英國essay格式范文：UK Government Processes, Actors and Structure
英國essay格式范文-英國政府程序、參與者和結(jié)構(gòu)。本文是一篇英國留學(xué)生essay寫作格式范文，主要內(nèi)容是講述英國政府以議會主權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)，這是議會是英國最高立法機構(gòu)的學(xué)說。本篇essay將試圖解釋和評估組成英國政府的過程、關(guān)鍵參與者和結(jié)構(gòu)，以及民主是否真正反映在社會中。以下就是這篇英國essay格式范文的具體內(nèi)容，供參考。
Introduction 引言
The United Kingdom (UK) Government runs on parliamentary sovereignty, which is the doctrine that Parliament is the supreme law-making body in the United Kingdom (Jones and Norton 2014, p.252). This essay will seek to explain and evaluate the process, key actors and the structure which forms the UK Government, and if democracy is truly reflected in society.
Parties and Their Roles 締約方及其作用
According to Ware (1996, p.5), a political party is an institution that seeks to influence a state. For the UK, this is done by participating in an election, whereby winning, would secure a seat in a government.
根據(jù)Ware的觀點，政黨是一種試圖影響國家的機構(gòu)。對英國來說，這是通過參加選舉來實現(xiàn)的，通過選舉獲勝將確保在政府中的席位。
Elections and Their Roles 選舉及其作用
Elections allow citizens in the UK to participate directly in politics (Jones and Norton, 2014, p.121) through voting for their preferred parties by area. In doing so, they select the leaders of their constituency who wins a ‘seat’ in the House of Commons (Education Team, Houses of Parliament, 2018).
選舉允許英國公民通過按地區(qū)投票給他們喜歡的政黨，直接參與政治。在這樣做的過程中，他們選擇在下議院贏得“席位”的選區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
The Parliament and Their Role 議會及其作用
The Parliament is the supreme governing body of the country and is made up of three parts – the House of Commons, House of Lords and the Monarch (Silk and Walters, 2002).
議會是國家的最高管理機構(gòu)，由下議院、上議院和君主三部分組成。
House of Commons 下議院
The House of Commons is the elected chamber in parliament. They debates issues of at all levels of interest – local, national and international, they also propose, amend laws and challenges the governments’ work (Kelso, 2016).
下議院是議會中選舉產(chǎn)生的議院。他們辯論地方、國家和國際各級利益相關(guān)的問題，還提出、修改法律并挑戰(zhàn)政府的工作。
House of Lords 上議院
The House of Lords is the second chamber in parliament. Though unelected, they are made of mostly life peers and play a significant role in making and shaping laws and policies (Russell, 2013).
上議院是議會的第二議院。盡管未經(jīng)選舉，但他們大多由同齡人組成，在制定和制定法律和政策方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。
The Prime Minister and His Role 首相及其作用
The leader of the party that has the most Members of Parliament (MPs) elected becomes Prime Minister, the supreme decision maker of the country (Kelso, Bennister and Larkin, 2016). He is the First Lord of Treasury and heads the UK government (Hennessy, 2001, p.156). His main powers include but are not limited to, appointing ministers, chairing the cabinet, controlling the Whitehall and advising the Monarch (Jones and Norton, 2014, p.376).
當選議員最多的政黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人成為總理，成為國家的最高決策者。他是第一財政大臣，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)英國政府。他的主要權(quán)力包括但不限于任命大臣、主持內(nèi)閣、控制白廳和為君主提供建議。
The Cabinet and Their Role 內(nèi)閣及其作用
The Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet which is made of 20 senior ministers, they are collectively responsible for every decision the government makes (James, 2002, p.6). They are in charge of approving policies, resolving disputes, restricting the powers of the Prime Minister and unifying both the government and the parliamentary party (Jones and Norton, 2014, p.381).
首相選擇由20名高級部長組成的內(nèi)閣，他們共同負責(zé)政府做出的每一項決定。他們負責(zé)批準政策、解決爭端、限制首相的權(quán)力以及統(tǒng)一政府和議會黨。
The Monarch and Their Role 君主及其角色
The British Monarchy is known as a Constitutional Monarchy, which means that while a king or queen is Head of State, legislative power still lies within the elected parliament (The Royal Household, 2018). The Sovereign has largely ceremonial duties, which includes appointing the Prime Minister, acting on his/her advice and formally approving laws (The Cabinet Office, 2011, p.6). However, the monarch also has a symbolic role of representing the UK, maintaining British traditions, uniting the people and of course, the pledged allegiance of armed forces (Jones and Norton, 2014, p.278).
