英國留學生dissertation范文：對于高收入行業的分析Analysis of high-income governance monopoly industries
09-26, 2013
A monopoly and non- monopoly industries industry income gap compared
1 壟斷行業與非壟斷行業收入差距對比
1.1 wage levels and wage growth rate comparison
In recent years , the British resident in the economy under the premise of increasing income , the income gap is widening, the conflict began to highlight the disparity . The income gap between the industry workers is too large , especially in monopoly industries workers and non-monopolistic industry workers income gap , and showed an increasing trend. Monopolies are generally higher than the income of workers in other industries monopoly industries average wage , is generally higher than the national average , rather than the monopoly industries average wage is far below the national average wage , and gradually widening the gap between the two . Monopolies income level of workers rose rapidly, most of the monopoly industry wage income growth rate higher than the national average wage growth . According to the National Bureau of Statistics data , in 1999 compared with 1990 , real estate and finance and insurance revenue growth the highest, reaching 385% and 353% ; commercial catering and extractive industries lowest increase of only 94% and 108% . Other sectors increased between 200 % -300 % . Consider inflation , declining purchasing power of currency factors, the actual wage gap expanded at an amazing speed . These features suggest that the level of industry wages and relative position of the industry has been gradually longer depends on the labor intensity of the degree of danger and hardship , but mainly depends on the degree of monopoly industries .
近年來，英國居民在經濟收益不斷增加的前提下，收益差距也在不斷拉大，貧富相差很遠的矛盾著手凸現。行業之間職工收益差距過大，特別是壟斷行業職工與非壟斷行業職工的收益差距相差很遠，且呈一年一年地升漲之勢。壟斷行業職工收益水準存在廣泛高于其他行業壟斷行業職工均勻月薪，存在廣泛高于全國均勻數，而非壟斷行業職工均勻月薪則遠遠低于全國職工均勻月薪，且二者的差距一年一年地拉大。
1.2 Comparison welfare
Aside from wages, monopoly employees as well as good benefits , state-controlled monopoly gains should belong to the people's government or on behalf of all the people , but all the people or government representatives in the enterprise does not and can not exercise control over the rest of the scene , the surplus the management of state-owned monopoly control . In the absence of effective restraint in the case of course, they tend to their occupation of corporate profitability , but also tend to subsidies to employees , bonus to employees in exchange for their personal loyalty . Expand their power base in the company . This is the state-owned monopoly beyond the normal wage for employees to find ways to provide benefits , bonuses institutional roots. Monopoly workers, wage income is not the subject of his personal income , as well as a myriad of bonus fund, various welfare subsidies , is their main source of income . The reason why managers of state-owned monopoly enterprises willing to give employees high welfare , because they can get higher benefits.#p#分頁標題#e#
除了月薪外，壟斷公司職員還有令人滿意的福利，國有控股壟斷公司取得的收入本應歸屬全國人民或代表全國人民的政府，但全國人民或政府在公司并沒有代表，沒有辦法行使剩下的在場支配權，這些個剩下由國有壟斷公司的管理層扼制。
Two income distribution gap is too large negative impact
2.1 pairs of public interest and social stability of
( 1 ) High-income workers monopoly industries will lead to social crisis of confidence. "Monopoly high income " cost shift , will increase the burden of the public , lead to social crisis of confidence. Even some of the huge losses of monopoly industries , labor costs are not reflected in its cuts , reduce the level of benefits , but to use public power to give them a strong position , and rely on a weak alternative products to losses on the grounds frequently requested "prices ."
( 2 ) high-income workers monopolies undermine social norms at fair value . Represented by utility monopolies , to use their acquired monopoly power of public resources , priority services on their own , the government used to help and support the welfare of vulnerable groups in society was already high income flows to the monopoly of the hands of employees , which kind of form of " robbing the poor to the rich" , so that the widening gap between rich and poor , severely undermine social justice.
( 3 ) increasing loss of state assets . Represented by utility monopoly industries , is currently still in the main under the control of the government-led . These companies manage public resources exist two principal - agent relationship , as the two were principals in the management of public resources , the provision of public services in the process , due to regulatory mechanisms of fatigue, they usually take advantage of the convenience of the role , should not be entitled to a "high income " , which is actually the state and the public interest encroachment , exacerbated by the loss of state assets , and undermine public confidence in the government .
