留學生dissertation網：全球競爭力報告The GlobalCompetiti
The GlobalCompetitiveness Report2009–2010(本文為收費dissertation，價格200元，購買請聯系客服。）
Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum
The Global
Competitiveness Report
2009–2010
Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Columbia University
留學生dissertation網Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness Network
World Economic Forum
Geneva, Switzerland 2009
Professor Klaus Schwab
World Economic Forum
Editor
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
World Economic Forum
Geneva
Copyright © 2009
by the World Economic Forum
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
or otherwise without the prior permission of
the World Economic Forum.
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-25-8
ISBN-10: 92-95044-25-8
This book is printed on paper suitable for
recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.
The Global Competitiveness Report
2009–2010 is published by the World
Economic Forum within the framework of the
Global Competitiveness Network.
Professor Klaus Schwab
Executive Chairman
Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Chief Advisor of the Global Competitiveness
Network
Robert Greenhill
Chief Business Officer
GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK
Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist,
Head of Global Competitiveness Network
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director,
Senior Economist
Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist
Thierry Geiger, Associate Director,
Economist, Global Leadership Fellow
Ciara Browne, Associate Director
Pearl Samandari, Community Manager
Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant
Carissa Sahli, Coordinator
We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing
work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent
graphic design and layout. We are grateful to
Joelle Latina for her invaluable research
assistance.
The terms country and nation as used in this
report do not in all cases refer to a territorial
entity that is a state as understood by international
law and practice. The terms cover
well-defined, geographically self-contained
economic areas that may not be states but
for which statistical data are maintained on
a separate and independent basis.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
Contents
Partner Institutes v
Preface xi
by Klaus Schwab
Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1#p#分頁標題#e#
1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010: 3
Contributing to Long-Term Prosperity amid the
Global Economic Crisis
by Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek
Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Irene Mia
1.2 The Executive Opinion Survey: 49
Capturing the Views of the Business Community
by Ciara Browne and Thierry Geiger
Part 2: Data Presentation 59
2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 61
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ...............................63
List of Countries/Economies .........................................................65
Country/Economy Profiles .............................................................66
2.2 Data Tables 333
How to Read the Data Tables......................................................335
Index of Data Tables ....................................................................337
Data Tables ..................................................................................339
Technical Notes and Sources 473
About the Authors 477
Acknowledgments 479
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness
Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following
organizations as its valued Partner Institutes,
without whom the realization of The Global
Competitiveness Report 2009–2010 would not have been
feasible:
Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager
Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher
Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée
pour le Développement (CREAD)
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor
Yassine Ferfera, Director
Argentina
IAE- Universidad Austral
María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor
Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate
Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate
Australia
Australian Industry Group
Nicholas James, Economist
Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research
Heather Ridout, Chief Executive
Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Karl Aiginger, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director
Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator
Saida Talibova, Consultant
Bahrain
Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic
Development Board
Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Economic
Planning & Development
Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib#p#分頁標題#e#
Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing
Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow
Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate
Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director
Barbados
Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies,
University of West Indies (UWI)
Andrew Downes, Director
Belgium
Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School
Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director
and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Wim Moesen, Professor
Benin
Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies
(MIMAP) Benin
Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator
Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher
Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo,
University of Sarajevo
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Zeljko Sain, Executive Director
Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director
Botswana
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Joseph Jonazi, Research Consultant and Statistician
Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and
Research Services Department
Thembo Lebang, Executive Director
Brazil
Fundação Dom Cabral
Carlos Arruda, Executive Director, International Board
and Professor and Coordinator of the Competitiveness
and Innovation Center
Marina Araújo, Economist and Researcher of the
Competitiveness and Innovation Center
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President
Denise Alves, Projects Coordinator
Elisa de Araújo, Projects Assistant
Brunei Darussalam
Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources
Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister
Dato Paduka Hj Hamdillah Hj Abd Wahab, Deputy Minister