英國君主政體被稱為立憲君主政體，這意味著盡管國王或王后是國家元首，但立法權(quán)仍然屬于民選議會。君主主要履行禮儀職責(zé)，包括任命首相、根據(jù)其建議行事和正式批準法律。然而，君主也具有代表英國、維護英國傳統(tǒng)、團結(jié)人民的象征性作用，當然還有武裝部隊的宣誓效忠。
Strengths and Weaknesses of the UK Governmental Structure 英國政府結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)勢和劣勢
Run by the Parliament which consists of three parts, we will assess and evaluate the UK governmental structure through analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the House of Commons, House of Lords and the Monarch.
議會由三部分組成，我們將通過分析下議院、上議院和君主的優(yōu)勢和劣勢來評估和評估英國政府結(jié)構(gòu)。
House of Commons 下議院
Running on parliamentary democracy, the House of Commons can be considered representative of the people. The House of Commons has 650 members, with one MP for every 98,615 people (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.18). This means that MPs have to work hard to win the votes of the electorate, and to do so, they have to listen to the needs and wants of the people. This increases the MP’s focus in a constituency and thus, there is a higher chance of getting an MP’s attention for different issues, which is better for the people (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.19).
在議會民主的基礎(chǔ)上，下議院可以被視為人民的代表。下議院有650名議員，每98615人中就有一名議員。這意味著議員們必須努力贏得選民的選票，而要做到這一點，他們必須傾聽人民的需求和愿望。這增加了議員在選區(qū)中的關(guān)注度，因此，有更高的機會獲得議員對不同問題的關(guān)注，這對人民更好。
However, the sheer size can be a downside for individual members of the House of Commons. Due to limited time shared among a greater number of people, members have to compete with colleagues to ask questions and raise issues for debate (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.19). This means that an individual’s share of influence is lower, which might cause certain important issues raised to be dismissed or postponed.
然而，對于下議院的個別議員來說，龐大的規(guī)模可能是不利的。由于更多人共享的時間有限，成員必須與同事競爭提問和提出問題進行辯論。這意味著個人的影響力份額較低，這可能會導(dǎo)致提出的某些重要問題被駁回或推遲。
Overall, seeing that the House of Commons serves to serve the people, its strength greatly outweighs its weakness, and it is the most important house in parliament to represent the people of the UK.
總的來說，下議院是為人民服務(wù)的，它的力量遠遠超過了它的弱點，它是議會中代表英國人民最重要的議院。
House of Lords 上議院
On the other hand, the House of Lords has never been representative. The Lords were originally people who were rich and powerful, who could aid the King (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.32) and their status could only be passed down via hereditary peerage (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.35). In 1958, the Life Peerages Act allowed for members to be appointed from a wider range of backgrounds to facilitate greater diversity (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.33). Despite these attempts at reform, mostly politicians and their advisors were nominated. Furthermore, as the Lords are part-time, they do not always attend to their duties, with attendance increasing only from 51% in 2000 to 64% in 2014 (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.36). Thus, the House of Lords can be seen to be a weakness in the UK Governmental structure, as it is seen to be less representative of the people, and often wielded as a political tool by those who are rich and powerful.
另一方面，上議院從來沒有代表性。貴族最初是富有和有權(quán)勢的人，他們可以幫助國王，他們的地位只能通過世襲貴族身份傳承。1958年，《終身貴族法》允許從更廣泛的背景任命成員，以促進更大的多樣性。盡管進行了這些改革嘗試，但大多數(shù)政治家及其顧問都獲得了提名。此外，由于上議院是兼職的，他們并不總是履行職責(zé)，出席率僅從2000年的51%增加到2014年的64%。因此，上議院可以被視為英國政府結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個弱點，因為它被視為不太能代表人民，并且經(jīng)常被那些有錢有勢的人用作政治工具。
Monarch 君主
The unique strength of the Monarch is that The Sovereign is seen to be someone who is above politics, and stands at political neutrality (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.39). This means that regardless of who rises to power as the Prime Minister, he/she is able to consult someone who has no inclinations to any party or ideology and therefore fair and impartial, and also consult someone of immense political experience (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.41). This benefits society as a whole, as the Queen would be able to identify and represent anyone with any ideology or political inclination.
