How to write an argumentative essay step by step「essay writing skills」
How to write an argumentative essay step by step？Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.This article provides you with relevant writing argumentative essay tips, steps and examples for your reference.
一．what's an argumentative essay
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
Please note: Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.
請注意:議論文和說明文之間可能會出現一些混淆。這兩種體裁是相似的，但議論文不同于說明性論文在數量上的預先寫作(發明)和涉及的研究。議論文通常被指定為第一年寫作或高級寫作課程的總結性或期末項目，涉及冗長、詳細的研究。說明文涉及的研究較少，篇幅也較短。說明性論文常用于課堂寫作練習或考試，如GED或GRE。
二．How to write an argumentative essay step by step
You will be happy to know that an argumentative essay outline does not differ from any other essay. Thus, there are some standard steps to writing an argumentative essay that need to be taken.
1. Introduction
In the welcoming paragraph, you are expected to set the tone of the entire paper. You should state the topic and mention some background information on it. In the very first sentence, you should write something to catch the reader’s attention, the so-called hook. You can use some statistical details, interesting facts, or personal experiences to help the reader understand the significance of the chosen problem. But instead of spilling the beans in the opening section, just give a general idea of what to expect from the rest of your work.
在歡迎段中，你需要為整篇文章定下基調。你應該陳述主題并提及一些背景信息。在第一句話，你應該寫一些東西來抓住讀者的注意力，所謂的吸引。你可以使用一些統計細節、有趣的事實或個人經歷來幫助讀者理解所選問題的重要性。但是，不要在開頭部分就透露細節，而是要給出一個大概的想法，告訴你接下來的工作應該做些什么。
2.The body paragraphs
This section is nothing but flesh and blood of the entire essay. It covers different points of view by providing evidence for each one. In order to prove teach point of view, you can use the methods, such as statistical details, scientific research studies, quotes from reliable sources, and so on. You are not expected to convince your reader of something, but to introduce different sides of one issue. You should make sure that each paragraph addresses one single argument with sufficient evidence.
這一部分是整篇文章的精華。它通過為每個觀點提供證據來涵蓋不同的觀點。為了證明教授的觀點，你可以使用方法，如統計細節，科學研究研究，引用可靠的來源，等等。你不需要說服你的讀者某事，但介紹一個問題的不同方面。你應該確保每一段都有一個單獨的論點和足夠的證據。
The body section usually consists of 4-5 paragraphs that need to be organized logically to make an essay look cohesive. When you write argumentative essays, make sure you don’t jump from one argument to another without any transition. With the use of transitional words, you can enable a smooth flow of sentences and paragraphs. Thus, your ideas will be interrelated in a chain reaction.
3.Conclusion
Now that you know how to start argumentative essay, you should learn how to finish it properly. In order to craft a strong final paragraph, you should restate the previously mentioned information without adding anything new. By briefly mentioning all the arguments from the body paragraphs, you can address them through the prism of the thesis statement. It doesn’t mean that you need to say the same information once again. But you need to say it in different words. Depending on your topic, you can give some recommendations for future research or possible solutions to the problem.
既然你知道了如何開始議論文，你就應該學會如何正確地完成它。為了寫出一個強有力的結尾段落，你應該重述前面提到的信息，但不要添加任何新的內容。通過簡要地提到主體段落中的所有論點，你可以通過主題陳述的棱鏡來處理它們。這并不意味著你需要把同樣的信息再說一遍。但你得換個說法。根據你的主題，你可以為未來的研究或問題的可能解決方案提出一些建議。
三. simple argumentative essay example
Prompt:The title of this essay is:Advantages And Disadvantages Of Human Organ Donation.This research essay provides insight into an argumentative factor of if a mandatory opt-in and opt-out system would be beneficial when it comes to human organ donation. Through in-depth research and academic source’s, it is clear that there are multiple aspects to consider when it comes to the organ donation system. These aspects will be discussed throughout this research paper which, include the increase in demand for organs, the next of kin and families role in the process of consent, viable organs going to waste due an unregistered donor, the possibility of taking in to consideration the positive factors of “assumed consent” and the major elements that are affecting multiple hospital’s . Overall the process, restrictions and the very high need of organ donation will be discussed through the duration of this paper.