Dato Paduka Hamid Hj Mohd Jaafar, Permanent Secretary
Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Burkina Faso
lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP),
University of Ouagadougou
Samuel Kabore, Economist and Head of Development Strategy
and Population Research
v
Partner Institutes
Partner Institutes
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
Burundi
University Research Centre for Economic and Social
Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi
Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES
Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics
& Management
2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 3.6 7
1 United States .....................5.9#p#分頁標題#e#
2 Switzerland ........................5.7
3 Finland................................5.6
4 Singapore ...........................5.6
5 Sweden..............................5.6
6 Denmark ............................5.5
7 United Kingdom .................5.4
8 Belgium..............................5.3
9 Canada ...............................5.2
10 Germany ............................5.2
11 Netherlands........................5.2
12 Taiwan, China.....................5.1
13 Ireland ................................5.0
14 Australia .............................4.9
15 Norway...............................4.9
16 Austria................................4.9
17 Iceland................................4.8
18 New Zealand......................4.7
19 Luxembourg.......................4.7
20 Japan..................................4.7
21 Israel ..................................4.6
22 Malaysia .............................4.6
23 China ..................................4.6
24 Korea, Rep. ........................4.6
25 South Africa .......................4.5
26 Czech Republic ..................4.4
27 Hong Kong SAR.................4.4
28 Puerto Rico ........................4.3
29 Costa Rica..........................4.3
30 Slovenia..............................4.2
31 Hungary..............................4.2
32 Estonia ...............................4.1
33 Portugal..............................4.1
34 Brazil ..................................4.1
35 Barbados ............................4.0
36 Colombia ............................4.0
37 Saudi Arabia .......................4.0
38 Qatar ..................................4.0
39 United Arab Emirates.........3.9
40 Kenya .................................3.9
41 Chile ...................................3.9
42 France ................................3.9
43 Indonesia............................3.8
44 Thailand..............................3.8
45 Lithuania.............................3.8
46 India ...................................3.8
47 Cyprus................................3.8
48 Russian Federation ............3.8
49 Spain ..................................3.7
50 Guatemala..........................3.7
51 Sri Lanka ............................3.7
52 Tunisia ................................3.7
53 Oman .................................3.6
54 Montenegro .......................3.6
55 Azerbaijan...........................3.6
56 Senegal ..............................3.6
57 Malta ..................................3.5
58 Botswana...........................3.5
59 Vietnam..............................3.5
60 Jamaica ..............................3.5
61 Croatia................................3.5
62 Mexico ...............................3.5#p#分頁標題#e#
63 Argentina............................3.5
64 Ukraine...............................3.5
65 Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
66 Uruguay..............................3.4
67 Turkey.................................3.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 3.6 7
68 Jordan ................................3.4
69 Italy ....................................3.4
70 Mozambique ......................3.3
71 Gambia, The.......................3.3
72 Uganda...............................3.3
73 Romania.............................3.3
74 Zambia ...............................3.3
75 Brunei Darussalam.............3.3
76 Poland ................................3.3
77 Kazakhstan .........................3.3
78 Macedonia, FYR.................3.3
79 Tanzania..............................3.3
80 Slovak Republic..................3.3
81 Serbia .................................3.3
82 Dominican Republic ...........3.3
83 Malawi ...............................3.3
84 Panama ..............................3.2
85 Burundi...............................3.2
86 Latvia..................................3.2
87 Nigeria................................3.2
88 Tajikistan.............................3.2
89 Philippines..........................3.2
90 Greece ...............................3.2
91 Mauritius ............................3.2
92 Pakistan..............................3.1
93 Burkina Faso ......................3.1
94 El Salvador .........................3.1
95 Venezuela...........................3.1
96 Egypt..................................3.1
97 Madagascar........................3.1
98 Mongolia ............................3.1
99 Kuwait ................................3.1
100 Mali ....................................3.0
101 Bahrain ...............................3.0
102 Bulgaria ..............................3.0
103 Namibia ..............................3.0
104 Peru....................................3.0
105 Honduras............................2.9
106 Suriname............................2.9
107 Lesotho ..............................2.9
108 Zimbabwe ..........................2.9
109 Cambodia...........................2.9
110 Ethiopia ..............................2.9
111 Nicaragua ...........................2.9
112 Benin..................................2.8
113 Morocco.............................2.8
114 Armenia..............................2.8
115 Libya...................................2.8
116 Cameroon ..........................2.8
117 Guyana...............................2.7
118 Ghana.................................2.6
119 Chad...................................2.6
120 Algeria ................................2.6
121 Bolivia.................................2.5#p#分頁標題#e#
122 Georgia...............................2.5
123 Syria ...................................2.5
124 Ecuador ..............................2.5
125 Bangladesh ........................2.4
126 Côte d’Ivoire ......................2.4
127 Nepal..................................2.4
128 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.4
129 Mauritania ..........................2.4
130 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.3
131 Timor-Leste ........................2.3
132 Paraguay ............................2.3
133 Albania ...............................2.2