君主的獨特優(yōu)勢在于，君主被視為凌駕于政治之上，并保持政治中立。這意味著，無論誰升任首相，他/她都可以咨詢不傾向于任何政黨或意識形態(tài)的人，因此是公平公正的，并咨詢具有豐富政治經(jīng)驗的人。這有利于整個社會，因為女王能夠識別和代表任何具有任何意識形態(tài)或政治傾向的人。
However, this very strength may also be a weakness, especially in the case of a hung parliament. To have to decide who will be the Prime Minister, or finding common ground for the possible formation of a coalition government would go against the symbolism of being politically neutral (Silk and Walters, 2002, p.40).
然而，這種優(yōu)勢也可能是一個弱點，尤其是在無黨派議會的情況下。必須決定誰將擔(dān)任總理，或者為可能組建的聯(lián)合政府尋找共同點，將違背政治中立的象征意義。
Overall, the Monarch is key to the UK’s identity as a nation and serves as a symbol to unite the people regardless of their political stand, and that in itself, is a great strength.
總的來說，君主是英國國家身份的關(guān)鍵，也是團結(jié)人民的象征，無論他們的政治立場如何，這本身就是一種巨大的力量。
Democracy reflected through UK Government compared to Other Countries 與其他國家相比，英國政府體現(xiàn)的民主
UK 英國
After the passing of the Representation of the People Acts in 1918 and 1928, allowing both women and men to vote (Rossiter, Johnston and Pattie, 2009, p.62), Britain has been considered a democracy. Through the years, democracy and the special nature of British parliament structure have created a stable political environment, which has in turn enhanced economic growth in UK (Jones and Kavanagh, 2003, p.27). Even after the Brexit Referendum which incited some political instability, the UK still has a relatively high political stability index at 0.38 (ranging from -2.5 to 2.5) in 2016 (The Global Economy, 2018), and in terms of political rights, the UK has had an extremely consistent index at 1.0 (strong) since 1972 (The Global Economy, 2018). Over the years, however, the UK has seen a fall in voters turn out, and there are trends in terms of age and income which could contribute to electoral inequality (Birch, Gottfried and Lodge, 2013) and in turn affect democracy in UK.
1918年和1928年通過了《人民代表法》，允許女性和男性都有投票權(quán)，英國被視為民主國家。多年來，民主和英國議會結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊性創(chuàng)造了一個穩(wěn)定的政治環(huán)境，這反過來又促進了英國的經(jīng)濟增長。即使在英國脫歐公投引發(fā)了一些政治不穩(wěn)定之后，2016年英國的政治穩(wěn)定指數(shù)仍然相對較高，為0.38（從-2.5到2.5不等），在政治權(quán)利方面，自1972年以來，英國的政治穩(wěn)定性指數(shù)一直非常穩(wěn)定，為1.0（強勁）。然而，多年來，英國的選民人數(shù)有所下降，年齡和收入方面的趨勢可能會導(dǎo)致選舉不平等，進而影響英國的民主。
Singapore 新加坡
Infused with Asian values, yet with its roots in the Westminster Model, Singapore too operates on a parliamentary democracy (Berna, 2013, p.24). Ironically, since the beginning of its independence in 1965 till date, the People’s Action Party (PAP) has dominated Singapore’s political scene despite many viewing the PAP as having a socialist, even authoritarian ideology (Berna, 2013, p.25). Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong himself said that there are risks to democratic system (Channel News Asia, 2011). Despite all these, the PAP has proven able successfully delivers public goods to the population and has much support from the Singaporean population (Barr, 2012, p.31). With voting being compulsory in Singapore (Elections Department of Singapore, 2018), this could be a consideration for the UK government to look into. As voter participation has been falling in the UK (Knight, 2015), making voting compulsory by law might produce results that are more representative of the electorate, in turn enhancing democracy.
新加坡充滿了亞洲價值觀，但又植根于西敏寺模式，因此也實行議會民主。具有諷刺意味的是，自1965年獨立以來，盡管許多人認為人民行動黨具有社會主義甚至威權(quán)主義意識形態(tài)，但人民行動黨一直主導(dǎo)著新加坡的政治舞臺。新加坡總理李顯龍本人也表示，民主制度存在風(fēng)險。盡管如此，人民行動黨已被證明能夠成功地為民眾提供公共產(chǎn)品，并得到新加坡民眾的大力支持。由于投票在新加坡是強制性的，本篇essay認為這可能是英國政府的一個考慮因素。由于英國的選民參與率一直在下降，通過法律強制投票可能會產(chǎn)生更能代表選民的結(jié)果，從而增強民主。
More or Less Referenda to Improve Process 或多或少地參考以改進流程
To improve the process of formation of the UK Government would mean that, the selection process would be both more efficient and effective in reflecting the needs and wants of the people in a democracy. To say whether having more or less referenda would improve the process of forming the government would be too sweeping. It is ultimately dependent on the issue in question and the parliament’s stand on the issue.
