據進行戲劇性的論證。
The three main recommendations are as follows 三項主要建議如下
1) The companies that involved in the offshoring process should collect more detail on services products that are traded internationally. Without a more detailed view of which services are traded internationally, it will remain impossible to agree on which parts of job experience has more pressure from import competition. As a result, with any accuracy we will be unable to know where in the economy to look for the effects of services offshoring.
1） 參與離岸外包過程的公司應該收集更多國際貿易服務產品的詳細信息。如果不能更詳細地了解哪些服務是國際貿易的，就不可能就工作經驗的哪些部分受到進口競爭的更大壓力達成一致。因此，無論準確與否，我們都無法知道在經濟中的何處尋找服務離岸外包的影響。
2) Also they have to collect more detail on domestic trade in services. These detailed will help to give a better view of the role that services play in the economy of the country.
2） 此外，他們還必須收集更多關于國內服務貿易的細節。這些詳細信息將有助于更好地了解服務業在國家經濟中的作用。
3) Having enough data on service by employment is necessary to make a decision on the employment and income effects of services offshoring because service work plays an important role in all industries.
3） 有足夠的就業服務數據對于決定服務離岸外包的就業和收入影響是必要的，因為服務工作在所有行業都發揮著重要作用。
Conclusion 結論
Offshoring is identified to be an opportunity, rather than a risk. As this working essay has presented, it will create both winners and losers through the process of offshoring, but it is known to be up to the individual governments to make sure countries realize a net gain of all the benefits.
離岸外包被認為是一種機會，而不是風險。正如本工作文件所述，它將通過離岸外包過程創造贏家和輸家，但眾所周知，這取決于各國政府，以確保各國實現所有利益的凈收益。
The offshoring of jobs is likely to be an issue of growing concern in Australia and throughout the developed world. It is the same for private companies and government agencies, there will be plenty of opportunities to benefit from cheap educated workers in the developing world. The only thing that keeps on making these opportunities easier is the technological advances development.
工作崗位的離岸外包可能是澳大利亞和整個發達國家日益關注的問題。私營公司和政府機構也是如此，發展中國家將有大量機會從受過廉價教育的工人中受益。唯一能讓這些機會變得更容易的是技術進步和發展。
It is right to assume that cheap labour costs will attract many more Australian overseas and it is also correct that governments will face more pressure to promote inner investment and allow workers to retrain and move into other fields, but, offshoring companies and offshore providers will also be challenged. Australia currently has highly skilled employees and a sound regulatory environment. These attractions may be more important than the savings from using cheap overseas labour, mainly if the quality and reliability of the offshore service is lacking.
假設廉價的勞動力成本將吸引更多的澳大利亞人到海外是正確的，政府將面臨更大的壓力來促進內部投資，允許工人接受再培訓并進入其他領域也是正確的，但離岸外包公司和離岸供應商也將面臨挑戰。澳大利亞目前擁有高技能的員工和良好的監管環境。這些吸引力可能比使用廉價海外勞動力節省的成本更重要，主要是在缺乏離岸服務的質量和可靠性的情況下。
Finally, Australia needs to put its people over its land and focus on providing skills to people in stagnating regions, rather than build extra new places in the foreign country.
最后，澳大利亞需要把人民置于土地之上，專注于為停滯地區的人民提供技能，而不是在外國建造額外的新地方。
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