Introduction
Through the current organ donation system individuals have the ability to gift their organs away after death to multiple individuals on the transplant list who are in need of them. This is a highly effective way to help a large amount of people whom have been waiting for an organ due to certain circumstances. However, this system is not being used to its full potential because of the lack of people who actually take the time to consider organ donation and sign a document stating whether or not they would or would not like to donate their organs after death. Therefore, multiple organs go to waste once an individual dies as a result of the hospital and family being unaware of the potential donors wishes for their organs and the organs becoming unviable over time. My research essay will argue how it is argumentative whether or not there should be a mandatory opt-in or opt-out system when it comes to organ donation as, there is a major organ shortage, unexpected deaths alone account for many healthy organs going to waste and family and next of kens should not have to make such an informed critical decision so quickly and many individuals may not sign the donation form for many reasons but, wouldn’t mind being an organ donor.
Unexpected Deaths of Non-Organ Donors
There is an increasing amount of unexpected deaths of people whom are not signed up to state whether of not they would prefer to donate their organs after death. These deaths could have saved countless amounts of people on the transplant list. Individuals die every day without being a registered organ donor and leave the hard decision of whether or not their organs should or should not be donated up to their families or relatives. Ultimately, leaving the decision up to family members during the crucial time of grief tends to work against organ donation as the family feels it is best to keep the body intact. This ends up leaving several viable organs going to waste. According to Clara a respondent (as cited in Nizza, Britton and Smith 2014), who was interviewed feels it is a choice to leave the decision of organ donation up to a family member. Clara states, “One of the reasons why perhaps I’ve been blasé about it, perhaps assuming, you know, if something like that did happen, my next of kin could […] give their consent or something.” (p. 14). This goes to show that an individual might expect their family to consent to go forth with organ donation, but the family decides against it hoping that they did the right thing.
Reasons to being Unregistered
There are multiple reasons as to why someone may not sign up to be an organ donor which can override the overall importance of making the decision of whether or not you decide to or not to donate your organs after death. Reasons may include having limited knowledge on the topic, personal emotions towards cadaver manipulation and prior experiences with organ donation. As well, mistrust towards particular hospitals, doctors or the health care system as a whole. (Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra, 2018). Some of the reasons listed like lack of knowledge can easily be fixed however, the more complex reasons such as mistrust in the system are much harder to address and change. Other factors that are seen as contributors to this issue are certain races and ethnicity’s such as Hispanic, Latinos and African Americans having a decreasing count of organ donation registration appose to Caucasians. (Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra, 2018). This is due to issues such as living in low income areas and not having the proper resources to seek information. According to Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra (2018). An explanation to this is “Caucasians have […] more knowledge about and positive attitude toward organ donation, whereas African Americans have documented a higher mistrust of the healthcare system and poor interactions within that system, as well […] concern about maintaining the body intact as part of beliefs around afterlife” (p.2). In time the hope is for individuals of all races to become more educated and slowly gain the trust of the health care system back.
Deaths due to no Donations
We all know that people die every day and that it is the sad reality of life however, some of those deaths could have possibly been prevented if individuals who had viable organs after death would have donated them. In some cases, prior to one’s death they choose not to donate their organs due to the fact they feel their death is hastened and dignity is being lost due to pressures from physicians. (Wojciech, 2009). This is a conflict of interest that affects the individual(s) counting on the donation after one has passed away. As stated by Wojciech, (2009) dignity is a huge component that is weighed in with any decisions made “respect for the donors’ dignity at the end-of-life should always prevail over the interest of society to increase the number of organ transplantation” (Wojciech, 2009). As I agree with this statement, I believe that physicians should be informed about this issue and to the best of their ability try and avoid any form of conflict that would jeopardize any future candidates whom want to donate their organs.