12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D
To what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) in your country? (1 = do not collaborate at all;
7 = collaborate extensively) | 2008–2009 weighted average
SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
470
2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 3.6 7
1 Singapore ...........................5.5
2 United Arab Emirates.........5.2
3 Luxembourg.......................4.9
4 United States .....................4.8
5 Qatar ..................................4.7
6 Finland................................4.7
7 Taiwan, China.....................4.7
8 Denmark ............................4.6
9 Malaysia .............................4.6
10 Tunisia ................................4.6
11 Vietnam..............................4.5
12 Oman .................................4.5
13 China ..................................4.4
14 Sweden..............................4.4
15 Korea, Rep. ........................4.4
16 Azerbaijan...........................4.3
17 Portugal..............................4.3
18 Bahrain ...............................4.3
19 Cyprus................................4.3
20 Iceland................................4.3
21 Malta ..................................4.2
22 Saudi Arabia .......................4.2
23 Czech Republic ..................4.2
24 Switzerland ........................4.2
25 Canada ...............................4.2
26 Israel ..................................4.2
27 Gambia, The.......................4.2
28 Hong Kong SAR.................4.2
29 Poland ................................4.2
30 Norway...............................4.1
31 Netherlands........................4.1
32 Brunei Darussalam.............4.1
33 Montenegro .......................4.1
34 Indonesia............................4.1
35 Belgium..............................4.1
36 Estonia ...............................4.0
37 France ................................4.0
38 Costa Rica..........................4.0#p#分頁標題#e#
39 Senegal ..............................4.0
40 Botswana...........................4.0
41 Mali ....................................4.0
42 Australia .............................4.0
43 United Kingdom .................4.0
44 Colombia ............................4.0
45 Germany ............................3.9
46 Barbados ............................3.9
47 Benin..................................3.9
48 Jordan ................................3.9
49 Japan..................................3.9
50 Panama ..............................3.9
51 Madagascar........................3.9
52 Sri Lanka ............................3.9
53 Burkina Faso ......................3.8
54 Chile ...................................3.8
55 Austria................................3.8
56 Mozambique ......................3.8
57 New Zealand......................3.8
58 Thailand..............................3.7
59 Ireland ................................3.7
60 Brazil ..................................3.7
61 Slovenia..............................3.7
62 Kazakhstan .........................3.6
63 Dominican Republic ...........3.6
64 Kenya .................................3.6
65 Ethiopia ..............................3.6
66 Spain ..................................3.6
67 Tajikistan.............................3.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 3.6 7
68 India ...................................3.6
69 Russian Federation ............3.6
70 Uruguay..............................3.5
71 Malawi ...............................3.5
72 Egypt..................................3.5
73 Mauritius ............................3.5
74 Morocco.............................3.5
75 Romania.............................3.4
76 Cambodia...........................3.4
77 Tanzania..............................3.4
78 South Africa .......................3.4
79 Lesotho ..............................3.4
80 Albania ...............................3.4
81 El Salvador .........................3.4
82 Honduras............................3.4
83 Burundi...............................3.4
84 Mongolia ............................3.4
85 Ukraine...............................3.3
86 Serbia .................................3.3
87 Pakistan..............................3.3
88 Côte d’Ivoire ......................3.3
89 Turkey.................................3.3
90 Puerto Rico ........................3.3
91 Greece ...............................3.3
92 Uganda...............................3.3
93 Mexico ...............................3.3
94 Croatia................................3.3
95 Georgia...............................3.3
96 Guatemala..........................3.3
97 Bulgaria ..............................3.3#p#分頁標題#e#
98 Jamaica ..............................3.2
99 Libya...................................3.2
100 Lithuania.............................3.2
101 Zambia ...............................3.2
102 Latvia..................................3.2
103 Namibia ..............................3.2
104 Peru....................................3.2
105 Cameroon ..........................3.2
106 Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
107 Chad...................................3.2
108 Timor-Leste ........................3.2
109 Mauritania ..........................3.1
110 Syria ...................................3.1
111 Slovak Republic..................3.0
112 Guyana...............................3.0
113 Nicaragua ...........................3.0
114 Kuwait ................................3.0
115 Nigeria................................3.0
116 Ghana.................................3.0
117 Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
118 Hungary..............................2.9
119 Philippines..........................2.9
120 Italy ....................................2.8
121 Argentina............................2.8
122 Algeria ................................2.8
123 Suriname............................2.8
124 Armenia..............................2.8
125 Ecuador ..............................2.8
126 Nepal..................................2.7
127 Bangladesh ........................2.7
128 Paraguay ............................2.7
129 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
130 Venezuela...........................2.5
131 Kyrgyz Republic .................2.5
132 Zimbabwe ..........................2.5
133 Bolivia.................................2.3
12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology products
Do government procurement decisions foster technological innovation in your country? (1 = no, not at all; 7 = yes, extremely
effectively) | 2008–2009 weighted average
SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
471
2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 4.1 7
