北美essay作業代寫范文：The Effects Of Climate Change In North America Politics Essay

本文是一篇留學生essay作業代寫范文，主要講述的內容如下：氣候變化是當今世界討論的最大問題之一，并且已經影響到全球社會。北美作為地球上最有影響力的地區之一，在為社會做好準備以適應氣候變化可能發生的變化方面樹立適當榜樣的壓力更大。鑒于北美在全球各個國家擁有的經濟實力，所采取的決定和行動也將對其他國家產生直接影響。

Climate change is one of the biggest issues of discussion in the world today and is already affecting societies around the globe. North America, being one of the most influential areas of the planet, has the added pressure of setting the proper example in preparing its society to adjust for the possible changes to be made in regards to climate change. Given the economic power that North America holds over various countries worldwide, the decisions and actions that are taken are going to have a direct impact on the other nations as well. The US is put in a place of control when it comes to the matter of climate change, and as a result, if the US continues to deny the changes that are occurring in the world of today, other countries will continue to suffer and will not be able to take the necessary actions in order to prevent the downfall of their own societies. Actions are starting to be taken by both the government and non-governmental organizations, who are trying to inform the general public on what the current situation is with climate change and the possible outcomes. There is a clear effort being made to help slow down, or even prevent climate change from making a large impact on society, but if there is a major impact, unfortunately society will not be able to cope accordingly. The programs to prepare society for the worst to come exist, but there is not enough focus on these programs to get the message across. If this information is not distributed around the world, and if this subject is not taken seriously, human civilization could very well already be on its way to downfall. North America is taking steps in order to prepare its population for change in order to deal with climate change and make sure that society is affected as little as possible. In order for the world to be able to tackle the subject of climate change, all nations will have to come together and educate their own people on the dangers and potential problematic outcomes of this ongoing shift in the world’s climate, starting with the United States.

美國在氣候變化問題上處于控制地位，因此，如果美國繼續否認當今世界正在發生的變化，其他國家將繼續受苦，不會能夠采取必要的行動，以防止他們自己的社會垮臺。政府和非政府組織都開始采取行動，試圖讓公眾了解氣候變化的現狀和可能的結果。顯然正在努力幫助減緩甚至防止氣候變化對社會產生重大影響，但如果產生重大影響，不幸的是社會將無法相應應對。存在使社會為最壞情況做好準備的計劃，但對這些計劃的關注不夠，無法傳達信息。如果這些信息沒有在世界范圍內傳播，如果這個問題沒有得到認真對待，人類文明很可能已經走向衰落。北美正在采取措施，使其人口為變化做好準備，以應對氣候變化并確保社會受到的影響盡可能小。為了讓世界能夠解決氣候變化的問題，所有國家都必須團結起來，教育本國人民了解世界氣候持續變化的危險和潛在的問題后果，首先是美國。

The governments of North America have programs which are made to inform the general public about the current situation of climate change; however, there is not enough emphasis put on these programs to convey this message to societies. It is a known fact that climate change is one of the main issues of discussion in the world today, and that it is going to take a global effort in order to get results. North America is one of the leading polluters of today, and therefore it is extremely important for the US to be aware of what is happening in terms of climate change. The United States government has programs that are specifically designed to inform the general public about what is going on with climate change and what can be done to prevent it, cope with it, and prepare for the worst. “This is despite the fact that the reports of several governmental agencies in the United States and around the world cite human activity as one of, if not the primary driver of global climate change,” (Nagel et al, 2008). The programs exist, the government is aware of what needs to be done, but there is simply not enough focus on these programs. For example, on June 16th, 2009, the White House helped launch the Global Climate Change Impacts on the United States report, which is a representation of thirteen agencies that, in the course of a year and a half, focused on potential climate change impacts on the United States. Yet, a large group of the United States public is completely unaware of the fact that this report was written. Sadly, the government knows this and even takes it into account, as stated in the document “Responses to climate change impacts in the United States will almost certainly evolve over timea€| Implementing these response strategies will require careful planning and continual feedback on the impacts of policies for government, industry, and society,” (Waple, 2009). Non-governmental organizations are the ones at the front lines, informing the general public one person at a time, letting people know what steps need to be taken in order to cope with, or even prevent climate change. Even though these organizations are putting in the hours of effort to inform the public, the majority of people shy away from the NGO’s and choose to not take them seriously and not regard this as a real problem that will eventually have an impact on the world.

