社會經濟學dissertation：關于低碳環境經濟下英國新能源汽車發展現狀及對策
I. Introduction
一、引言
From the United Kingdom in 2003 Energy White Paper proposed "Our energy future: creating a low-carbon economy" and after the Copenhagen global climate, carbon word swept the world, low-carbon economy, low-carbon industries, low-carbon technologies, such as low-carbon life has become We always pay attention to the topic. Low-carbon economy refers to the concept of sustainable development under the guidance through technological innovation, system innovation, industrial restructuring, new energy development and other means to minimize the consumption of coal, oil and other high-carbon energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve economic and social development and ecological environmental win-win economic development patterns.
自英國2003年提出能源白皮書《我們未來的能源：創建低碳經濟》以及哥本哈根全球氣候會后，低碳一詞風靡全球，低碳經濟、低碳產業、低碳技術、低碳生活等已經成為我們時刻關注的話題。低碳經濟是指在可持續發展理念的指導下，通過技術創新、制度創新、產業轉型、新能源開發等多種手段，盡可能地減少煤炭石油等高碳能源消耗，減少溫室氣體排放，達到經濟社會發展與生態環境保護的雙贏的一種經濟發展形態。
With the view of a low carbon economy more and more attention, energy guzzler automotive industry is increasingly concerned. World's top ten international metropolis air pollution monitoring showed that 35% of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases from car emissions, energy scarcity, environmental degradation under the pressure of the world's major car producing countries and major car companies have to increase new energy vehicle development and application efforts, new energy vehicles become the future development trend of the automotive industry. Britain, as the largest developing countries, Britain, along with the rapid economic development, its carbon emissions are also first in the world to reduce carbon emissions in the world is the UK bounden duty, to promote the development of new energy vehicles to meet the development needs of low-carbon economy, the British power shift from the car power to a vehicle is an important opportunity. This paper will analyze the UK's new energy automotive industry development status, submit their existing problems, in order for the new energy vehicle development proposed in this paper.
隨著低碳經濟的觀點越來越受到重視，能源消耗大戶的汽車產業日益被關注。全球十大國際大都市的空氣污染監測表明，35%的二氧化碳等有害氣體源自汽車尾氣排放，在能源匱乏、環境惡化的壓力之下，世界各主要汽車生產大國和大型汽車公司都加大對新能源汽車的研發和應用力度，新能源汽車成為未來汽車工業發展趨勢。英國作為最大的發展英國家，伴隨著經濟的迅猛發展，其碳排放量也居于世界首位，減少碳排放量是英國義不容辭的世界責任，推動新能源汽車的發展，符合低碳經濟的發展要求，也是英國由汽車大國向汽車強國轉變的一個重要機遇。本文將通過分析英國新能源汽車行業的發展現狀，提出其現階段存在的問題，以期為新能源汽車的發展提出對策建議。
Second, Britain's new energy vehicle development status
In recent years, England has maintained rapid growth in vehicle production. In 2009, the British car production and sales for the first time surpassed the United States ranked first in the world. 2010 British car production and sales were 18,264,700 million and 1,806.19 million, and sales both exceeded 18 million, more than the highest in U.S. history record sales of 1,700 million units, accounting for 23.5% of global vehicle production, creating the world record, when the automotive industry, industrial output value 4.34 trillion yuan, accounting for 6.13% of GDP industrial scale, industrial added value of nearly $ 100 billion, accounting for 2.5% of GDP, the automotive industry employing 378 people, is directly related to the industry employing more than 4,000 people, of our cities and towns more than 12% of employment in the automotive industry-related revenue amounted to 9,500 billion yuan, accounting for 13% of the national tax. 2011 car sales for the first half of England 9156000, 9325200, an increase of 2.48% and 3.35%. http://www.mythingswp7.com/dissertation_writing/Ecommerce/
With the rapid economic development, the British car production and sales will further surge in environmental and energy pressures will further increase. According to the Ministry of Land Resources Information Center analysis report, as of 2009 world oil remaining proved reserves of 1,855.23 million tons, while the U.S. Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook" think in the next 25 years, oil and gas are still the fastest growing energy. In the "2010 domestic and international oil and gas industry development report" pointed out that in 2010 domestic crude oil production for the first time exceeded 200 million tons, an increase of more than 5% over the past 18 years, the fastest-growing year, but the British oil demand is still strong, with an estimated annual apparent consumption of 455 million tons of oil, about 47 million tons more than last year, resulting in net imports of crude oil for the first time exceeded 200 million tons, imports rose sharply, more than 55% foreign dependence, 53.5% higher than the U.S., excessive dependence on foreign, is not conducive to the UK's national security. The most effective way to solve the energy is energy, and reduce the car's oil consumption is the most important, not only to the development of new energy vehicles, energy-saving, but also to reduce dependence on oil, reduce or even completely without exhaust emissions, therefore, to promote the new energy vehicle development is of great significance.
