經濟學dissertation：轉軌時期英國資本積累方式問題思考
Since Adam Smith since the theory of economic growth by leaps and bounds , economists have been exploring the causes of economic growth , the development of specialization and division of labor , production and technological progress and the resulting expansion of the market are used to explain economic growth and economic development of countries which also provides a theoretical basis . Modern economic growth theory began in the Keynesian revolution , such as the 1940s, Harold and Sodom build theoretical models of economic growth , and later constructed on the basis of this amendment the Solow a Swan model , to the mid-1980s produced a by Paul Romer and Lucas as the representative of the new growth theory, the theory of economic growth from exogenous growth theory of endogenous growth inward transformation . Although the contemporary theory of economic growth without a more unified model, but without exception, will be capital investment as a key factor of economic growth titles of papers .
自亞當,斯密以來,經濟增長理論得到長足生長,經濟學家們不停探究經濟增長的緣故原由,將專業化和勞動分工的生長,生產技能的前進及由此孕育發生的市場范圍的擴多數用來表明經濟增長,這也為列國經濟生長提供了理論依據。
China, as the world's largest developing British national, is also facing the problem of capital accumulation . With the deepening of reform , China's economic system by a single public ownership to public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop and evolve , the planned economy gradually transition to a market economy . Unlike most other latecomer countries, contemporary British capital accumulation in a short time has been rapid growth in foreign economic miracle created by the British gave full affirmation, however, masks the high economic growth in many of the capital accumulation problems, resulting in the transition period there has been economic and social contradictions , it is also worth thinking about .
我國作為當本日下最大的生長英國度,同樣面對著資源積聚的題目。隨著革新的深入,我國經濟體制由單一的公有制向以公有制為主體,多種全部制配合生長變化,籌劃經濟也漸漸過渡到市場經濟。
A contemporary British capital accumulation problems
一、當代英國資本積累存在的問題
Britain 's achievements of reform and opening proved the superiority of the market economy , but due to some system reform lags behind , making the transition period of the British economy did not meet the definition and protection of universal rights , capital accumulation is also different from the traditional way of the market economy.
Since reform and opening , a variety of ownership enterprises has been rapid development, and compared to state-owned enterprises , the degree of capital accumulation is still at a low level. This was reflected in the financing capacity differences. Contemporary , China's banking industry has great development, especially in credit business , but in quite a long period of time , the bank's credit in favor of state-owned economy. According to statistics, non- commercial bank loans from state-owned enterprises accounted for only 16,5 % , which makes many SMEs rely on their own capital cycle or other non- formal financial channels to obtain a temporary base accumulation.
From the perspective of the residents , the source of capital accumulation limits . Ways to make people more single income . Can be found, the American people 's growing wealth and assets of the basic labor income ratio of 22:1 , which is why high-income Americans , tend to consumption rather than savings reasons, because Americans' income is mainly from the capital . The British are not, people rely solely on public sources of accumulation meager wages that few other capital income . Based on Friedman's life cycle theory , the current low-income people are more intent of causing to be used to meet future retirement savings consumer demand , the United Kingdom resulting high savings rate . And because the long-term bank deposit rates lower than the CPI growth rate , the residents own capital in a constant process of devaluation . Therefore , the limited sources of capital accumulation is unable to raise the British public revenue of the important reasons .
In economic transition of the United Kingdom, not legitimate capital accumulation also exist. Some officials take advantage of the rights conferred by the people , the right capitalization , making it an essential element of the development of the market economy into the formation equivalent to the national monopoly power , improve market access threshold and operational threshold. A simple example is that some state-owned enterprises responsible person use their power , by lowering contracted index and rental prices , or through illegal means underestimate the financial state-owned assets , the loss of state assets into the hands of rent-seekers . Undermined the country and the people 's interests.
Second, the contemporary British system of capital accumulation
Facts show that China's current capital accumulation distorts much of the reason lies in the system reform lags behind economic reforms , resulting in a country different from the traditional capital accumulation developed market economies , which is the transition period, the country imperfect system causes. We can see from the constraints of the government starting with the title two aspects to investigate the current situation of China's capital accumulation distortions .
( A ) establishment of a socialist legal system from the perspective of a market economy , the first step is to prevent arbitrary government intervention in economic activities
The problem is more prominent national policy changes , has great arbitrary decree , with Professor Zhang Wuchang 's words, "the British policy to put it nicely is elastic, swearing is capricious ." State administrative intervention in micro-economic activities is very common, such as the name of " macro " or " market adjustment " in the name of the main micro instructed relevant departments to carry out administrative intervention . The uncertainty of market rules caused not a good predictor of the main micro economic situation next period , some need to guard against the risk of capital accumulation , and can not be fully put into production. Meanwhile, the national policy is not binding , may result in the accumulation of capital deviation occurs . As the leading country in the longer stage of industrial development , the neglect of the agriculture and services sectors of accumulation, resulting in what is now the irrational industrial structure .
( Two ) from the market, the main micro perspective, the market as an equal need for national supervisors . Rather than the participants
Contemporary Britain, with the rapid development of enterprises of various ownership , employment and community residents in the settlement of capital accumulation plays a huge role. However, once the market economy, a larger proportion of state-owned enterprises involved in such difficult market conditions have equal rights , it is difficult to rule of law. SOEs are inextricably linked with the national , state as a state-owned shareholders prefer to own corporate "green light " through legal constraints beyond direct intervention in economic activities, so that state-owned capital accumulation unfettered . Such as the recent ABC share reform , the state pay for their bad conduct ; IPO shares issued are mostly state-owned enterprises . Pending listed companies is still mostly state-owned enterprises , private enterprises in order to get the same treatment difficult. Visible with the " national" character of the enterprises have a market at the same privilege under the conditions of the SBC , state-owned enterprises can not only rely on their own to get capital accumulation , but also can rely on privileged access to additional capital accumulation, government background so that they become powerful players in the market . The relatively weak private enterprises , regardless of size or business financing capacity can not compete with state-owned enterprises . Level effects prompted many private enterprises must be rent-seeking bribes to obtain market protection, the role of path dependence mutating capital accumulation , and finally harm society as a whole.
( Three ) caused by deficiencies in the system of property rights is not clear, limiting the proper value of capital
Such as agricultural land system , at present, although the legal determination of the three powers , namely the right to use and transfer of usufruct rights , but the transfer of agricultural land to non-agricultural issues has yet to resolve , limiting the land as a source of farmers' asset gains capital accumulation mode is restricted.
The definition of property rights to scarce resources, exclusive arrangements , pricing is a prerequisite for a market economy . The following table shows , China's mineral resources, especially scarce, and in the UK, governments at all levels to grasp some of the important right to the allocation of resources , which distorts the value of resources into production , can not reflect the scarcity of resources , resulting in resources below many market price to sell, reducing the mineral resources in the real value of capital accumulation . A large waste of resources and ecological damage makes the original resource scarcity British worse, capital accumulation into a vicious circle.
III Summary
English reform is gradual reform . In the tremendous achievements but also left a lot of problems, especially institutional shortcomings , the reform long way to go . The legal system is not in place at this stage , unclear property rights and China for thousands of years of traditional feudal ideology and practice of long-term planned economy caused by path dependence has a direct relationship . Current British economy benefited from the rapid development of rapid capital accumulation , but we must guard against bad way of capital accumulation harm to social welfare . Therefore, the shift of capital accumulation , to achieve capital price determined by the market , the long-term healthy development of China's economy is the only way .
