留學生經濟學Essay范文翻譯：Overview of Ricardian Trade Theory

本文是經濟學專業的留學生Essay范例，題目是“Overview of Ricardian Trade Theory（不同社會經濟群體消費模式分析）”，大衛·李嘉圖在1817年指出李嘉圖模型。不同的國家在生產力和技術上有差異。因此，這些差異會導致比較優勢貿易。李嘉圖模型主要有兩點:首先，不同國家的勞動生產率差異在國際貿易中占有重要地位。其次，貿易模式依賴比較優勢，而不是絕對優勢。換句話說，根據Evans, H. D(1989)，比較兩個國家，一個國家在兩種商品的生產上具有絕對優勢，另一個國家在另一種商品的生產上處于絕對劣勢。假設是:兩種商品在兩國的生產率不同(一種商品的生產率高于另一種商品的生產率)。優勢國在一個優勢上取得了比較優勢好，劣勢國在一個劣勢上取得了比較優勢好。兩國生產各自具有比較優勢的商品，同時出口具有比較優勢的商品，進口具有比較劣勢的商品，兩國都能從這種國際貿易中獲益。這就是李嘉圖比較優勢貿易理論的原理。

David Ricardo points out the Ricardian Model in 1817. Different countries had differences in productivity and technology. Hence, those differences would cause comparative advantage trade. There are two mainly points of Ricardian Model; firstly, the different rates of labor productivity between different countries had important position in international trade. Secondly, the model of trade is dependent on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage. On the other words, According to Evans, H. D (1989), comparing two countries, a country had absolute advantage in the production of two goods, and the other on was in absolute inferiority. The assumption is: the two goods had different productivity in both countries (one goods productivity is more efficiency than the other one in a country). The advantage country got comparative advantage in one advantage good, and inferiority country got comparative advantage in one disadvantage good. Both countries produce their comparative advantage goods, moreover, both countries export the comparative advantage good and import comparative disadvantage good, then both countries could got benefits from this international trade. This is the principle of Ricardian comparative advantage trade theory.

As lecture notes point out and Porter,M.E (1998) concluded, the Ricardian Comparative advantage trade theory is based on the assumptions followed: 1, there are only two countries, A and B. 2, both countries are only produced two goods. 3, when the goods were producing, there are different technology between two countries, A and B. Hence the different degrees of technology level affect different productivity and capital. 4, this model only got the goods to goods trade assumption. There is no complicate trading. (Both goods got same price, however the cost of production was not equal). 5, labor market supply was fixed. 6, labour can mobile inside the country, however, is not mobile across countries. 7, in countries, goods and markets are perfect competition. 8, there is no tariff and transportation cost. 9, productivity of labor is fixed. (Means the degree of technology would not increase during trading.)

正如課堂筆記指出的，波特，M。E(1998)總結，李嘉圖比較優勢貿易理論是基于以下假設:1，只有兩個國家，A和B. 2，兩個國家都只生產兩種商品。3、在商品生產時，A和b兩國之間存在著不同的技術，因此技術水平的不同程度影響著不同的生產力和資本。4、該模型只得出了貨物對貨物交易的假設。沒有復雜的交易。(兩種商品價格相同，但生產成本不相等)。5、勞動力市場供給穩定。6、勞動力可以在國內流動，但不能在其他國家流動。7、在國家里，商品和市場是完全競爭的。8、沒有關稅和運輸費用。9、勞動生產率是固定的。(意味著在交易過程中技術程度不會增加。)

The theory generally assumes that the relative supplies of these two particular commodities are based on their relative productivity and technology. Hence, every country got varies productivity or technology; the endowments were the factor of their relative the productivity. This theory presented two countries are endowed with different level or degree of the production factors, and the naturally determined endowments, country would follow the endowments to trade the comparative advantage goods to the other one. These affect the two countries international trade more efficient and decrease the cost of capital for both countries. Moreover, with constant productivity, both countries could benefit from the free international trade even one country is in absolute disadvantage. Takumi Naito (2012) concluded the Ricardian model of trade and growth. He concluded from the assumption and gets one results: if two countries got larger comparative advantage, the benefit for both countries are getting huger. We can easily contact the relationship between advance country and developing country. With the simple example, United Kingdom and India trade with the grains and textile during the law of comparative advantage coming out. Hence, the textile production in UK requires less labour hours required in the grains producing: UK got the comparative in producing cheese. Same as India, India has comparative advantage producing grains. Therefore, there are gain from international trade if UK product the textile and India product grains. The Ricardian Model really proved UK free international trade in grains.