( 4 ) so that some local political instability. Between rich and poor is too large will not only affect economic growth and social stability, but also threaten the stability of the regime , and even lead to the possibility of secession . Between rich and poor is too large, especially in the continuous expansion of regional differences , it may also weaken the central government 's ability to control the country's stability and pose a great threat. Once the combined effect of these factors broke out m , the political consequences could be disastrous.
2.2 pairs of the impact of market competition
( 1 ) monopoly affect the development of other related industries and weaken the international competitiveness of the UK economy . State-owned monopoly enterprises are in basic industries , according to the input - output analysis , products or services of these industries often invest in other industries . Insufficient supply of these industries on the one hand , the other hand, the industry super- amplitude continuous rise in the price , will make the development of related industries blocked. Monopoly also hinder technological progress, in the long term will undermine the competitiveness of the UK economy .#p#分頁標題#e#
( 2 ) high-income monopolies not only caused huge loss of state assets . Also disrupt the normal market order . Is the source of high-income sectors obtain high monopoly rents , profit group in order to safeguard their own interests often hinder unified , competitive and orderly market system established ; administrative monopoly abuse of public power to disrupt the normal market order to become a direct source of trouble , the greatest hazard lies in the state-owned assets , and tax benefits in the name of national wealth to into personal wealth.
( 3 ) high-income monopoly industries will undoubtedly stifle easily maintain their own vitality. These companies lack the external pressures of competition , they are accustomed to the use of government subsidies and shift the cost to cover losses and thus to a considerable extent inhibited the enterprise independent fostering competitiveness ; easily maintain a reduced high-income employees within the enterprise technology innovation, improve production efficiency driving force ; monopoly industries easily maintain high income is based on the government's " cost-plus pricing" , so the price formation mechanism is unlikely to stimulate enterprises to reduce costs .
2.3 pairs of rational allocation of resources
Income gap is too big in the industry, in the case of workers employed , the choice of the industry is more important than improving their own quality , because income depends largely on how much the industry monopoly , rather than their own level of quality . Thus, on the one hand , some people are not trying to improve themselves but through the use of a variety of relationships to enter the monopoly industries employment ; hand, some people in order to pursue their own advantages in high-income regardless of employment to enter the monopoly industries , and thus the production factors, especially labor mobile misleading , thereby affecting the rational allocation of human resources . Moreover, by virtue of monopoly industries is often not the monopoly of access to resources through market competition , in this case, some blind decision regardless of the cost of monopoly industries , resulting in a waste of resources, inefficient configurations and even inevitable.
163 Papers Papers pdkl163znk network www.lunwen163.com
3 monopoly industries and non-monopolistic industry revenue is too large Cause Analysis
3.1 particularity of the British monopoly industries
Monopoly industries is the inevitable product of the market economy , and foreign SUMMARY Mo exception. Western countries did not result in a monopoly industry wage increase , while in the UK has emerged , the fundamental reason is that Britain is in the system transition period, and this period is a special kind of monopoly monopoly . English is indeed a monopoly stage production economies of scale concentration is very low under the conditions established on the basis of non- competitive markets , but rather the product of the market economy developed , artificially formed by virtue of administrative power monopoly , is the traditional planned transition period of planned economy and the residual aberrations.#p#分頁標題#e#
3.2 Lag reform of monopoly industries
From the late 1980s , the United Kingdom conducted a reform of monopoly industries , in some monopoly industries began to introduce competition mechanism , after 20 years of development , a number of industry competition pattern has taken shape. But generally speaking , the UK is still insufficient competition in monopoly industries , mainly for the following reasons : First, the state preferential policies to make a monopoly in the market have privileges ; two vertically integrated monopoly hinders new industry into persons ; Third Zhengqibufen phenomenon still exists .