In recent years, the UK introduced a series of policies to promote the development of new energy vehicles:
November 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "new energy vehicles production access management rules," the first clear concept of new energy vehicles and scope.
December 2008, the ministry proposed the implementation of "Ten City 1000" new energy vehicles to promote the application program requires three years or so, the annual development of 10 cities, each city launched 1,000 new energy vehicles.
January 2009, the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science issued "on the development of new energy demonstration pilot work notice", which clearly point out the central government focuses on the pilot cities for the purchase of hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles and fuel cells and other energy-saving and new energy vehicles off fixed grants, in March introduced the "automobile industry restructuring and revitalization of planning rules," and proposed the next three years the formation of new energy vehicles production capacity of 500,000, accounting for 5% of passenger car sales.
2010 new energy vehicle demonstration pilot cities will be increased to 20, of which 5 will launch private purchase of new energy vehicles subsidy policy.
November 2011, the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Development and Reform Commission jointly issued a "Circular on Further Improving the energy-saving and new energy vehicle demonstration pilot work notice", which proposes to implement exempt license plate auction, Yao Hao, limit line and other restrictive measures, the introduction of the pilot cities parking fees, electricity, road tolls support policy, "Notice" also asked relevant departments to vigorously promote the new energy vehicle infrastructure, and clearly residential and workplace charging piles and new energy vehicles ratio of not less than 1:1, and also proposed the construction of fast charging network requirements. This series of policy will promote energy conservation and new energy vehicle technology breakthroughs, and thus promote the process of new energy automotive industry.
But now Britain's new energy vehicle development is not satisfactory, according to the statistics show that in 2008 Britain's new energy cars Total sales of more than 9,800 vehicles, the overall passenger car market share of only 0.2% in 2010, but domestic production of new energy vehicles 7181 vehicles, including private purchase of the electric car is just over a hundred vehicles, pure electric car sales are still very much by the urban public transport procurement support, the new energy commercial vehicles in the new energy vehicle market accounting for up to 95 percent, The new energy commercial vehicles, 70% or more bus products, relatively small number of private purchase. According to four ministries issued relevant documents show that since January 2009 until July 2011, at the national launch of the 25 pilot cities to promote new energy vehicles, nearly half of the task is completed, the pilot cities saving and new energy vehicles to maintain the total amount of more than ten thousand, of which the private purchase of new energy vehicles, more than one thousand, built charging / changing station nearly 100, more than 4,500 charging pile, demonstration runs a total mileage of more than 33,000 kilometers, is expected to be completed by end of 2012 vehicles per 1,000 city-saving and new energy vehicle demonstration and extension targets. However, this is with the original target is still some distance. Demonstration in accordance with 25 cities in the calculation of minimum requirements for the vehicle, by the end of 2012 will require at least 25,000 charging piles built, the new demand of about 20,000; consider government offices and shopping malls, hospitals and other public facilities and public parking building needs an estimated then charging pile and the proportion of new energy vehicles will reach 1.2:1, charging pile actual future additional demand of at least about 25,000 only.
New energy vehicles is the future direction of development of automotive technology, the development of new energy vehicles not only can effectively solve the UK energy and environmental issues, but also to promote sustainable development in the UK automotive industry an important way. But now Britain's new energy automotive supply and demand point of view, the development of new energy vehicles is also facing some problems.
Third, the new energy vehicle development problems
1 core technology of new energy vehicles, the level is not high
Although the UK is now the largest producer of cars, but not the car power. In the new energy automobile production, the core technology and other aspects of key components and also very lacking, such as in pure electric vehicles, is facing battery charge for a long time, the motor drive system inefficient, life is short, and expensive problems, These restrictions will promote the use of electric cars. Dependence on imports of key components, vehicle control technology, the motor drive system technology, a battery system technology and power technologies such as the lack of coupling technology, promotion of new energy vehicles are restricting an important factor.
(2) the lack of new energy vehicles facilities
Britain's new energy vehicles currently supporting infrastructure is scarce, new energy vehicles for facilities depends heavily facilities is not perfect, it will seriously affect the new energy vehicles in the market promotion and popularization. For hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles and other new energy vehicles, charging stations and charging pile professional popularity is very important, better in the domestic electric vehicle market in Shenzhen, is also the only group of more than 60 power plants and charging cradle piles, which will undoubtedly be caused by the use of new energy vehicles a major inconvenience. Only popularization of new energy vehicles, facilities, new energy vehicles to be able to have a good use of the environment, the market demand will be even greater.