該理論通常假設這兩種特定商品的相對供給是基于它們的相對生產力和技術。因此，每個國家都有不同的生產力或技術;稟賦是影響其相對生產力的因素。該理論認為兩個國家具有不同的生產要素水平或程度，在自然決定的稟賦下，國家會根據稟賦與另一個國家進行比較優勢商品的交易。這些影響了兩國的國際貿易效率，降低了兩國的資金成本。此外，隨著生產率的不斷提高，兩國都可以從自由的國際貿易中獲益，即使有一個國家處于絕對劣勢。Takumi Naito(2012)總結了貿易與增長的李嘉圖模型。他從這個假設中得出了一個結論:如果兩個國家獲得了更大的比較優勢，那么兩國的利益就會更大。我們可以很容易地了解發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系。以一個簡單的例子，英國和印度在比較優勢定律下與糧食和紡織品的貿易就顯現出來。因此，英國的紡織生產在谷物生產中需要更少的勞動時間:英國在生產奶酪方面得到了比較。和印度一樣，印度在糧食生產上也有比較優勢。因此，如果英國生產紡織品，印度生產糧食，就會從國際貿易中獲益。李嘉圖模型證明了英國的糧食自由國際貿易。

Under those assumptions, Ricardian model ignores many product factors besides labor. David Ricardo explained the reason of international trade under different efficient of labor production. There are huge advantages for developing the international trade with this classic model. Firstly, this model comes from the law of comparative advantage, and help the United Kingdom got the solution to the grain crisis from 1815. Secondly, although Ricardian Model only showed its pedagogical importance, the classical emphasis on different productivity and the cost of labor has been utilized by the neoclassical focus on factor endowments. (Stephen S.G, 2000) thirdly, older tests, such as MacDougall, 1951 and Stern, 1962 were highly successful. Hence, it is valuable for us to know how this basic pedagogical model performs empirically with the large recent data.

The empirical Validity of the Model and the Relevance of the Empirical Work模型的實證有效性和實證工作的相關性

In these parts, this paper would show the strengths and weaknesses of Ricardian Model, from the points of empirical. The core meaning as mention before: follow the law of comparative advantage; the country would to do specialized production for only one goods which is comparative advantage good. We cannot reject this theory points with the literature evidence; however, we could prove some empirical evidence to discuss the advantage and disadvantage for the international trade.

在這些部分，本文將從實證的角度說明李嘉圖模型的優缺點。其核心含義是:遵循比較利益規律;國家只會對一種商品進行專業化生產這是比較優勢商品。我們不能用文獻證據來否定這一理論;然而，我們可以證明一些經驗證據來討論國際貿易的利弊。

Basic Ricardian Model基本李嘉圖的模型

The Ricardian Model focus on the technology and labour productivity. As the comparative advantage theory mentioned, the labour costs also is the important elements of this model. Now, based on the research of Stephen S.G (2000) we represent ‘Aa’ to the labor requirements of every single unit in country a, and ‘Qa’ is the value-added in country a. represent the ‘La’ as the labour employment in country a:

李嘉圖模型關注的是技術和勞動生產率。正如比較優勢理論所提到的，勞動力成本也是該模型的重要組成部分。現在，根據Stephen S.G(2000)的研究，我們用“Aa”表示a國每一個單位的勞動需求，用“Qa”表示a國的附加值，用“La”表示a國的勞動就業:

We can see easily, the Aa is unit labor requirements, that means the value of Aa get higher, the productivity of country a getting lower. Hence, the main points of ricardian model are increasing total productivity of whole country, the Aa needed to lower. Coming from the assumption of Ricardian Model, the labour is fixed and not crosses to the other country. Therefore, the La is fixed, we keep the La constant. So, the productivity is dependent on the totally value-added Qa. Hence, we can conclude: Ricardian Model would success, there would be a huge enough different productivity between two countries. Or there would not gain from the free trade.

We could also use b to represent the country b. hence, Ab, Lb, and Qb are all represent same means in country b. as the labour cost we can defined as the Ca and Cb. Then, Wa and Wb represent as the wage of employees in countries a and b. we assume the exchange rate between a and b is 1:1. We use ‘Rab’ as the rate of Ca and Cb. The function can be showed:

我們也可以用b來代表國家b，因此Ab, Lb和Qb在國家b都代表相同的手段，我們可以定義為Ca和Cb的勞動力成本。然后，Wa和Wb代表a國和b國雇員的工資。我們假設a國和b國的匯率是1:1。我們用Rab表示Ca和Cb的速率。函數如下所示:

We can see, if Rab smaller than 1, that means country a cost lower than country b, country a got comparative advantage good that should export goods. If Rab bigger than 1, that means country a should import goods. (All the functions are all represent one same good between two countries) From this function, we can see one possible: Rab is equal to 1. Hence, there is no comparative advantage between country a and b (the absolute advantage country got same rate in both goods with the absolute disadvantage country), which means, there is equal disadvantage and equal advantage. This is one of the disadvantages of Ricartian Model.