3.3 legal system lacks the regulation of monopoly industries
Transactions in the market , with consumers than monopoly in a dominant position , if market mechanisms alone can not effectively constrained monopoly , which requires a strong third party - government regulation of monopoly enterprises . Currently British acts regulate monopolies "Anti -Unfair Competition Law" on the natural monopoly industry-related provisions are too simple and rough , the legal system is not perfect, so that government regulation of monopoly can not do the law, than by human factors interfere large monopolies still able to obtain high incomes.
3.4 lagging tax adjustment means
As the impact of the planned economy , and a variety of non-monetary forms earn income in the form of welfare state monopoly still exists. British laws and regulations concerning personal income tax already provided shall be taxed on the income in kind , since no formal income considered a huge difference , but rather simply to monetary standard as the personal income tax is based on members of society made ??him a non- fair result .
4 Governance recommendations monopoly industries with high income
4.1 Deepening the reform of monopoly industries
Deepening the reform of monopoly industries , the core is precisely defined and fully perform government functions . Major reform of monopoly industries is the ownership structure reform, that should take many forms , and further diversification of ownership structure of enterprises , decentralization and rationalization . To seize the reform of monopoly industries to develop plans , first create a favorable market environment for fair competition , adhere separating , broaden access , the introduction of competition , supervision according to law , to speed up the reform of monopoly industries management system and corporate reform , the formation of a competitive market pattern, establishing a modern enterprise system ; Second, improve the legal system, the establishment of " monopoly products and services of Information Act " and other laws and regulations, improve the legal system .
4.2 to strengthen the production and operation of monopoly industries supervision
Strengthen the monopoly regulation, the enhancement of the cost of going to accelerate and improve cost information disclosure mechanism , by a third party intermediary agencies and consumers the cost of monopoly industries and service quality for validation and evaluation of the cost of going into social supervision below ; Second is to improve the pricing mechanism . Deepening the reform of monopoly industries price formation mechanism , regulate monopolistic pricing products and services hearing procedures ; Third, strengthening performance appraisal, to perfect the performance appraisal system, encourage monopolistic industry continues to improve management , relying on scientific and technological progress , in-depth internal potential , strictly control high wages, benefits and duties of high consumption costs and expenses .#p#分頁標題#e#
4.3 sound mechanism for the initial distribution monopoly industries
Refers to the initial distribution of GNI ( gross national product ) directly associated with the allocation of production factors . Initial distribution is formed mainly by the market mechanism , the price of production factors determined by the market supply and demand , and the government through the tax lever to adjust and standardize laws and regulations , generally do not directly intervene in the initial distribution . Strengthen the management of income distribution monopoly industries , and actively explore the proceeds to the public monopoly over the transfer mechanism, improve the profits of the distribution system of monopoly industries , to prevent society from monopoly profits into a small group interests and individual staff salaries and benefits . First, the development of national monopolies dividend policy ; Second, the implementation of total wage and salary levels dual control ; Third, straighten out the wage income .
4.4 to strengthen the regulation of monopoly industries redistribution
To improve the tax regulation as soon as possible , in particular, to strengthen the monopoly of personal income tax collection and management, give full play to the redistribution of the tax regulation . First, establish and improve income distribution monitoring system , to create conditions to gradually establish a household personal property declaration system and investigate the statistical system ; Second, strengthen regulation and tax collection and management . Establish two-way personal income and tax reporting, cross-auditing and regulatory system, improve the collection and management methods , to grasp the monopoly income and tax situation , to prevent tax evasion . According to economic development and income growth , and adjust personal income tax threshold and tax rates . Timely inheritance tax , gift tax , for the purchase of luxury residential , designer cars, luxury goods and other special consumption tax levied in order to implement indirect regulation.
In short , to solve the problem of excessively high incomes of some monopoly industries , the wage on wages, on the allocation of assignment is invalid. Income is too high because of monopoly industries caused problems for many reasons , both aspects of the direct cause of the distribution system , more markets, resources and other institutional monopoly deep-seated reasons , we must in-depth analysis , the right medicine , can be targeted to solve problem . British monopoly stage with the basic characteristics of transition economies , a single attempt by some means ( such as law ) to solve the question of monopoly is impossible, only the combination of economic , legal , ethical and administrative reform measures in order to gradually solve Britain's monopoly of high income.