3 new energy car prices are generally higher
The purchase price of new energy vehicles are generally higher, compared with the traditional energy vehicles, it is difficult to form a competitive advantage. 2010 new domestic energy production of about seven thousand vehicles, including private purchase of the electric car is just over a hundred vehicles, pure electric car sales are still very much by the urban public transport procurement support. Although the United Kingdom introduced a series of preferential policies to stimulate consumption of new energy vehicles, but the new energy vehicles relative to traditional energy vehicles purchased nearly double the price doubled, even in the enjoyment of the relevant subsidies, the price is still high relative to traditional energy vehicles, and the same prices, the traditional energy vehicles more types can be selected.
4 industry standards are not uniform, marketing difficult
Currently the UK for new energy vehicles lack of uniform standards, which will cause businesses to invest in R & D funding will be the lack of specific guidance, for example, some pure electric vehicle charging method uses a "battery" type, while others used is "plug-in "Even in the" plug-in "electric vehicle, there are also production of different vehicle specifications is not the same battery, charging jack standards are not the same, not common situation, different manufacturers are not interchangeable parts use, lack of standards lead to a rapid charge for electricity is difficult to achieve, the country lacks a unified standard is to limit the development of new energy vehicles in the United Kingdom of the important reasons.
Fourth, the development of new energy automotive policy recommendations
1. Strengthen the Government's new energy vehicle development support
The development of new energy vehicles, requires a lot of capital investment, and in the short term is difficult to receive in return, if only to rely on the strength of the enterprise itself conduct research and development and to promote the use of the enterprise unbearable, therefore, plays an irreplaceable government support role. Government should increase funding for research of new energy vehicles amount to raise awareness of public and private efforts to support the purchase by the relevant tax relief or a way to give cash grants to encourage consumers to buy.
Meanwhile, the relevant government departments should promptly formulate technical standards for new energy vehicles, parts and components from different manufacturers avoid inconsistencies caused by the rapid charge for electricity is difficult to achieve a situation, it is possible to reduce the national resource allocation and infrastructure duplication and waste phenomenon.
(2) Strengthen the core technology of new energy automotive research and development efforts
Current international automotive market competition is the competition in technological innovation, new energy vehicles is undoubtedly the future development trend of automobile, master the core technology of new energy sources, will be able to occupy the future of the world automobile industry development initiative. Therefore, the need to integrate the current R & D institutions, strengthen the construction of a wholly-owned R & D institutions, both domestic and foreign exchanges and cooperation with leading universities to establish mechanisms and concentrate on research to achieve breakthroughs in key technologies, to increase support for new energy vehicles, the key core technology R & D efforts to establish a new energy automotive industry special funds to support the industrialization of key core technologies, while establishing intellectual property protection mechanism, vigorously develop property products, these new energy vehicles for the promotion of the development is of great significance.
3. Vigorously promote new energy vehicles facilities construction
Compared to traditional energy vehicles, new energy vehicles facilities is particularly important, the lack of supporting facilities will undoubtedly caused by the use of new energy vehicles inconvenience. Major auto companies to lobby the relevant state departments should support and accelerate the construction of public facilities, such as charging station network, service points, batteries and other marketing network and service network, the early completion of the industrialization of new energy vehicles, the government should be in the new energy automotive construction of supporting facilities to provide financial support to give financial subsidies for new energy vehicles to provide more preferential policies.
4. Strengthen international cooperation, cultivating talents
Compared with foreign advanced automotive companies, Britain's new energy vehicle technology has yet to be further improved, and the core technology of new energy vehicles is undoubtedly essential, will be able to master the core technology in the new energy vehicle market occupies an important position. Therefore, the British should strengthen cooperation with foreign advanced automotive enterprises, research bodies and liaison learn foreign advanced technology, active use of foreign new energy vehicle development technology and experience to further improve the introduction of technology and innovation levels. While increasing automotive talent, with domestic and foreign universities close communication and contact, and actively introduce advanced technology leader, encourage major auto companies to establish training institutions, training with a strong R & D capabilities and technical personnel, finance personnel training and the introduction of automobiles foreign automotive talent.
V. Summary
With the deepening of economic globalization, and the increasing depletion of oil resources, environmental protection under the pressure of the world's major car companies are taking initiatives for new energy vehicles in the international market, the rapid development of fully prepared to do. The automotive industry in the future, new energy vehicles will occupy an important position in the automotive market, the development of new energy vehicles will provide the UK automotive industry developed a great opportunity to catch up with the automotive industry, the British automotive industry should take advantage of this opportunity to build a national brand to achieve sustainable development of the British car industry, which is achieved by the car great country into English for the automotive powerhouse goals is important.
But we should also be a clear understanding that the popularization of new energy vehicles are not able to achieve the short term, this could be a lengthy process, during which there will be many uncertainties, which requires government and business work together to promote the development of new energy vehicles. With the "energy saving and new energy automotive industry development plan (2011-2020)," the forthcoming, I believe this is not only interested in the future development of new energy vehicles Britain clear goals and milestones, and the development of new energy routes, and support policies made more explicit requirements, the promotion of new energy vehicles play an important role in further promoting the use of.