1 Finland................................6.0
2 Japan..................................5.9
3 Sweden..............................5.6
4 India ...................................5.6
5 United States .....................5.6
6 Canada ...............................5.5
7 Taiwan, China.....................5.5
8 Iceland................................5.4
9 Tunisia ................................5.4
10 Switzerland ........................5.3
11 France ................................5.3
12 Ireland ................................5.3
13 Qatar ..................................5.2
14 Singapore ...........................5.2#p#分頁標題#e#
15 Puerto Rico ........................5.1
16 Israel ..................................5.1
17 Belgium..............................5.1
18 Denmark ............................5.1
19 Norway...............................5.1
20 Greece ...............................5.1
21 Cyprus................................5.0
22 Netherlands........................5.0
23 Chile ...................................4.9
24 Czech Republic ..................4.9
25 Korea, Rep. ........................4.9
26 Jordan ................................4.8
27 Côte d’Ivoire ......................4.8
28 United Arab Emirates.........4.7
29 Costa Rica..........................4.7
30 Austria................................4.7
31 Indonesia............................4.7
32 United Kingdom .................4.7
33 Malaysia .............................4.7
34 Australia .............................4.7
35 Germany ............................4.6
36 China ..................................4.6
37 Spain ..................................4.6
38 Senegal ..............................4.6
39 Italy ....................................4.5
40 Hungary..............................4.5
41 Nigeria................................4.5
42 Bahrain ...............................4.5
43 Syria ...................................4.5
44 Sri Lanka ............................4.5
45 Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5
46 Portugal..............................4.5
47 Saudi Arabia .......................4.5
48 Russian Federation ............4.4
49 Azerbaijan...........................4.4
50 Ukraine...............................4.4
51 Turkey.................................4.4
52 Slovak Republic..................4.4
53 Egypt..................................4.3
54 Thailand..............................4.3
55 Kenya .................................4.3
56 Romania.............................4.3
57 Algeria ................................4.3
58 Poland ................................4.3
59 New Zealand......................4.2
60 Brazil ..................................4.2
61 Madagascar........................4.2
62 Vietnam..............................4.2
63 Barbados ............................4.2
64 Morocco.............................4.2
65 Montenegro .......................4.2
66 Libya...................................4.2
67 Estonia ...............................4.2
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY SCORE 1 MEAN: 4.1 7
68 Slovenia..............................4.1
69 Bangladesh ........................4.1
70 Lithuania.............................4.1
71 Cameroon ..........................4.1
72 Kuwait ................................4.1
73 Benin..................................4.0#p#分頁標題#e#
74 Kazakhstan .........................4.0
75 Mongolia ............................4.0
76 Zambia ...............................4.0
77 Serbia .................................4.0
78 Hong Kong SAR.................4.0
79 Luxembourg.......................4.0
80 Croatia................................3.9
81 Macedonia, FYR.................3.9
82 Malta ..................................3.9
83 Pakistan..............................3.9
84 Argentina............................3.9
85 Mali ....................................3.9
86 Guatemala..........................3.9
87 Uruguay..............................3.9
88 Bulgaria ..............................3.9
89 Colombia ............................3.8
90 Panama ..............................3.8
91 Armenia..............................3.7
92 Uganda...............................3.7
93 Dominican Republic ...........3.7
94 Mexico ...............................3.6
95 Philippines..........................3.6
96 Georgia...............................3.6
97 Lesotho ..............................3.6
98 Ghana.................................3.6
99 Burkina Faso ......................3.5
100 Botswana...........................3.5
101 Peru....................................3.5
102 Oman .................................3.5
103 Tanzania..............................3.5
104 Latvia..................................3.5
105 Malawi ...............................3.5
106 Venezuela...........................3.4
107 Mauritius ............................3.4
108 Tajikistan.............................3.3
109 Honduras............................3.3
110 Brunei Darussalam.............3.3
111 Suriname............................3.3
112 Kyrgyz Republic .................3.3
113 Cambodia...........................3.3
114 Chad...................................3.2
115 Albania ...............................3.2
116 Mauritania ..........................3.2
117 Jamaica ..............................3.2
118 El Salvador .........................3.1
119 Nicaragua ...........................3.1
120 Gambia, The.......................3.1
121 Nepal..................................3.1
122 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1
123 South Africa .......................3.1
124 Ethiopia ..............................3.1
125 Mozambique ......................3.1
126 Zimbabwe ..........................3.0
127 Bolivia.................................3.0
128 Namibia ..............................2.8
129 Ecuador ..............................2.8
130 Guyana...............................2.8
131 Burundi...............................2.8
132 Paraguay ............................2.8
133 Timor-Leste ........................2.7#p#分頁標題#e#
12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers
To what extent are scientists and engineers available in your country? (1 = not at all; 7 = widely available) | 2008–2009 weighted average
SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2008, 2009
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA
1 Taiwan, China....................279.3
2 Japan.................................263.3
3 United States ....................250.9
4 Israel .................................166.6
5 Korea, Rep. .......................156.0
6 Finland...............................155.5
7 Switzerland .......................148.3
8 Sweden.............................115.2
9 Germany ...........................108.1