Family and Conflicts
Guilt can be an element in cases where a family or next of kin has to think deeply about what their family member or friend wanted to do with their organs once they are dead. Most people have never discussed their wishes to anyone making it very difficult on the family or next of kin to choose what feels right to them. Multiple states currently permit people to choose if they want their organs to be donated after their death however, a family member has the ability to overrule the decedents wishes and ultimately go against their choice. (Havekost 2019). This is extremely rare in most cases of organ donation, however, can be a conflict of interest within families of strong religious beliefs. On the other according to Havekost (2019), “Many eligible decedents never express their desire to become or not to become organ donors, and family members refuse to consent to donate or cannot be contacted in time”. (p.1). In situations like this it is very hard to change the minds of the family members within a certain time that the organs are still viable for the next individual waiting on the transplant list.
當家人或近親不得不深入思考他們的家人或朋友在他們死后想要如何處理他們的器官時，內疚可能是一個因素。大多數人從來沒有向任何人討論過他們的愿望，這讓家人或近親很難選擇他們認為正確的。目前，美國多個州允許人們選擇死后是否愿意捐獻自己的器官。然而，家庭成員有權否決死者的意愿，并最終違背他們的選擇。(Havekost 2019)。這在大多數器官捐獻案例中是極其罕見的，然而，在有強烈宗教信仰的家庭中可能會產生利益沖突。另一方面，Havekost(2019)表示，“許多符合條件的死者從未表達過成為或不成為器官捐贈者的愿望，家人拒絕同意捐贈或無法及時聯系到他們。”(第1頁)。在這種情況下，很難在一段時間內改變家庭成員的想法，因為這些器官對下一個等待移植的人來說仍然是可行的。
Hospital Crisis Regarding Organ Donation
The demand for organ donation is at its highest and with very low amounts of individuals actually being registered as a donor and receiving an organ is slim, so the demand for alternative medicine such as dialysis is also at a very high demand as it is helping to at least ease people’s problems and improve their quality of life a bit while waiting for an organ. This demand furthermore leads to the need for more health care professionals, scheduling problems and hospital working at full capacity and even extending themselves too far. According to Abouna (2007) “The organ shortage crisis has deprived thousands of patients of a new and better quality of life and has caused a substantial increase in the cost of alternative medical care” (p.1). This is impacting the health care system as a whole as the resources are being consumed in larger amounts and in a shorter period of time. If there were more programs that offered education based on organ donation then there would be a hope that organ donation would increase and the demand for alternative medicine would no longer be there. (Abouna, 2007). This is a big change that will take time and resources however will ultimately benefit a large amount of people from all forms of areas.
Conclusion
In conclusion the demand for organ donation is higher now than it has ever been and if there is any possible way for there to be an increase in the amount of living and dead donors on the registry then every possible action needs to be taken for it to happen. Furthermore, individuals need to make sure they start to talk to their families and next of kin in order to ensure their wishes of being a donor are able to be kept. The concept of “assumed consent” is a possibility and a positive one at that. If unexpected deaths occur and the person has not opted-out of donating their organs there is a chance they would have wanted to donate and even if one person could be designated as having “assumed consent” the organs from their one body could help to save many people’s lives. Organ donation is in the highest demand it has ever been and many people are losing their live to people not donating for the simplest of reasons including not being educated enough to know how important it is to donate their organs. The fact is the organ donation registry being able to grow and expand would lead to an enormous amount of lives being saved and many mores being forever changed by individuals simply being educated, then registering themselves as a donor and most importantly explaining their wishes to their medical proxy. So that their huge decision to help move the organ donation registry further along does not get dragged farther back because of emotions and grief resulting from a loved one’s unwillingness to say goodbye.
Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.
也許把一篇文章想象成與同學的對話或辯論是有幫助的。如果我要討論第二次世界大戰的起因，以及它對那些經歷過動蕩時期的人目前的影響，對話將會有一個開始、中間和結束。事實上，如果我在第二點的中間部分結束這一論點，問題就會出現在那些經歷過這場沖突的人身上。因此，議論文必須是完整的，在邏輯上是這樣的，對其意圖或論點留下毫無疑問。
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