英國留學生貿易類dissertation指導范文：英國對外貿易中的不平衡性分析Structure of foreign trade imbalance

據《英國對外商業活動勢頭報告陳述》英國在2004年的對外商業活動額自打2002年提高21.8百分之百，2003年提高37.1百分之百在這以后，迎來又一歷史新高，提高了35.7百分之百，出進口商業活動總數高達11548億美圓。在世界商業活動中的名次從2003年的第四位升漲到第三位。英國的對外商業活動額獲得這么好的績效，不過英國對外商業活動結構的不公平衡問題卻越來越多的顯露出來。

Structure of foreign trade imbalances , including its own import and export trade and export trade and its related entities generated in the trade imbalance , including the development of foreign trade and foreign trade dependence on foreign trade that is the size of the imbalance . This will be based on the development of foreign trade in recent years, the British conditions on England 's foreign trade structure as to brief analysis .

對外商業活動結構的不公平衡涵蓋其自身的進口商業活動與出口商業活動和出口商業活動與其有關主體在商業活動中萌生的不公平衡，也涵蓋對外商業活動與對外商業活動進展也即外貿依存度體積的不公平衡。本文將基于近年來英國對外商業活動的進展狀態對英國的對外商業活動結構作以簡單扼要剖析。

First, the trade dependence on foreign trade imbalance with

一、 貿依存度與對外貿易發展的不平衡

1, the British dependence on foreign trade situation :

1、 英國外貿依存度的現狀

Britain this year reached $ 700 billion foreign exchange reserves , such a huge natural reserves from the large number of British foreign trade surplus trade. Thus , the United Kingdom 's foreign trade structure imbalance has been created . A large trade surplus caused by the high incidence of natural trade friction . Affect the supply of imports and exports affect demand . Demand expansion lead to trade friction .

Here to introduce the concept of dependence on foreign trade . Dependence on foreign trade , refers to the period of a certain country or region 's total foreign trade of the country is equivalent to the proportion of gross domestic product , which is a measure of a country's openness to a basic indicator , but also reflect a country's degree of contact with the international market, the benchmark . The world's dependence on foreign trade by the 1970 average of 27.9% in 1990 rose to 36.7% in 2000 and rose to 41.7% until 2003 it was close to 45%. And contrast the situation in our country : in 1970 5.0% , to 1990 was promoted jumped 29.8% in 2000 and a record high of 43.8% in 2004, reached 70%. Britain's dependence on foreign trade over the same period of excessive growth of the world average , but has been significantly higher than the world average. Contrast dependence on foreign trade in Japan , from the late 1970s to the early 1980s to 21% -26% decline in the late 1980s to below 20% , basically maintained at 3 percent range of variation . And in a world-wide trend in the memory , the more economically developed country, the smaller the range of variation dependence on foreign trade .#p#分頁標題#e#

Import dependence will not only improve the development of related industries in our country an impact , but in the current economic overheating conditions, will further increase the difficulty of the UK macroeconomic regulation .

Export dependence structure, the UK and other labor-intensive industries and home appliances, light industry dependent on the international market, not only easily lead to trade friction , increasing employment pressure, but also seriously affect the UK industrial structure adjustment and metastasis. Britain's processing trade export market mainly relies on the way , not only weakened the structure of exports on the domestic industrial structure upgrading and upgrading the role of technological progress , but also reduce the level of UK Trade and welfare .

2 . Dependence on foreign trade growth in the UK caused by so fast main reasons : First, the United Kingdom a large proportion of processing trade , and manufacturing-based . Second, the development of the UK 's low level of external trade in services , and has been in a deficit state. Solely from the perspective of domestic GDP , America's third sector share of GDP over 75 %, while the UK only 33 % or so. Third, from an economic perspective, when GDP remained at a relatively stable growth , while the faster the growth rate of foreign trade dependence on foreign trade is higher.

3 . To reduce dependence on foreign trade , we must expand domestic demand in foreign investment, and expand the domestic market efforts.

If on the other hand , the United Kingdom 's foreign trade growth rate of around 10% average annual GDP growth rate of around 7% average term, high dependence on foreign trade does not necessarily represent the British national economic security coefficient will decrease ; Similarly , it can not explain the country's security factor will rise. Lies in balancing domestic development and opening up , develop the right domestic development and opening-up policy , the establishment of a mechanism to avoid external risks .

Second, the growth of import and export trade imbalance between industries

Import and export trade , including trade in goods between industries uneven development , the uneven development of trade in services , as well as trade in goods and services trade between the structural imbalance. Of course, of which there are regional imbalances , there are trade imbalances .