10 Canada ..............................102.2
11 Singapore ............................88.7
12 Iceland.................................85.8
13 Netherlands.........................80.5
14 Denmark .............................71.1
15 Australia ..............................61.5
16 Norway................................58.1
17 Austria.................................55.1
18 France .................................51.1
19 Luxembourg........................50.8
20 United Kingdom ..................50.7
21 Belgium...............................48.6
22 Hong Kong SAR ..................42.6
23 Ireland .................................37.3
24 New Zealand .......................25.0
25 Italy .....................................23.0
26 Slovenia.................................7.0
27 Spain .....................................6.8
28 Hungary.................................6.6
29 Malaysia ................................5.6
30 Kuwait ...................................5.2
31 Malta .....................................4.9
32 Czech Republic .....................4.7
33 Puerto Rico ...........................3.5
34 Lithuania................................3.2
35 Croatia...................................3.0
36 Bulgaria .................................2.1
37 Greece ..................................2.1
38 United Arab Emirates............2.0
39 South Africa ..........................1.9
40 Oman ....................................1.9
41 Estonia ..................................1.5
42 Jamaica .................................1.5
43 Poland ...................................1.4
44 Russian Federation ...............1.2
45 Saudi Arabia ..........................1.2
46 Qatar .....................................1.2
47 Cyprus...................................1.2
48 Portugal.................................1.0
49 Slovak Republic.....................0.9
50 China .....................................0.9
51 Costa Rica .............................0.9#p#分頁標題#e#
52 Panama .................................0.9
53 Argentina...............................0.8
54 Chile ......................................0.8
55 Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.8
56 Uruguay.................................0.6
57 Romania ................................0.6
58 India ......................................0.5
59 Brazil .....................................0.5
60 Mexico ..................................0.5
61 Macedonia, FYR....................0.5
62 Venezuela..............................0.5
63 Namibia .................................0.5
64 Ukraine..................................0.5
65 Georgia..................................0.5
66 Latvia.....................................0.4
67 Serbia ....................................0.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY HARD DATA
68 Thailand.................................0.3
69 Armenia.................................0.3
70 Colombia ...............................0.3
71 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.3
72 Azerbaijan..............................0.2
73 Guatemala.............................0.2
74 Turkey....................................0.2
75 Dominican Republic ..............0.2
76 Tunisia ...................................0.2
77 Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.2
78 Philippines.............................0.2
79 Ecuador .................................0.1
80 Morocco................................0.1
81 Kenya ....................................0.1
82 Bolivia....................................0.1
82 Sri Lanka ...............................0.1
84 Chad......................................0.1
85 Kazakhstan ............................0.1
86 Egypt.....................................0.0
87 Indonesia...............................0.0
88 Pakistan.................................0.0
89 Nigeria...................................0.0
90 Albania ..................................0.0
90 Algeria ...................................0.0
90 Bahrain ..................................0.0
90 Bangladesh ...........................0.0
90 Barbados ...............................0.0
90 Benin.....................................0.0
90 Botswana ..............................0.0
90 Brunei Darussalam................0.0
90 Burkina Faso .........................0.0
90 Burundi..................................0.0
90 Cambodia ..............................0.0
90 Cameroon .............................0.0
90 Côte d’Ivoire..........................0.0
90 El Salvador ............................0.0
90 Ethiopia .................................0.0
90 Gambia, The..........................0.0
90 Ghana....................................0.0
90 Guyana ..................................0.0#p#分頁標題#e#
90 Honduras...............................0.0
90 Jordan ...................................0.0
90 Lesotho .................................0.0
90 Libya......................................0.0
90 Madagascar...........................0.0
90 Malawi ..................................0.0
90 Mali .......................................0.0
90 Mauritania .............................0.0
90 Mauritius ...............................0.0
90 Mongolia ...............................0.0
90 Montenegro ..........................0.0
90 Mozambique .........................0.0
90 Nepal.....................................0.0
90 Nicaragua ..............................0.0
90 Paraguay ...............................0.0
90 Peru.......................................0.0
90 Senegal .................................0.0
90 Suriname...............................0.0
90 Syria ......................................0.0
90 Tajikistan................................0.0
90 Tanzania.................................0.0
90 Timor-Leste ...........................0.0
90 Uganda..................................0.0
90 Vietnam.................................0.0
90 Zambia ..................................0.0
90 Zimbabwe .............................0.0
472
2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation
12.07 Utility patents (hard data)
Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted between January 1 and December 31, 2008, per million population | 2008
SOURCE: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June 2009)
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
The following section complements the Data Tables
by providing additional information and definitions for
the hard data indicators that enter the composition of
the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010. In the
following pages, the number next to the variable corresponds
to the number of the Data Table that shows the
ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this
particular indictor.