Empirical work of Ricardian Model李嘉圖模型的實證工作

With the basic Ricardian Model, we could learn from the empirical studies to find out the strengths and weaknesses. First of all, this paper would discuss the empirical theory from MacDougall (1951). This case study used the ratio of US exports to UK exports. The dependent variable can be presented as both exports. And he used the productivity as the main independent variable. He used the total exports between US and UK. He collected 25 industries from UK and US in 1937. With his findings, he set the hypothesis: the wage rate is the same level as the labour productivity between US and UK. He used the 1937 data; those data showed US wage rate is double to UK wage rate. And we can follow the function in top; there is same reason that US got the comparative advantage in exports. Then he used the simple measures, he found the results that 20 of the 25 products follow the ratio. There are bigger than one. Hence the results are support the Ricardian Model.

有了基本的李嘉圖模型，我們可以從實證研究中找出優勢和劣勢。首先，本文將討論MacDougall(1951)的實證理論。本案例研究使用了美國出口對英國出口的比率。因變量可以表示為兩個出口。他把生產率作為主要的自變量。他用的是美國和英國之間的出口總額。1937年，他從英國和美國收集了25個行業。根據他的發現，他設定了一個假設:工資率與美國和英國之間的勞動生產率水平相同。他使用了1937年的數據;這些數據顯示，美國的工資水平是英國的兩倍。我們可以遵循上面的函數;美國在出口方面獲得比較優勢也是出于同樣的原因。然后他用簡單的方法，他發現25種產品中有20種符合這個比例。有比一個大的。結果支持李嘉圖模型。

Secondly, the case study of Stern (1962) same as MacDougall, they both compare the totally exports between US and UK during different periods. And both used the productivity as the main independent variable. The results is 33 of the 39 sectors follow this ratios, as same as results of MacDougall could support for Ricardian Model. Thirdly, case study of Balassa (1963) points out the bilateral trade from UK and US to the third markets. Different with Stern and MacDougall, he relative both labor cost and productivity as explanatory variable. With the bilateral trade, there are three characteristics: speed fast, huger scope and sustainable sequencing. With the Song (1996) points out, there are some problem between the Balassa studies, which is the transportation cost and the tariffs. Under the developing countries, there are huge different between the tariffs and transportation cost. The only way is to fix the free trade strategy to bilateral trade. tariffs and transportation cost are against the assumption of Ricardian Model. With the bilateral trade, Balassa chose the data from 1950 to post 1970. As the results, this is also can prove the prediction of Ricardian Model. Although the bilateral trade is following the comparative advantage, this paper would use the overall export ratio of Stephen (2000) as in MacDougall and Stern. The radio is exports to third markets. Stehen choose 39 manufacturing sectors from 1970 to 1990. He got the database from OECD Structural Analysis Industrial (STAN) and Bilateral Trade (BT). Figure one and two are showed. He collected the purchasing-power-parity (PPPs) exchange rate. There are three PPPs shows on second Figure, frist is common PPPs, Second is sector-specific final expenditure PPPs from ICP, and last is sector-specific manufacturing PPPs from ICOP projects. (Stephen S.G ,2000).

其次，Stern(1962)的案例研究和MacDougall一樣，都比較了不同時期美國和英國的出口總額。兩者都將生產率作為主要的自變量。結果是，39個行業中有33個行業符合這一比率，與麥克杜格爾的結果可以支持李嘉圖模型一樣。第三，Balassa(1963)的案例研究指出了英國和美國對第三方市場的雙邊貿易。與斯特恩和麥克杜格爾不同的是，他將勞動力成本和生產率都作為解釋變量。雙邊貿易具有速度快、規模大、可持續排序三大特點。宋(1996)指出，在Balassa研究之間存在一些問題，即運輸成本和關稅。在發展中國家，關稅和運輸成本之間存在著巨大的差異。唯一的辦法是把自由貿易戰略固定在雙邊貿易上。關稅和運輸成本與李嘉圖模型的假設相違背。對于雙邊貿易，巴拉薩選擇了1950年至1970年后的數據。作為結果，這也可以證明李嘉圖模型的預測。雖然雙邊貿易遵循比較優勢，但本文將使用Stephen(2000)在MacDougall和Stern中的總體出口比率。收音機出口到第三國市場。Stehen選擇了從1970年到1990年的39個制造業部門。他從OECD結構分析產業(STAN)和雙邊貿易(BT)得到了數據庫。如圖1和圖2所示。他收集了購買力平價(PPPs)匯率。第二幅圖中有三個ppp顯示，第一個是普通ppp，第二個是來自ICP的部門特定最終支出ppp，最后是來自ICOP項目的部門特定制造ppp。(Stephen S.G, 2000)。

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