1 壟斷行業與非壟斷行業收入差距對比
1.1 wage levels and wage growth rate comparison
In recent years , the British resident in the economy under the premise of increasing income , the income gap is widening, the conflict began to highlight the disparity . The income gap between the industry workers is too large , especially in monopoly industries workers and non-monopolistic industry workers income gap , and showed an increasing trend. Monopolies are generally higher than the income of workers in other industries monopoly industries average wage , is generally higher than the national average , rather than the monopoly industries average wage is far below the national average wage , and gradually widening the gap between the two . Monopolies income level of workers rose rapidly, most of the monopoly industry wage income growth rate higher than the national average wage growth . According to the National Bureau of Statistics data , in 1999 compared with 1990 , real estate and finance and insurance revenue growth the highest, reaching 385% and 353% ; commercial catering and extractive industries lowest increase of only 94% and 108% . Other sectors increased between 200 % -300 % . Consider inflation , declining purchasing power of currency factors, the actual wage gap expanded at an amazing speed . These features suggest that the level of industry wages and relative position of the industry has been gradually longer depends on the labor intensity of the degree of danger and hardship , but mainly depends on the degree of monopoly industries .
近年來，英國居民在經濟收益不斷增加的前提下，收益差距也在不斷拉大，貧富相差很遠的矛盾著手凸現。行業之間職工收益差距過大，特別是壟斷行業職工與非壟斷行業職工的收益差距相差很遠，且呈一年一年地升漲之勢。壟斷行業職工收益水準存在廣泛高于其他行業壟斷行業職工均勻月薪，存在廣泛高于全國均勻數，而非壟斷行業職工均勻月薪則遠遠低于全國職工均勻月薪，且二者的差距一年一年地拉大。
1.2 Comparison welfare
Aside from wages, monopoly employees as well as good benefits , state-controlled monopoly gains should belong to the people's government or on behalf of all the people , but all the people or government representatives in the enterprise does not and can not exercise control over the rest of the scene , the surplus the management of state-owned monopoly control . In the absence of effective restraint in the case of course, they tend to their occupation of corporate profitability , but also tend to subsidies to employees , bonus to employees in exchange for their personal loyalty . Expand their power base in the company . This is the state-owned monopoly beyond the normal wage for employees to find ways to provide benefits , bonuses institutional roots. Monopoly workers, wage income is not the subject of his personal income , as well as a myriad of bonus fund, various welfare subsidies , is their main source of income . The reason why managers of state-owned monopoly enterprises willing to give employees high welfare , because they can get higher benefits.#p#分頁標題#e#
除了月薪外，壟斷公司職員還有令人滿意的福利，國有控股壟斷公司取得的收入本應歸屬全國人民或代表全國人民的政府，但全國人民或政府在公司并沒有代表，沒有辦法行使剩下的在場支配權，這些個剩下由國有壟斷公司的管理層扼制。
Two income distribution gap is too large negative impact
2.1 pairs of public interest and social stability of
( 1 ) High-income workers monopoly industries will lead to social crisis of confidence. "Monopoly high income " cost shift , will increase the burden of the public , lead to social crisis of confidence. Even some of the huge losses of monopoly industries , labor costs are not reflected in its cuts , reduce the level of benefits , but to use public power to give them a strong position , and rely on a weak alternative products to losses on the grounds frequently requested "prices ."
( 2 ) high-income workers monopolies undermine social norms at fair value . Represented by utility monopolies , to use their acquired monopoly power of public resources , priority services on their own , the government used to help and support the welfare of vulnerable groups in society was already high income flows to the monopoly of the hands of employees , which kind of form of " robbing the poor to the rich" , so that the widening gap between rich and poor , severely undermine social justice.
( 3 ) increasing loss of state assets . Represented by utility monopoly industries , is currently still in the main under the control of the government-led . These companies manage public resources exist two principal - agent relationship , as the two were principals in the management of public resources , the provision of public services in the process , due to regulatory mechanisms of fatigue, they usually take advantage of the convenience of the role , should not be entitled to a "high income " , which is actually the state and the public interest encroachment , exacerbated by the loss of state assets , and undermine public confidence in the government .