The data used in this Report represent the best
available estimates from various international agencies,
national sources and data providers at the time the
Report was prepared. It is possible that some data will
have been updated or revised after publication.
Basic indicators
0.01 GDP valued at current prices
Gross domestic product (current prices) in millions of US
dollars | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
national sources
0.02 Population
Population in millions | 2008
Source: UNFPA, State of World Population 2008; Economist
Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009)
0.03 GDP (current prices) per capita
Gross domestic product (current prices) per capita in US#p#分頁標題#e#
dollars | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008);
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; national
sources
0.04 GDP (PPP) as share of world total
Gross domestic product (valued at purchasing power
parity) as a percentage of world GDP | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009)
Section II: Infrastructure
2.06 Available seat kilometers
Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in
country (in millions) | 2009
This variable measures an airline’s passenger-carrying capacity;
it is composed of the number of seats available on each flight
multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers. The resulting variable
is an average of the total for all scheduled flights in a week
during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule)
2009.
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser;
national sources
2.08 Telephone lines
Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2008
A main telephone line is a telephone line connecting the subscriber’s
terminal equipment to the public switched telephone
network and that has a dedicated port in the telephone
exchange equipment.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
sources
Section III: Macroeconomic stability
3.01 Government budget balance
Government gross budget balance as a percentage of
GDP | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
IMF country reports; European Commission, Eurostat
Database (June 2009); European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development; African Development Bank; Economist
Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June 2009);
national sources
3.02 National savings rate
National savings rate as a percentage of GDP | 2008
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, aggregate
national savings is defined as public and private sector savings
as a percentage of nominal GDP. National savings equals gross
domestic investment plus the current-account balance.
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
(June 2009); IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April
2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
national sources
3.03 Inflation
Annual percent change in consumer price index
(year average) | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
national sources
3.04 Interest rate spread
Average interest rate spread (difference between typical
lending and deposit rates) | 2008
This measures the difference between the typical short-term
lending and deposit rates.
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics (June 2009);
Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (June#p#分頁標題#e#
2009); national sources
3.05 Government debt
Government gross debt as a percentage of GDP | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
IMF country reports; OECD, OECD Economic Outlook no. 85
(June 2009); European Central Bank; European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development; Economist Intelligence Unit,
CountryData Database (June 2009); national sources
473
Technical Notes and Sources
Technical Notes and Sources
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
Section IV: Health and primary education
4.02 Malaria incidence
Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2006
Source: World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2008;
national sources
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2007
Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis database
(June 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators
2009; national sources
4.06 HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49
years | 2007
Source: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS
Epidemic; UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008
online database (June 2009); national sources
4.07 Infant mortality
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000
live births | 2006
Source: World Health Organization, WHO Statistical Information
System (WHOSIS) (May 2009); national sources
4.08 Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2007
Source: World Health Organization, WHO World Health Statistics
2009; The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
national sources
4.10 Primary enrollment
Net primary education enrollment rate | 2007
According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators,
this corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age
(as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled
in school to the population of the corresponding official school
age. Primary education provides children with basic reading,
writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding
of such subjects as history, geography, natural science,
social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); national
sources
4.11 Education expenditure
Adjusted savings: Public education expenditure as
percentage of GNI | 2007
This represents current operating expenditures in education,
including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments
in buildings and equipment.
Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009;
national sources
Section V: Higher education and training
5.01 Secondary enrollment
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2007#p#分頁標題#e#
According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators,
this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of
age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds
to the secondary education level. Secondary education
completes the provision of basic education that began at the
primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong
learning and human development, by offering more subject- or
skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World
Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
5.02 Tertiary enrollment
Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2007
According to the World Bank’s World Development Indicators,
this corresponds to the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of
age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds
to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education,
whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification,
normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the
successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (June 2009); The World
Bank, World Development Indicators 2009; national sources
Section VI: Goods market efficiency
6.05 Total tax rate
This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits),
labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes
(% of profits) | 2008
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Number of procedures required to start a business | 2008
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
6.07 Time required to start a business
Number of days required to start a business | 2008
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
6.10 Tariff barriers
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2008
This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff
rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the
rest of the world. The trade pattern of the importing country’s
reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting.
Source: International Trade Centre
Section VII: Labor market efficiency
7.03 Rigidity of employment
Rigidity of Employment Index on a 0–100 (worst)
scale | 2008
This index is the average of three subindexes: Difficulty of
hiring, Rigidity of hours, and Difficulty of firing. The three
subindexes have several components and all take values
between 0 and 100, with higher values indicating more rigid
regulation.
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
7.05 Firing costs
Firing costs (in weeks of wages) | 2008
This variable estimates the cost of advance notice requirements,
severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a#p#分頁標題#e#
redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages.