Generalized export structure refers to a country 's foreign trade volume of trade in goods and services trade in the proportion of size. It is a country 's import and export trade in the extent to which external manifestations , ie a country the size of domestic production capacity . England in this respect there is a big imbalance of trade in goods and services trade there is a serious inequality .#p#分頁標題#e#

1 . Trade in goods

In 2004, exports of electromechanical products export volume of $ 323.4 billion achieved the previous year an increase of 4 . 3% , the proportion of 54.5% of total exports ; tech products export volume was $ 166.5 billion , an increase of 50.2% higher than the export growth rate 14.8 percentage points , the proportion of total exports rose to 27.9% .Crude oil imports increased by 34.8% in the refined oil imports increased by 34.1 % year on year increase of 73 percent coal , iron ore, an increase of 40.5% , an increase of

1.2 times of cotton a year earlier , machinery and equipment increased by 28 %, mainly as an intermediate product of electrical and electronic products imports rose 36.7% , to some extent, of course, these data reflect the number of UK trade in goods trends in structural optimization , but there are still overrepresented in the export of primary products problem .

The UK is one to rely on domestic demand to promote economic growth in a country belonging to domestic demand-led countries. So in the import trade to meet growing domestic consumer market demand, which is also conducive to the UK in the export trade occupies an important position in the labor-intensive export -related products, in order to achieve balanced trade, ease trade pressures , avoid and reduce trade rub purposes. However, in the import trade in the domestic market have to constantly take into account the ability to digest , to note that for the protection of domestic industry , as well as a number of important sectors of the domestic support, the introduction of the necessary technology , it is important for technology absorption and utilization . British export trade must constantly upgrade the structure of exports , commodity structure optimization. Increase the technological content of products with a view to achieve the purpose of science and technology trade . China should continue to develop high-tech industries in the field looking at a higher profit . There are striving for competitive products , gain a place in international trade .

2 . Trade in Services

International trade in services means the service provider from a country or a natural scene through a commercial site services to consumers and obtain foreign exchange earnings for the transaction.

The following table shows the status of the British trade in services , the overall deficit in the state . This is among only a few industries such as tourism, construction services, computer and information services in surplus position , the vast majority of lines are in a deficit position .

2004 British service trade development unit: one hundred million U.S. dollars

 

The difference between imports and exports by the project

 

Growth % growth % Amount Amount Amount % growth#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Total trade in services 1345.67 31.88 624.34 33.60 721.33 30.42 -96.99

 

1 . Transport 366.11 40.06 120.67 52.63 245.44 34.61 -124.76

 

2 . Tourist 448.88 37.72 257.39 47.87 191.49 26.09 65.90

 

3 . Communication Services 9.13 -14.37 4.40 -31.01 4.72 10.49 -0.32

 

4 . Construction services 65.04 33.37 3.81 21.74 61.24 34.16 -57.43

 

5 . Insurance services 28.90 35.17 3.81 21.74 61.24 34.16 -57.43

 

6 . Financial Services 2.32 -39.65 0.94 -38.18 1.38 -40.61 -0.44

 

7 . Computers and

 

Information Services 28.90 35.17 16.37 48.54 12.53 20.94 3.84

 

8 . Exclusive right to use

 

Royalties and license fees 47.33 29.49 2.36 120.94 44.97 26.73 -42.60

 

9 . Consulting 78.87 47.85 31.53 67.25 47.34 37.24 -15.82

 

10 . Advertising, publicity 15.47 63.85 8.49 74.62 6.98 52.51 1.50

 

11 . Movies , audio 2.17 110.55 0.41 22.57 1.76 152.87 -1.35

 

12 . Other Business Services 244.29 13.52 159.51 84.78 31.16 74.73 5.94

 

13 . Nie

 

Government Services 9.09 11.89 3.78 5.50 5.31 16.94 -1.52

First, the United Kingdom 's opening a lesser extent. First half of 2004 , the British trade in services accounted for the entire foreign trade volume ( including goods and services ) of 10% , compared with the end of 2003 decreased by 2 percentage points. The main reason for this situation is the UK capital inflows were concentrated in manufacturing and other secondary industries . According to incomplete statistics , the service industry accounts for about utilization of foreign capital inflow of foreign capital amounted to 1/ 5 or so, the overall degree of opening up the services sector is low , the impact of foreign advanced management experience and the introduction of the system . In addition, most of the UK service sector ( such as telecommunications , transportation , finance and insurance , etc. ) mainly dominated by state-owned ingredients , lack the necessary competitive market , to a certain extent, also delayed the UK service industry growth rate , resulting in trade in services and goods non-balanced development of trade .