( 4 ) so that some local political instability. Between rich and poor is too large will not only affect economic growth and social stability, but also threaten the stability of the regime , and even lead to the possibility of secession . Between rich and poor is too large, especially in the continuous expansion of regional differences , it may also weaken the central government 's ability to control the country's stability and pose a great threat. Once the combined effect of these factors broke out m , the political consequences could be disastrous.
2.2 pairs of the impact of market competition
( 1 ) monopoly affect the development of other related industries and weaken the international competitiveness of the UK economy . State-owned monopoly enterprises are in basic industries , according to the input - output analysis , products or services of these industries often invest in other industries . Insufficient supply of these industries on the one hand , the other hand, the industry super- amplitude continuous rise in the price , will make the development of related industries blocked. Monopoly also hinder technological progress, in the long term will undermine the competitiveness of the UK economy .#p#分頁標題#e#
( 2 ) high-income monopolies not only caused huge loss of state assets . Also disrupt the normal market order . Is the source of high-income sectors obtain high monopoly rents , profit group in order to safeguard their own interests often hinder unified , competitive and orderly market system established ; administrative monopoly abuse of public power to disrupt the normal market order to become a direct source of trouble , the greatest hazard lies in the state-owned assets , and tax benefits in the name of national wealth to into personal wealth.
( 3 ) high-income monopoly industries will undoubtedly stifle easily maintain their own vitality. These companies lack the external pressures of competition , they are accustomed to the use of government subsidies and shift the cost to cover losses and thus to a considerable extent inhibited the enterprise independent fostering competitiveness ; easily maintain a reduced high-income employees within the enterprise technology innovation, improve production efficiency driving force ; monopoly industries easily maintain high income is based on the government's " cost-plus pricing" , so the price formation mechanism is unlikely to stimulate enterprises to reduce costs .
2.3 pairs of rational allocation of resources
Income gap is too big in the industry, in the case of workers employed , the choice of the industry is more important than improving their own quality , because income depends largely on how much the industry monopoly , rather than their own level of quality . Thus, on the one hand , some people are not trying to improve themselves but through the use of a variety of relationships to enter the monopoly industries employment ; hand, some people in order to pursue their own advantages in high-income regardless of employment to enter the monopoly industries , and thus the production factors, especially labor mobile misleading , thereby affecting the rational allocation of human resources . Moreover, by virtue of monopoly industries is often not the monopoly of access to resources through market competition , in this case, some blind decision regardless of the cost of monopoly industries , resulting in a waste of resources, inefficient configurations and even inevitable.
163 Papers Papers pdkl163znk network www.lunwen163.com
3 monopoly industries and non-monopolistic industry revenue is too large Cause Analysis
3.1 particularity of the British monopoly industries
Monopoly industries is the inevitable product of the market economy , and foreign SUMMARY Mo exception. Western countries did not result in a monopoly industry wage increase , while in the UK has emerged , the fundamental reason is that Britain is in the system transition period, and this period is a special kind of monopoly monopoly . English is indeed a monopoly stage production economies of scale concentration is very low under the conditions established on the basis of non- competitive markets , but rather the product of the market economy developed , artificially formed by virtue of administrative power monopoly , is the traditional planned transition period of planned economy and the residual aberrations.#p#分頁標題#e#
3.2 Lag reform of monopoly industries
From the late 1980s , the United Kingdom conducted a reform of monopoly industries , in some monopoly industries began to introduce competition mechanism , after 20 years of development , a number of industry competition pattern has taken shape. But generally speaking , the UK is still insufficient competition in monopoly industries , mainly for the following reasons : First, the state preferential policies to make a monopoly in the market have privileges ; two vertically integrated monopoly hinders new industry into persons ; Third Zhengqibufen phenomenon still exists .
3.3 legal system lacks the regulation of monopoly industries
Transactions in the market , with consumers than monopoly in a dominant position , if market mechanisms alone can not effectively constrained monopoly , which requires a strong third party - government regulation of monopoly enterprises . Currently British acts regulate monopolies "Anti -Unfair Competition Law" on the natural monopoly industry-related provisions are too simple and rough , the legal system is not perfect, so that government regulation of monopoly can not do the law, than by human factors interfere large monopolies still able to obtain high incomes.