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
7.09 Female participation in labor force
Female-to-male participation ratio in the labor force | 2007
This measure is the percentage of women aged 14–65
participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of
men aged 14–65 participating in the labor force.
Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the
Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition (March 2009 update)
474
Technical Notes and Sources The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 ©
2009 World Economic Forum
Section VIII: Financial market sophistication
8.06 Strength of investor protection
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best)
scale | 2008
This variable is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index
(transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability
index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder
suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors
for misconduct).
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
8.09 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers and lenders’ rights
on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2008
This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy
laws protect borrowers and lenders’ rights and thus
facilitate lending.
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009
Section IX: Technological readiness
9.05 Mobile telephone subscriptions
Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2008
According to the World Bank mobile cellular telephone subscriptions
are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service
using cellular technology, which provides access to switched
telephone technology. Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are
included. This can also include analogue and digital cellular systems
but should not include non-cellular systems. Subscribers
to fixed wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging
services are not included.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
sources
9.06 Internet users
Estimated Internet users per 100 population | 2008
Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
sources
9.07 Personal computers
Number of personal computers per 100 population | 2007
According to the World Bank, personal computers are selfcontained
computers designed to be used by a single individual.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
sources
9.08 Broadband Internet subscribers#p#分頁標題#e#
Total fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100
population | 2008
The International Telecommunication Union considers broadband
to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256 kilobits
per second or faster, in both directions. Broadband subscribers
refers to the sum of DSL, cable modem, and other broadband
(for example, fiber optic, fixed wireless, apartment LANs, satellite
connections) subscribers.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators (June 2009 update); national
sources
Section X: Market size
10.01 Domestic market size index
Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of
goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and
services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2008
The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log
of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus
the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services,
minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and
services. Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates
of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of
exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP.
Source: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to
Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report
10.02 Foreign market size index
Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a
1–7 (best) scale | 2008
The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural
log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and
services, normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of exports
are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage
of GDP and GDP valued at PPP.
Source: Authors’ calculation. For more details please refer to
Appendix A in Chapter 1.1 of this Report
10.03 GDP valued at PPP
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity
in millions of international dollars | 2008
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009);
national sources
10.04 Imports as a percentage of GDP
Imports of goods and services as a percentage of
GDP | 2008
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
(July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators
2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009);
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national
sources
10.05 Exports as a percentage of GDP
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of
GDP | 2008
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database
(July 2009); The World Bank, World Development Indicators
2009; World Trade Organization, Statistics Database (July 2009);
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2009); national#p#分頁標題#e#
sources
Section XII: Innovation
12.07 Utility patents
Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted
between January 1 and December 31, 2008, per million
population | 2008
Utility patents are recorded such that the origin of the patent
is determined by the first-named inventor at the time of the
grant. Patents per million population are calculated by dividing
the number of patents granted to a country in 2008 by that
country’s population in the same year.
Source: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (June
2009)
475
Technical Notes and Sources
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
477
Jennifer Blanke
Jennifer Blanke is Director, Senior Economist, and Head
of the Global Competitiveness Network at the World
Economic Forum. Since joining the team in 2002, she has
written and lectured extensively on issues related to
national competitiveness and has served as lead editor on
a number of regional and topical competitiveness reports.
From 1998 to 2002, she was Senior Programme Manager
responsible for developing the business, management,
and technology section of the World Economic Forum’s
Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Forum, Dr
Blanke worked for a number of years as a management
consultant for Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France,
where she specialized in banking and financial market
organization. Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International
Affairs from Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in
International Economics from the Graduate Institute of
International Studies (Geneva).
Ciara Browne
Ciara Browne is Associate Director of the Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic
Forum, where her responsibilities include coordinating the
Executive Opinion Survey process and managing the network
of over 150 Partner Institutes worldwide, as well as
providing input into The Global Competitiveness Report
and several of the Forum’s other benchmarking studies.
She also works closely with the Forum’s media team in
articulating the findings of the various competitiveness
reports to the media and the public. Before joining the
Forum, she served for several years with the International
Organization for Migration, where she worked for a mass
claims processing program. She has a BA (Hons) degree
from the University of Manchester.
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior
Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at
the World Economic Forum, where she researches and
writes on issues of national competitiveness, in particular#p#分頁標題#e#
related to the Arab world, Eastern Europe, and international
trade. She is lead author or editor of a number of
regional and topical reports and papers, including The
Global Enabling Trade Report. Previously, she oversaw
the economic modeling for some of the Forum’s scenario
projects and was charged with developing the economics
section of the program for the World Economic Forum’s
Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Global
Competitiveness Network, Dr Drzeniek Hanouz worked
for several years with the International Trade Centre in
Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with
Central and Eastern European countries. Dr Drzeniek
Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the
University of Münster and holds a PhD in International
Economics from the University of Bochum, both in
Germany.