北美政府制定了向公眾宣傳氣候變化現狀的計劃；然而，對這些計劃的重視不夠，不足以向社會傳達這一信息。眾所周知，氣候變化是當今世界討論的主要問題之一，需要全球共同努力才能取得成果。北美是當今主要的污染國之一，因此對美國來說，了解氣候變化方面正在發生的事情非常重要。美國政府制定了專門設計的計劃，旨在讓公眾了解氣候變化正在發生的情況，以及可以采取哪些措施來預防、應對和為最壞的情況做準備。 “盡管事實上美國和世界各地的幾個政府機構的報告都將人類活動列為全球氣候變化的主要驅動因素之一，”（Nagel 等人，2008 年）。這些計劃是存在的，政府知道需要做什么，但對這些計劃沒有足夠的關注。例如，2009 年 6 月 16 日，白宮幫助發布了《全球氣候變化對美國的影響》報告，該報告代表 13 個機構，在一年半的時間里，重點關注潛在的氣候變化影響在美國。然而，一大群美國公眾完全不知道這份報告是寫成的。可悲的是，政府知道這一點，甚至考慮到這一點，正如“美國對氣候變化影響的應對措施幾乎肯定會隨著時間的推移而發展”中所述政府、行業和社會的政策”（Waple，2009 年）。非政府組織是第一線的組織，一次只通知一個人，讓人們知道需要采取哪些措施來應對甚至預防氣候變化。盡管這些組織花費了數小時的時間向公眾宣傳，但大多數人都回避了非政府組織，并選擇不認真對待它們，也不認為這是一個最終會對世界產生影響的真正問題。

In order for the human race to respond appropriately to the results that climate change will have on society, people have to be made aware of the expected outcomes. As stated by the National Assessment Synthesis Team in Washington, D.C. “Climate change will affect different segments of society differently because of their varying exposures and adaptive capacities” (NAST, 2000). There are many different environmental issues that the world is being faced with. Some are local, where others will have an impact on a global scale. Environmental issues are comprised of social interactions and natural phenomena, “in this sense, they are hybrid issues of society and the environment,” (Giddens, 2009). Due to the amplification of social awareness dealing with environmental problems in the 1970s, sociology has focused part of its reasearch on global climate change, known as environmental sociology. Environmental sociologists study the complex and versatile relationship between human beings and their natural environments, which also covers the question of why social systems have a tendency to exceed their ecological carrying capability.

為了讓人類對氣候變化對社會產生的影響做出適當的反應，人們必須意識到預期的結果。正如華盛頓特區的國家評估綜合小組所說，“氣候變化將對社會的不同階層產生不同的影響，因為它們的暴露和適應能力不同”（NAST，2000 年）。世界正面臨著許多不同的環境問題。有些是本地的，有些會在全球范圍內產生影響。環境問題由社會互動和自然現象組成，“從這個意義上說，它們是社會和環境的混合問題”（Giddens，2009 年）。由于 1970 年代處理環境問題的社會意識增強，社會學將部分研究重點放在全球氣候變化上，即環境社會學。環境社會學家研究人類與其自然環境之間復雜而多樣的關系，這也涵蓋了為什么社會系統傾向于超過其生態承載能力的問題。

The report done on understanding climate change suggests that there are certain areas of research that scientists must take as a priority. These areas include “1) human activities that alter the earth’s environment; 2) forces that drive these activities; 3) consequences of environmental changes for societies and economies; and 4) how humans respond to these changes,” (Nagel et al, 2008).The main issues that the world has to deal with are pollution and waste, resource depletion, genetic modification of food, and global warming. Air pollution clearly has a global influence, and is mainly caused by ‘outdoor pollution’, produced mainly by industrial pollutants, and ‘indoor pollution’, causes by burning fuels at home such as heating. Human societies depend on natural resources from the planet – wood, water, plant life, animals. These are mainly classified as renewable resources, however, if there is no balance between consumption and reproduction, there is a risk that there will be no more left. Rapid population and economic growth in the arid and semi-arid regions of Southern California, the central valley of California, and the front range of the Rocky Mountains has radically increased exposure to water shortages (NAST, 2000). Along with consumption rates, “population shifts and development choices are making more Americans vulnerable to the expected impacts of climate change,” (NAST, 2000). North America being one of the more heavily populated areas in the world also raises the vulnerability of the specific regions that are densly populated. “The four most populous states in 2000 – California, Texas, Florida, and New York – accounted for 38 percent of the total growth in U.S. population during that time, and share significant vulnerability to coastal storms, severe drought, sea-level rise, air pollution, and urban heat island effectsa€|Over 80 percent of the U.S. population resides in urban areas, which are among the most rapidly changing environments on Earth,” (NAST, 2000).