3.4 lagging tax adjustment means
As the impact of the planned economy , and a variety of non-monetary forms earn income in the form of welfare state monopoly still exists. British laws and regulations concerning personal income tax already provided shall be taxed on the income in kind , since no formal income considered a huge difference , but rather simply to monetary standard as the personal income tax is based on members of society made ??him a non- fair result .
4 Governance recommendations monopoly industries with high income
4.1 Deepening the reform of monopoly industries
Deepening the reform of monopoly industries , the core is precisely defined and fully perform government functions . Major reform of monopoly industries is the ownership structure reform, that should take many forms , and further diversification of ownership structure of enterprises , decentralization and rationalization . To seize the reform of monopoly industries to develop plans , first create a favorable market environment for fair competition , adhere separating , broaden access , the introduction of competition , supervision according to law , to speed up the reform of monopoly industries management system and corporate reform , the formation of a competitive market pattern, establishing a modern enterprise system ; Second, improve the legal system, the establishment of " monopoly products and services of Information Act " and other laws and regulations, improve the legal system .
4.2 to strengthen the production and operation of monopoly industries supervision
Strengthen the monopoly regulation, the enhancement of the cost of going to accelerate and improve cost information disclosure mechanism , by a third party intermediary agencies and consumers the cost of monopoly industries and service quality for validation and evaluation of the cost of going into social supervision below ; Second is to improve the pricing mechanism . Deepening the reform of monopoly industries price formation mechanism , regulate monopolistic pricing products and services hearing procedures ; Third, strengthening performance appraisal, to perfect the performance appraisal system, encourage monopolistic industry continues to improve management , relying on scientific and technological progress , in-depth internal potential , strictly control high wages, benefits and duties of high consumption costs and expenses .#p#分頁標題#e#
4.3 sound mechanism for the initial distribution monopoly industries
Refers to the initial distribution of GNI ( gross national product ) directly associated with the allocation of production factors . Initial distribution is formed mainly by the market mechanism , the price of production factors determined by the market supply and demand , and the government through the tax lever to adjust and standardize laws and regulations , generally do not directly intervene in the initial distribution . Strengthen the management of income distribution monopoly industries , and actively explore the proceeds to the public monopoly over the transfer mechanism, improve the profits of the distribution system of monopoly industries , to prevent society from monopoly profits into a small group interests and individual staff salaries and benefits . First, the development of national monopolies dividend policy ; Second, the implementation of total wage and salary levels dual control ; Third, straighten out the wage income .
4.4 to strengthen the regulation of monopoly industries redistribution
To improve the tax regulation as soon as possible , in particular, to strengthen the monopoly of personal income tax collection and management, give full play to the redistribution of the tax regulation . First, establish and improve income distribution monitoring system , to create conditions to gradually establish a household personal property declaration system and investigate the statistical system ; Second, strengthen regulation and tax collection and management . Establish two-way personal income and tax reporting, cross-auditing and regulatory system, improve the collection and management methods , to grasp the monopoly income and tax situation , to prevent tax evasion . According to economic development and income growth , and adjust personal income tax threshold and tax rates . Timely inheritance tax , gift tax , for the purchase of luxury residential , designer cars, luxury goods and other special consumption tax levied in order to implement indirect regulation.
In short , to solve the problem of excessively high incomes of some monopoly industries , the wage on wages, on the allocation of assignment is invalid. Income is too high because of monopoly industries caused problems for many reasons , both aspects of the direct cause of the distribution system , more markets, resources and other institutional monopoly deep-seated reasons , we must in-depth analysis , the right medicine , can be targeted to solve problem . British monopoly stage with the basic characteristics of transition economies , a single attempt by some means ( such as law ) to solve the question of monopoly is impossible, only the combination of economic , legal , ethical and administrative reform measures in order to gradually solve Britain's monopoly of high income.
Get expert help on all your writing
立即預定