Thierry Geiger
Thierry Geiger is Economist and Associate Director within
the Global Competitiveness Network and a Global
Leadership Fellow at the World Economic Forum. His
responsibilities include the development and computation
of a wide range of indexes as well as analysis for a number
of regional and topical projects. His main areas of
interest include econometrics, trade, and finance, while
his geographical focus is Asia. He is a co-author of The
Global Competitiveness Report, The Global Information
Technology Report, and The Global Enabling Trade Report.
He is also a contributor to The Financial Development
Report and co-editor of The Ukraine Competitiveness
Report series. A Swiss national, Mr Geiger holds a BA in
Economics from the University of Geneva with a specialization
in monetary and financial economics, and an MA
in Economics from the University of British Columbia.
Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade
Organization and Caterpillar Inc. He is also Co-founder of
Procab Studio SA, an IT company based in Geneva.
Irene Mia
Irene Mia is Director and Senior Economist with the Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
She is also responsible for competitiveness research on
Latin America and Iberia. She has written and spoken
extensively on issues related to national competitiveness,
serving as lead author and editor on a number of regional
and topical competitiveness papers and reports; notably,
she is the co-editor of The Global Information Technology
Report series. Before joining the Forum, she worked at
the headquarters of Sudameris Bank in Paris for a number
of years, holding various positions in the international
affairs and international trade divisions. Her main research
http://www.mythingswp7.com/dissertation_writing/Ecommerce/interests are in the fields of development, international#p#分頁標題#e#
trade, economic integration (with special reference to the
Latin American region), and competitiveness. Dr Mia
holds an MA in Latin American Studies from the Institute
of Latin American Studies, London University, and a PhD
in International Economic and Trade Law from Bocconi
University.
About the Authors
About the Authors
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 © 2009 World Economic Forum
478
Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Xavier Sala-i-Martin is a Professor in the Department of
Economics at Columbia University. He was previously
Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at
Yale University and a Visiting Professor at Universitat
Pompeum Fabra. His research interests include economic
growth, macroeconomics, public finance and social security,
health and population economics, monetary economics,
poverty, inequality, estimation of the world distribution
of income, and measuring competitiveness. He is a
consultant on growth and competitiveness for a number
of countries, international institutions, and corporations.
Professor Sala-i-Martin is a Research Associate at the
National Bureau of Economic Research. He earned his
MA and his PhD in Economics from Harvard University.
He collaborates closely with the World Economic Forum
in his capacity as Chief Advisor to the Global
Competitiveness Network.
About the Authors The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 ©
2009 World Economic Forum
The Africa Commission was launched by the Prime Minister of Denmark in 2008 to help Africa
benefit more from globalization. The Commission consisted of Heads of State and governments,
politicians, experts, and representatives from international and regional organizations as well as
the business community, civil society and the academic world. The majority of the
Commissioners were from Africa, which reflected the Commission’s overriding commitment to
ensure African ownership of its recommendations and initiatives.
The Africa Commission presented its findings in the report Realising the Potential of Africa’s
Youth, which was published in May 2009. Drawing on existing analyses and best practices, the
Africa Commission presented specific policy recommendations and launched five international
initiatives aimed at creating jobs for young men and women in Africa through private sector-led
growth and improved competitiveness of African economies. Special emphasis was given to creating
decent jobs, fostering entrepreneurship, and providing greater opportunities through education,
skills development and access to finance. The Africa Commission is supported by a
Secretariat established within the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For further information about the Africa Commission and the Danish Ministry of Foreign#p#分頁標題#e#
Affairs, visit www.africacommission.um.dk.
FedEx continues to support the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report,
providing reliable global distribution services.
FedEx is committed to advancing free trade and driving global commerce and economic
development. We support the World Economic Forum’s dedication to improving the state of the
world by engaging leaders in regulatory, industry, and economic cooperation.
Recently, FedEx looked deeper into factors impacting the global economy, commissioning a
second study by SRI International titled “The Dynamic Force of Access: An Update of the
Access Index.” The study provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impact of
how people, businesses, and nations “access” ideas, goods, technology, and markets. The information
gleaned from this study is complementary to the insights in the Forum’s Global
Competitiveness Report. As FedEx continues to explore Access, we look forward to better
understanding how to harness the momentum of the global economy to continue to create positive
change around the world.
FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio
of transportation, e-commerce, and business services. With annual revenues of $35 billion,
the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing
collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked
among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 280,000
team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional
http://www.mythingswp7.com/dissertation_writing/Ecommerce/standards, and the needs of their customers and communities.
For more information, visit www.news.fedex.com.
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Africa Commission and
FedEx for their invaluable support of this Report.
Acknowledgments
479
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