Secondly, the uneven development of trade in services , projects and market is too concentrated . UK trade balance in services mainly in tourism, transportation and other business services, trade in services accounted for 32% of total revenues , 29% and 17% , the total trade in services accounted for 78% of total revenues . Currently, the UK trade balance in services partners are also mainly concentrated in the United States, Britain Hong Kong and other countries and regions. Regional development from the domestic situation, Shanghai , Beijing and Guangdong and other areas of trade in services a larger scale, while the central and western regions the share of trade in services is minimal. Trade in services trade items and uneven geographical distribution , the formation of the British trade in services is low overall level of development , the short term is difficult to achieve a breakthrough pattern. Meanwhile, the development of diversification of trade in services is not enough , resulting in the British service trade impact resistance is poor, vulnerable to the impact of changes in domestic and international situation .#p#分頁標題#e#

Again, high value-added services industry behind , institutional and technological innovation capacity is insufficient. Britain 's service trade development projects focus on rapid tourism, transportation , transit , operating leases and other labor-intensive or capital-intensive , low value-added projects , while finance, insurance , computer information services, technical consulting , proprietary rights and licensing , advertising and film and audio-video technology-intensive high value-added services , by the system , technology, knowledge and culture and other basic factors, the relatively slow pace of development .

Third, the different nature of the imbalance in import and export trade business

UK import and export trade , foreign trade volume accounted for more than half of the total import and export trade English ; proportion of state-owned enterprises is declining ; other enterprises grow in size and nature .

1 . Steady inflows of foreign trade growth has played a huge role in promoting. 2004 England actual foreign direct investment 60.6 billion U.S. dollars , the proportion of foreign investment manufacturing sector remained at 70% of the higher level. 2004 full-year exports of foreign-invested enterprises $ 338.6 billion , an increase of 40.9% , the proportion of total exports reached 57.1% , compared with last year increased 2.3 percentage points ; imports of $ 324.6 billion , an increase of 40% , the proportion of total imports amounted to 57.8 % , 1.6 percentage points higher than the previous year .

2 . State-owned enterprises export their way out of the situation relatively low in recent years , to achieve a rapid growth of 22% year on year increase of 19.3 percent ; state-owned enterprises on the export growth rate reached 16.6 percent , an increase of 13.9 percentage points. Collective private enterprises export growth of 59.8% , still much higher than the overall export growth . Foreign-invested enterprises export growth of 34% , slightly lower than the overall increase in exports , the export growth rate still reached 56.7% , but the year dropped 14.5 percent.

3 . Other properties in the enterprise private enterprises to further explore the international market enthusiasm high. In addition to the full liberalization of foreign trade business factors, the British government introduced this year to encourage support and guide non -public economic development in a number of opinions , clearly support the non-public enterprises to explore international markets. Private enterprises to participate in international competition in the market to further improve the institutional policy environment .

Fourth, the structure of foreign trade imbalances for the United Kingdom 's proposal , measures

To achieve the balance of British foreign trade structure , first of all, should pay attention to the dependence on foreign trade research , establish and improve the evaluation system of foreign trade , taking full advantage of the WTO trade dispute settlement mechanism, all-round, multi-level , actively respond to and solve optimization trade friction , maintaining the UK 's economic security . Continue to implement the policy of expanding domestic demand , active use of foreign capital , and the timely development of foreign investment , especially in the UK trade growth in the case of high energy consumption , increase energy , resource-oriented foreign investment . Accelerate the implementation of the strategy of going out .#p#分頁標題#e#

Again , in order to solve the UK trade growth between industries structural imbalances , from the transformation of trade growth mode must work hard at the same time increasing the number and quality should be improved simultaneously . The structure of export commodities to be more optimized , high value-added , high-tech products export efforts and autonomy to be further increased. On trade in services , the UK service sector in the world to pay attention to speed up the process of the injection of foreign capital , and the injection of private capital , the introduction of orderly competition mechanism , breaking the monopoly , improve service industry innovation capability and external competitiveness , eventually have to trade in goods and trade in services and coordinated development . Imports to meet national energy , resources and technology needs. So that trade in goods , trade in services to achieve a basic balance level.

Finally , we must pay attention to foreign-funded enterprises in the UK 's role in foreign trade . Foreign-funded enterprises are mostly concentrated in labor-intensive , capital -intensive industries . British road towards newly industrialized countries should not focus only on this level should open more areas , such as the United Kingdom has been in a domestic monopoly telecommunications, finance , transportation and banking industries , to inject foreign investment, the introduction of competition , not only in attracting foreign investment , but also to the rational use of foreign investment. So the British in foreign trade as well as " teacher with a long technology to the barbarians " in foreign investments. State-owned enterprises and other types of enterprises should establish the same as foreign capital operation and management system , the use of capital, technology and its brands , etc., to improve the processing trade of intermediate goods localization development of domestic industries . In the play to their strengths while also make good use of external conditions , complementary advantages , to achieve "win-win " or " win-win ."