翻譯結果這個世界還增加了人口密集的特定地區的脆弱性。 “2000 年人口最多的四個州——加利福尼亞、德克薩斯、佛羅里達和紐約——占當時美國人口總增長的 38%，并且在沿海風暴、嚴重干旱、海平面上升、空氣污染和城市熱島效應……超過 80% 的美國人口居住在城市地區，這是地球上變化最快的環境之一，”（NAST，2000 年）。

翻譯這個世界還增加了人口密集的特定地區的脆弱性。 “2000 年人口最多的四個州——加利福尼亞、德克薩斯、佛羅里達和紐約——占當時美國人口總增長的 38%，并且在沿海風暴、嚴重干旱、海平面上升、空氣污染和城市熱島效應……超過 80% 的美國人口居住在城市地區，這是地球上變化最快的環境之一，”（NAST，2000 年）。

In some cases the negative outcomes of climate change do not directly affect North America, but the nations that supply North America with their export. Which in turn also has a negative affect on North America. The main component of climate change, which is global warming, has the most noticeable impact on societies, “scientists have recently estimated that global warming kills about 160,000 people every year” (Giddens, 2009). In general, the groups of people that are going to be affected the most are the youth, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged (NAST, 2000). This is due to the fact that people who are at a disadvantage, socially and monetarily, are unable to acquire the resources necessary in order to cope with these changes. The rise in global temperatures during the summer and the fall of temperatures during the winter are at an all time high and low, respectively, and human beings are not prepared to the best of their abilities, and consequently human beings are the ones who are losing the battle against the shift in climate.

在某些情況下，氣候變化的負面結果不會直接影響北美，而是會影響向北美提供出口的國家。這反過來也對北美產生了負面影響。氣候變化的主要組成部分是全球變暖，它對社會的影響最為顯著，“科學家最近估計，全球變暖每年導致約 160,000 人死亡”（Giddens，2009 年）。一般來說，受影響最大的人群是青年、老年人和經濟弱勢群體（NAST，2000）。這是因為在社會和金錢上處于不利地位的人無法獲得必要的資源來應對這些變化。夏季全球氣溫上升和冬季氣溫下降分別處于歷史最高水平和最低水平，人類沒有盡最大努力做好準備，因此人類是輸家對抗氣候變化的斗爭。

Another problem area that is beginning to arise is that of health and the mutation of pre-existing disease and viruses, “public health researchers have begun to note variations in seasonal diseases, like the flu, and the geographic spread of malaria and diarrheal diseases resulting from ill-equipped sanitation services and a lack of access to clean, fresh water,” (Nagel et al, 2008).Yet, with these facts, there is still no drastic change or effort being made to prevent this from happening; and there is further research that must be done before scientists will be able to estimate how much these changes will result in negative societial outcomes.

另一個開始出現的問題領域是健康以及先前存在的疾病和病毒的突變，“公共衛生研究人員已經開始注意到季節性疾病的變化，如流感，以及瘧疾和腹瀉疾病的地理傳播衛生服務設施不完善和無法獲得干凈的淡水，”（Nagel 等人，2008 年）。在科學家們能夠估計這些變化將在多大程度上導致負面的社會后果之前，還必須進行進一步的研究。

Other areas of the world are also making an effort to inform the general public about climate change and the potential changes that will have to be made in order to prevent negative outcomes. The Kyoto Protocol was created in 1997, in Kyoto, Japan and was put into action in February 2005, and since then 187 states have signed the protocol. The Kyoto protocol is a convention that was created in an attempt to fight global warming and lower greenhouse gas emissions by restricting countries gas emission percentages. Ironically enough, the United States is the only nation that has not signed and has no intention to ratify the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was created when George W. Bush was still president of the US, and he was of the firm opinion that climate change not only was not a problem, but did not even exist as an important global issue. As a result, the US has been put far behind the rest of the world in terms of acknowledging and acting on this matter. This is a set-back to the global effort in fighting climate change and will continue to create problems, in the long run, if there is no agreement reached on this subject shortly.

世界其他地區也在努力向公眾宣傳氣候變化以及為防止負面結果而必須做出的潛在變化。 《京都議定書》于 1997 年在日本京都制定，并于 2005 年 2 月付諸實施，此后已有 187 個國家簽署了該議定書。京都議定書是一項旨在通過限制各國氣體排放百分比來對抗全球變暖和降低溫室氣體排放的公約。具有諷刺意味的是，美國是唯一沒有簽署也無意批準該議定書的國家。 《京都議定書》是在喬治·W·布什還是美國總統的時候制定的，他堅信氣候變化不僅不是問題，甚至不作為一個重要的全球性問題存在。因此，美國在承認和處理此事方面遠遠落后于世界其他國家。這是全球應對氣候變化努力的倒退，如果短期內不能就此問題達成協議，從長遠來看，這將繼續產生問題。

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