改善英國政府的組建過程意味著，選舉過程將更高效、更有效地反映民主國家人民的需求和愿望。如果說舉行更多或更少的公民投票是否會改善政府的組建過程，那就太籠統(tǒng)了。它最終取決于所討論的問題以及議會在這個問題上的立場。
Having more referendum can be said to enhance democracy as it enables individual citizens to be directly involved in decision making, and is more reflective of society as a whole rather than solely the political class (Caramani, 2017, p.175). This is especially so when the parliament is split on an issue strongly concerning the people and there is a need to call for a referendum to get the people’s opinion. Though having more referenda might would compromise on efficiency, but it might be more effective in terms of gathering people’s opinion on issues, where the parliament is unable to decide. For example, on 18 September 2014, a referendum on whether Scotland should become an independent country was called. The electorate voted 55% to 45% in favour of Scotland remaining within the UK (Education Team, Houses of Parliament, 2018). In this case, a referendum was needed in order to ensure that the parliament is certain of what the people want.
本篇essay認為舉行更多的公民投票可以說是加強了民主，因為它使公民個人能夠直接參與決策，更能反映整個社會，而不僅僅是政治階層。尤其是當議會在一個與人民息息相關(guān)的問題上存在分歧，需要呼吁舉行全民公投以獲得人民的意見時。盡管舉行更多的公投可能會在效率上妥協(xié)，但在議會無法做出決定的問題上，它可能更有效地收集人們的意見。例如，2014年9月18日，就蘇格蘭是否應(yīng)該成為一個獨立國家舉行了全民公投。55%對45%的選民投票支持蘇格蘭留在英國。在這種情況下，需要舉行公民投票，以確保議會確定人民的愿望。
However, there are arguments against referendum, where elected politicians are considered to have much greater expertise and understanding of the political situation and impact to make decisions compared to the common man (Caramani, 2017, p.175). For example in the 2016 Brexit referendum, the citizens of the UK are still split on whether a referendum should have been called for and if a second referendum should be called. Many felt that a significant number of citizens who voted were not sufficiently well-informed about the issue and the impact it would have on the UK (Richards, Heath and Carl, 2018). According to the Post-Election Wave 6, 53% of Britons expressed a degree of uncertainty ranging from ‘Somewhat Certain’, ‘Not At All Certain’ and ‘Don’t Know’ (Vasilopoulou, 2016). In the case of controversial issues, it is still difficult to decide whether referendums should be called.
然而，本篇essay提出也有人反對公投，因為與普通人相比，民選政治家被認為對政治形勢和決策影響有更大的專業(yè)知識和理解。例如，在2016年英國脫歐公投中，英國公民在是否應(yīng)該舉行公投以及是否應(yīng)該舉行第二次公投的問題上仍存在分歧。許多人認為，大量投票的公民對這一問題及其對英國的影響知之甚少。根據(jù)選舉后浪潮6，53%的英國人表達了一定程度的不確定性，包括“有點確定”、“完全不確定”和“不知道”。在有爭議的問題上，仍然很難決定是否應(yīng)該舉行全民投票。
Generally, as long as the parliament is united on an issue that clearly reflects the people’s needs and wants, fewer referenda would improve the process of the formation of the UK government, in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.
一般來說，只要議會在一個明確反映人民需求和愿望的問題上團結(jié)一致，就效率和效力而言，減少公投將改善英國政府的組建過程。
Conclusion 結(jié)論
In conclusion, the UK government has had a long standing history of over 900 years following the Westminster model (Education Team, Houses of Parliament, 2018) and is one of the most highly respected democracy with many of Britain’s ex-overseas territories in Southeast Asia, such as India and Singapore, modelling after the UK (Kumarasingham, 2016). Though there are reforms that can be undertaken, the many traditions that are withheld in the system are considered key to the identity of the UK and its citizens, who are proud to identify themselves as UK citizens.
總之，本篇essay總結(jié)了英國政府遵循威斯敏斯特模式已有900多年的悠久歷史，是最受尊敬的民主國家之一，英國在東南亞的許多前海外領(lǐng)土，如印度和新加坡，都效仿英國。盡管可以進行改革，但體制中保留的許多傳統(tǒng)被認為是英國及其公民身份的關(guān)鍵，他們以自己是英國公民而自豪。本站提供各國各專業(yè)留學(xué)生essay格式范文，essay代寫以及essay寫作指導(dǎo)，如有需要可咨詢本平臺。
